The Second Demographic Transition: Trends and Expectations for the new CenturyFundación Ramón Areces
Ciclo: "Envejecimiento y bienestar”. En colaboración con el Grupo de Estudios Población y Sociedad (GEPS)
Ron Lesthaeghe
Profesor Emérito. Universidad Libre de Bruselas.
Madrid, 5 de mayo de 2011
The Bengal famine of 1943 was one of the deadliest famines in history, killing between 2-3 million people in the Bengal province of British India. The famine was caused by a combination of natural factors like drought, flooding from a cyclone, and a fungal infestation of rice plants. Political factors also contributed, as rice imports from Burma were cut off after the Japanese occupation. The British government policies prioritized food distribution to British civilians and troops over local Bengalis. The effects of the famine were severe, severely disrupting Bengal's social and economic structure and leading to widespread poverty, resentment of British rule, and bolstering support for the Indian independence movement.
Korea has experienced a long history of domination by other countries. It was occupied by Japan from 1910 to 1945. After World War 2, the country was divided, with the Soviet Union occupying the north and the United States occupying the south. This led to the establishment of two separate Korean states - North Korea and South Korea. In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, launching the Korean War. After years of fighting, a ceasefire was agreed in 1953 along the original border between the two Koreas. Today, North Korea remains isolated under a repressive regime led by the Kim family, while South Korea has emerged as a prosperous democracy with a strong alliance with the United States.
Colonial Expansion: Process of Underdevelopmentswarna dey
Colonialism created political, economic, and structural obstacles in colonies that hindered their development and caused underdevelopment. The colonial powers exploited colonies for raw materials and cheap labor while ignoring local economic development. This created dependencies and impediments that colonies still struggled with after independence. The various processes of colonization, like exploitation and denial of indigenous cultures, destroyed self-sufficient ways of life and traditions, increasing social differentiation and discouraging modern industrialization in colonies. This led to a state of underdevelopment, characterized by low living standards, income, and productivity.
The document summarizes key events of the Cold War era Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1961, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to counter U.S. threats. Three weeks later, American reconnaissance discovered the missiles. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and threatened military action if Soviet ships approached. A confrontation was averted when Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles to end the 13-day crisis, avoiding nuclear war but increasing Cold War tensions.
The document summarizes the division and conflict in Korea following World War 2. The US and Soviet Union occupied Korea along the 38th parallel. No agreement was reached on reunifying Korea, leading the UN to call for elections. The Soviet Union boycotted elections in the South, while establishing a Communist government in the North. This led to the establishment of North and South Korea, backed by different superpowers, setting the stage for the Korean War.
The Second Demographic Transition: Trends and Expectations for the new CenturyFundación Ramón Areces
Ciclo: "Envejecimiento y bienestar”. En colaboración con el Grupo de Estudios Población y Sociedad (GEPS)
Ron Lesthaeghe
Profesor Emérito. Universidad Libre de Bruselas.
Madrid, 5 de mayo de 2011
The Bengal famine of 1943 was one of the deadliest famines in history, killing between 2-3 million people in the Bengal province of British India. The famine was caused by a combination of natural factors like drought, flooding from a cyclone, and a fungal infestation of rice plants. Political factors also contributed, as rice imports from Burma were cut off after the Japanese occupation. The British government policies prioritized food distribution to British civilians and troops over local Bengalis. The effects of the famine were severe, severely disrupting Bengal's social and economic structure and leading to widespread poverty, resentment of British rule, and bolstering support for the Indian independence movement.
Korea has experienced a long history of domination by other countries. It was occupied by Japan from 1910 to 1945. After World War 2, the country was divided, with the Soviet Union occupying the north and the United States occupying the south. This led to the establishment of two separate Korean states - North Korea and South Korea. In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, launching the Korean War. After years of fighting, a ceasefire was agreed in 1953 along the original border between the two Koreas. Today, North Korea remains isolated under a repressive regime led by the Kim family, while South Korea has emerged as a prosperous democracy with a strong alliance with the United States.
Colonial Expansion: Process of Underdevelopmentswarna dey
Colonialism created political, economic, and structural obstacles in colonies that hindered their development and caused underdevelopment. The colonial powers exploited colonies for raw materials and cheap labor while ignoring local economic development. This created dependencies and impediments that colonies still struggled with after independence. The various processes of colonization, like exploitation and denial of indigenous cultures, destroyed self-sufficient ways of life and traditions, increasing social differentiation and discouraging modern industrialization in colonies. This led to a state of underdevelopment, characterized by low living standards, income, and productivity.
The document summarizes key events of the Cold War era Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1961, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to counter U.S. threats. Three weeks later, American reconnaissance discovered the missiles. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and threatened military action if Soviet ships approached. A confrontation was averted when Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles to end the 13-day crisis, avoiding nuclear war but increasing Cold War tensions.
The document summarizes the division and conflict in Korea following World War 2. The US and Soviet Union occupied Korea along the 38th parallel. No agreement was reached on reunifying Korea, leading the UN to call for elections. The Soviet Union boycotted elections in the South, while establishing a Communist government in the North. This led to the establishment of North and South Korea, backed by different superpowers, setting the stage for the Korean War.
The document summarizes key developments in South Korea's economy, politics, and society after the Korean War. It describes how South Korea rebuilt from widespread destruction to become an economic powerhouse through policies supporting rapid industrialization and modernization. However, this early growth was under authoritarian rule. The document then outlines South Korea's transition to democracy through student protests and democratic reforms starting in the 1980s. It discusses several presidents and their roles in both authoritarian and democratic governments.
This document summarizes key events in the post-Cold War era involving Israel/Palestine, Iraq, India/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, and Africa. It discusses the 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and its neighbors, the 1979 Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt, and continued peace talks and violence between Israel and Palestine. It also outlines Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and subsequent Gulf War, tensions over Kashmir between India and Pakistan, the civil war and ethnic violence in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and instability in African countries after colonial rule.
The document discusses the challenges of climate change and ensuring global food security. It argues that agriculture must be appropriately integrated into climate change agreements to address both climate change in the context of food security and food security in the context of climate change. Climate change is projected to reduce production of key crops like rice, maize and wheat by 2050 according to the models discussed, which could significantly increase food prices and malnutrition. Investments in agricultural adaptation and mitigation totaling $7 billion annually are needed to counteract the effects of climate change.
Food security has four main dimensions: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, adequate food utilization, and stability of the other three dimensions over time. There are differences in the duration of food insecurity, including chronic, transitory, and seasonal, and in the severity, ranging from acute food insecurity to famine.
World Histor - Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plankrobinette
The document discusses the increasing tensions between the US and USSR during the Cold War. It outlines several key events and policies that contributed to the escalation of conflict between the two superpowers, including the Truman Doctrine that aimed to contain Soviet influence through economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey, the Marshall Plan that similarly provided aid to rebuild Western Europe, and the Berlin Airlift that responded to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin. The USSR in turn established opposing policies and alliances to counter US involvement and bolster its own sphere of influence.
Changes in climate affects the land and farming immensely. Due to this,the crop growth is affected and results in inadequacy of seasonal crop outcome which does not meet the demands of the living beings. Hence, Climatic change has become a chief issue to be looked forth in order to prevent further threatenings to the livelihood. I have made a gist of the existing issue on climate changes and the insecurities of food resources in India.
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel. The United States aided South Korea while China and the Soviet Union supported North Korea. The war lasted until July 27, 1953 and resulted in approximately 10 million deaths. It divided the Korean Peninsula along the 38th parallel and created lasting political and economic effects.
The Korean War began in June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking military conflict between communist and non-communist forces seeking to unify the two Koreas under their influence. Over the next three years, major battles were fought as the border changed hands back and forth and UN coalition troops led by the US fought against Chinese and North Korean forces. An armistice was finally signed in July 1953, ending the fighting though not establishing a permanent peace on the Korean peninsula.
HI guys I think you loved this presentation
The world was left only with single superpower the US and came to be known as the US Hegemony to show the superiority of its military power. The US hegemony also shaped world economy and emerged in the form of military domination, economic order, political clout and cultural superiority.
Food security exists when all people have reliable physical, social, and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live an active and healthy life. Food security has three key pillars - availability, which examines if coordination of land and water governance improves food availability; access, which looks at if systems and policies enable access to available food; and utilization, which considers if acquired food can be properly used. Any assessment of food security must consider the specific context.
Population theories - Malthus and BoserupSteven Heath
Malthus believed that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, eventually leading to famine, disease, and war. The Club of Rome warned in 1972 that unlimited population growth and resource use would lead to collapse within 100 years. Boserup argued that population growth spurs technological innovation and higher agricultural yields, increasing food supply. However, overpopulation can also degrade fragile environments through unsuitable farming. Debates continue around the theories of Malthus, the Club of Rome, and Boserup regarding population growth and resource limits.
History of-oromo-social-organization-gadaa-grades-based-rolesSRC
This document provides an overview of the Gadaa system of social organization among the Oromo people. Some key points:
- The Gadaa system divided Oromo men into grades based on eight-year increments, with different socio-political roles and responsibilities associated with each grade.
- It was an age-set system that provided structure to Oromo society and allowed members to progress through stages from childhood to adulthood to old age.
- Scholars debate the origins of the Gadaa system but many believe it developed from similar practices among other Eastern Cushitic peoples in the Horn of Africa, evolving over time to become more complex and unique among the Oromo.
The document describes key events of the Korean War and its role in escalating tensions of the Cold War. After World War 2, Korea was divided into North and South, each with separate governments backed by the USSR and USA respectively. In June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. The United Nations (led by the USA) sent troops to South Korea to stop the invasion and prevent further spread of Communism. Fighting continued for three years until an armistice in 1953 divided Korea along the original border at the 38th Parallel, though a peace treaty was never signed. The Korean War exacerbated tensions between the USA and USSR and demonstrated the US's willingness to intervene militarily
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was created and founded during the collapse of the colonial system and the independence struggles of the peoples of Africa, Asia, Latin America and other regions of the world and at the height of the Cold War.
El documento resume brevemente la historia de Estados Unidos, desde el primer contacto europeo en 1492 hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Cristóbal Colón llegó a las Américas en representación de España en 1492, mientras que los primeros asentamientos ingleses exitosos fueron Jamestown en 1607 y Plymouth en 1620. La guerra civil estadounidense estalló en 1861 debido a tensiones entre estados esclavistas y abolicionistas. Estados Unidos se unió a la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1917 contribuyendo a la derrota de
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was formed in the 1950s during the Cold War as a forum for countries that did not formally align with or against any major power bloc. It aimed to end the Cold War and promote sovereignty and peaceful cooperation among nations. The NAM held its first summit in Belgrade in 1961 with 29 countries and has since grown to include over 120 member states. It continues to advocate for issues like UN security council reform, self-determination, sustainable development, and cultural diversity. Sri Lanka has played an active role in the NAM and hosted its fifth summit in 1976. The NAM was an important actor in reducing Cold War tensions by providing neutral ground and calling for global cooperation over competition between super
Fidel Castro led a successful revolution in 1959 against the corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista. Castro established a communist government in Cuba and seized private property, angering the United States. The US imposed an economic embargo on Cuba and cut off trade. Cuba then allied with the Soviet Union, leading to heightened tensions during the Cold War, including the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis when Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba brought the US and USSR to the brink of nuclear war. The embargo on Cuba remains in place today.
History Extension Subject Selection slideshow Tara Ellam 2012 CGHS.pptxTara E
This document provides an overview of a historiography course offered at Cheltenham Girls High School. The course focuses on how history has been studied and written about over time. It can be taken by ancient and modern history students who have completed one Year 11 history course. Key themes examined include debates around what constitutes history, different historians' aims and perspectives, and the rise of social and marginalized histories. Students undertake an individual research project analyzing historiographical debates surrounding a topic of their choice.
Fairy tales are fictional stories that typically present a moral message. Psychologists have found similarities between the symbolic elements in myths, fairy tales, and dreams, suggesting they represent something fundamental to human nature. Fairy tales may reveal insights about the societies and cultures that created them by reflecting social norms, beliefs, and values through their storylines and moral messages. Over time, some fairy tale stories and their meanings have evolved as cultural values have changed.
The document summarizes key developments in South Korea's economy, politics, and society after the Korean War. It describes how South Korea rebuilt from widespread destruction to become an economic powerhouse through policies supporting rapid industrialization and modernization. However, this early growth was under authoritarian rule. The document then outlines South Korea's transition to democracy through student protests and democratic reforms starting in the 1980s. It discusses several presidents and their roles in both authoritarian and democratic governments.
This document summarizes key events in the post-Cold War era involving Israel/Palestine, Iraq, India/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, and Africa. It discusses the 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and its neighbors, the 1979 Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt, and continued peace talks and violence between Israel and Palestine. It also outlines Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and subsequent Gulf War, tensions over Kashmir between India and Pakistan, the civil war and ethnic violence in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and instability in African countries after colonial rule.
The document discusses the challenges of climate change and ensuring global food security. It argues that agriculture must be appropriately integrated into climate change agreements to address both climate change in the context of food security and food security in the context of climate change. Climate change is projected to reduce production of key crops like rice, maize and wheat by 2050 according to the models discussed, which could significantly increase food prices and malnutrition. Investments in agricultural adaptation and mitigation totaling $7 billion annually are needed to counteract the effects of climate change.
Food security has four main dimensions: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, adequate food utilization, and stability of the other three dimensions over time. There are differences in the duration of food insecurity, including chronic, transitory, and seasonal, and in the severity, ranging from acute food insecurity to famine.
World Histor - Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plankrobinette
The document discusses the increasing tensions between the US and USSR during the Cold War. It outlines several key events and policies that contributed to the escalation of conflict between the two superpowers, including the Truman Doctrine that aimed to contain Soviet influence through economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey, the Marshall Plan that similarly provided aid to rebuild Western Europe, and the Berlin Airlift that responded to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin. The USSR in turn established opposing policies and alliances to counter US involvement and bolster its own sphere of influence.
Changes in climate affects the land and farming immensely. Due to this,the crop growth is affected and results in inadequacy of seasonal crop outcome which does not meet the demands of the living beings. Hence, Climatic change has become a chief issue to be looked forth in order to prevent further threatenings to the livelihood. I have made a gist of the existing issue on climate changes and the insecurities of food resources in India.
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel. The United States aided South Korea while China and the Soviet Union supported North Korea. The war lasted until July 27, 1953 and resulted in approximately 10 million deaths. It divided the Korean Peninsula along the 38th parallel and created lasting political and economic effects.
The Korean War began in June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking military conflict between communist and non-communist forces seeking to unify the two Koreas under their influence. Over the next three years, major battles were fought as the border changed hands back and forth and UN coalition troops led by the US fought against Chinese and North Korean forces. An armistice was finally signed in July 1953, ending the fighting though not establishing a permanent peace on the Korean peninsula.
HI guys I think you loved this presentation
The world was left only with single superpower the US and came to be known as the US Hegemony to show the superiority of its military power. The US hegemony also shaped world economy and emerged in the form of military domination, economic order, political clout and cultural superiority.
Food security exists when all people have reliable physical, social, and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live an active and healthy life. Food security has three key pillars - availability, which examines if coordination of land and water governance improves food availability; access, which looks at if systems and policies enable access to available food; and utilization, which considers if acquired food can be properly used. Any assessment of food security must consider the specific context.
Population theories - Malthus and BoserupSteven Heath
Malthus believed that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, eventually leading to famine, disease, and war. The Club of Rome warned in 1972 that unlimited population growth and resource use would lead to collapse within 100 years. Boserup argued that population growth spurs technological innovation and higher agricultural yields, increasing food supply. However, overpopulation can also degrade fragile environments through unsuitable farming. Debates continue around the theories of Malthus, the Club of Rome, and Boserup regarding population growth and resource limits.
History of-oromo-social-organization-gadaa-grades-based-rolesSRC
This document provides an overview of the Gadaa system of social organization among the Oromo people. Some key points:
- The Gadaa system divided Oromo men into grades based on eight-year increments, with different socio-political roles and responsibilities associated with each grade.
- It was an age-set system that provided structure to Oromo society and allowed members to progress through stages from childhood to adulthood to old age.
- Scholars debate the origins of the Gadaa system but many believe it developed from similar practices among other Eastern Cushitic peoples in the Horn of Africa, evolving over time to become more complex and unique among the Oromo.
The document describes key events of the Korean War and its role in escalating tensions of the Cold War. After World War 2, Korea was divided into North and South, each with separate governments backed by the USSR and USA respectively. In June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. The United Nations (led by the USA) sent troops to South Korea to stop the invasion and prevent further spread of Communism. Fighting continued for three years until an armistice in 1953 divided Korea along the original border at the 38th Parallel, though a peace treaty was never signed. The Korean War exacerbated tensions between the USA and USSR and demonstrated the US's willingness to intervene militarily
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was created and founded during the collapse of the colonial system and the independence struggles of the peoples of Africa, Asia, Latin America and other regions of the world and at the height of the Cold War.
El documento resume brevemente la historia de Estados Unidos, desde el primer contacto europeo en 1492 hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Cristóbal Colón llegó a las Américas en representación de España en 1492, mientras que los primeros asentamientos ingleses exitosos fueron Jamestown en 1607 y Plymouth en 1620. La guerra civil estadounidense estalló en 1861 debido a tensiones entre estados esclavistas y abolicionistas. Estados Unidos se unió a la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1917 contribuyendo a la derrota de
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was formed in the 1950s during the Cold War as a forum for countries that did not formally align with or against any major power bloc. It aimed to end the Cold War and promote sovereignty and peaceful cooperation among nations. The NAM held its first summit in Belgrade in 1961 with 29 countries and has since grown to include over 120 member states. It continues to advocate for issues like UN security council reform, self-determination, sustainable development, and cultural diversity. Sri Lanka has played an active role in the NAM and hosted its fifth summit in 1976. The NAM was an important actor in reducing Cold War tensions by providing neutral ground and calling for global cooperation over competition between super
Fidel Castro led a successful revolution in 1959 against the corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista. Castro established a communist government in Cuba and seized private property, angering the United States. The US imposed an economic embargo on Cuba and cut off trade. Cuba then allied with the Soviet Union, leading to heightened tensions during the Cold War, including the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis when Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba brought the US and USSR to the brink of nuclear war. The embargo on Cuba remains in place today.
History Extension Subject Selection slideshow Tara Ellam 2012 CGHS.pptxTara E
This document provides an overview of a historiography course offered at Cheltenham Girls High School. The course focuses on how history has been studied and written about over time. It can be taken by ancient and modern history students who have completed one Year 11 history course. Key themes examined include debates around what constitutes history, different historians' aims and perspectives, and the rise of social and marginalized histories. Students undertake an individual research project analyzing historiographical debates surrounding a topic of their choice.
Fairy tales are fictional stories that typically present a moral message. Psychologists have found similarities between the symbolic elements in myths, fairy tales, and dreams, suggesting they represent something fundamental to human nature. Fairy tales may reveal insights about the societies and cultures that created them by reflecting social norms, beliefs, and values through their storylines and moral messages. Over time, some fairy tale stories and their meanings have evolved as cultural values have changed.
The Personal Interest Project (PIP) is worth 40% of the HSC exam. Students spend approximately 3 weeks each term working on it in class and must work on it consistently over 9 months at home. The PIP requires a title, contents, introduction, log overview, central material with footnotes, conclusion, annotated resource list, and optional appendix. Teachers provide instruction, approve topics, supervise development, view drafts, and certify that projects are original work. Students work regularly on their project throughout the year, keep their teacher informed, and submit evidence of development. When choosing a topic, students should pick something of personal interest that relates to their subjects and is approved by their teacher.
The mystery of el Dorado - History Elective case studyTara E
This presentation provides an overview for junior high students of the mythical city of El Dorado. It was created in relation to the NSW Stage 5 History Elective Course, and its topic World Myths, Legends and Stories. The presentation includes clickable pictures to documentaries and articles, as well as embedded activities students can complete to explore this topic.
I use this presentation to begin the topic of Hatshepsut - and it overviews some of the major themes,issues, debates and is centred on the syllabus points.
A Power Point trivia quiz aimed at Stage 5 (Year 9) History students (Australia) with a mix of Australian and World knowledge. Includes Who Am I picture identification and Quick quiz questions at the back, plus some pop culture identify the celebrities pulling faces just to keep them interested!
This document examines fashion trends and styles during the 1960s post-war era. It discusses the major sub-cultural trends of this decade including the hippie, Mod, and Biba styles. Key fashion pieces of this era included miniskirts, microskirts, bikinis, and jeans. Hairstyles were also bold and characteristic of the 1960s, such as the beehive, bouffant, and flip styles. Major fashion centers emerged in London rather than Paris. Iconic figures that influenced 1960s fashion included Mary Quant, Twiggy, and Brigitte Bardot.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
1. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
What is
Historiography?
WELCOME TO
HISTORY EXTENSION
T. ELLAM
2. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
What is this History thing
of which you speak?
There is debate
over WHAT *is*
history
• And debate
over the
purpose or
point of history • Is history ‘art’ or ‘literature’ or a
‘social science’?
3. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Questions for you...
Write down your thoughts…
What is history?
What is the point of studying
history?
What is the difference between
‘history’ and ‘the past’?
4. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
The PAST is what
happened
HISTORY is just what later
people (us)
write/say/think happened
in the past
The concepts of TRUTH
and FACT in history is
disputed.
(Postmodernism)
5. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
History Extension is
NOT about History
Concerning Historiography
Historiography is:
The history of history
The history of the historians of history
A study into how and why history has been
created/written over time
Who are the creators of history? Write down
your thoughts….
To what extent is Jane Austen an historian?
6. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Other People Doing History
Museums (public history)
Politicians and Government (curriculum, war memorials etc)
Teachers and schools (curriculum)
Amateurs eg Gavin Menzies
RSLs
Directors, Writers, producers, actors (History Channel, historical films,
documentaries): Peter Fitzsimmons
Novelists eg Kate Grenville, Phillipa Gregory, Christian Jacq, Hannah
Kent
Singers/Musicians: Bastille “Pompeii”; Beds Are Burning by Midnight Oil
Video game creators: Assassins Creed:Origins
7. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
To what extent
is ‘history’ that
we consume
‘really what
happened’; or
just a fallible
interpretation.
8. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
History in History
How did historians in ancient and medieval times
present history?
Who were the ‘historians’
of the past?
Rulers such as Egyptian
Pharaohs. Eg Rameses
carved reliefs into temple
walls of his victorious
Battle of Kadesh against
the Hittites. It shows him
larger than life prevailing
over the chaotic enemy.
9. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Who is the historian in this case?
How and why did craftsmen and artists present history?
Purpose of history?
How does context affect history? Bias, propaganda?
Consider this: Rameses did NOT WIN this battle!!!
• The issue of
truth,
propaganda
and bias in
the ‘historical
record’
10. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
•Hatshepsut, female pharaoh of Egypt.
•Akhenaten, controversial pharaoh who
revolutionised Egyptian religion.
•Tutankhamun.
All three pharaohs above had their names
ERASED from the official historical annals of the
pharaohs.
Their works were smashed or ‘renamed’ with
‘legitimate’ Pharaohs names
History was effectively modified.
11. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Dictatorial histories
The Emperor Augustus of Rome
commissioned Roman poet
Virgil to write an epic history for
the new empire, in a similar
vein to Homer’s Iliad.
Virgil wrote the Aeneid – a
mythic history and a
propaganda piece
Religious and Political influence
on construction
12. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Dictatorial Histories
Further, Augustus exiled Roman writer Ovid
and banned his work.
It did not conform to Augustan standards
and politics.
Politicians controlling history?
Implications for history?
Consider: Turkey vs France over “Armenian
Genocide”
Consider: Japan and China over “Nanking
Massacre”
Consider: John Howard vs Black Armband
View of History and the NMA
Who controls the past controls the future:
who controls the present controls the past.
(George Orwell)
13. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
History has more than one (or
two?) sides...
Whose side is the
real ‘past’? ‘True
history’? Which do
we ‘believe’?
14. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Who is telling the “truth” of the Crusades?
To what extent can we know the ‘truth’ of the past?
How would the Islamic vs Catholic perspectives be
different?
Crusade and Jihad = ‘holy war’
Compare to:
Middle East vs Western views of Iraq War 2003.
Taliban vs West over Afghanistan
Sioux vs American over Battle of Little Bighorn
Aboriginal vs British Australian view of ‘colonisation’
15. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
There is no history of mankind, there
is only an indefinite number of
histories of all kinds of aspects of
human life.
Karl Popper
If this is true, how
can ‘history’ ever
be accurate?
16. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
History is flexible.
History is written by the winners.
Hero?
Traitor?
17. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
US War of
Independence
History was written
by the American
Winners
George Washington
becomes a national
hero, a President,
Founding Father and
a mountain.
18. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Was he a hero for American freedom and liberation from British
oppression?
Or a traitor to his King and country (British King and Empire)?
If Washington and co. had lost the war, how would the historical record
change?
Washington
and other
leaders would
be treated as
traitors to the
King and
condemned to
death as war
criminals!!
19. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Joan of Arc
Heroine
Witch / Devil Worshipper
Saint
Schizophrenic?
20. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Ned Kelly
Great leader?
Terrorist?
Freedom Fighter?
Yassar Arafat
Criminal / Outlaw
People’s Hero
Police killer
National Legend
21. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Julia Gillard?
First female PM
Shrewd and intelligent?
Backstabber?
22. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
History is in the making
Who is making the history
Alternative views of Gillard’s PM
JG writing her own history!
23. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Who gets to write
history?
Politics in history
Politicians making
history
History as ‘politically
correct’ in the times
of the historian>?
24. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Obama?
Bin Laden?
Mandela?
Stalin?
Augustus?
25. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
How will history remember
Obama?
If history is what happened, why
are there and will there be
different perspectives?
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
26. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
What if?
How might history have been portrayed differently?
How might different people, groups, cultures have
different perspectives of events, issues and histories?
There is no history, only
fictions of
varying degrees of
plausibility.
Voltaire
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
27. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Loser!
History is written by the winners?
What about the Loser’s point of
view?
Just because they lost is their
account ‘wrong’?
King Harold I (Pic)
Women
Poor
Indigenous “Black Armband”
Migrants
28. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Who are these Winners writing history?
In the West: White, European,
Western, Male
Thus Losers: non white, Eastern,
indigenous, non Euro, females, other
gender identities
29. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Alternative History?
What if Cleopatra’s nose was a little shorter?
Blaise Pascal remarked, “Cleopatra’s nose, had it
been shorter, the whole face of the world would
have been changed.”
“Had her nose been smaller, he felt, she would have
lacked the dominance and strength of character which,
in the physiognomy of her times (and the seventeenth
century by the way), a large nose symbolized. Without her
impressive olfactory projection, the great men of Rome,
Julius Caesar and Marc Antony, would not have fallen
under her spell, great civil wars would not have been
fought, and today we might be speaking Latin. A stretch,
maybe, but who knows. History is linear, it goes from point
A to point B, no one has figured out how to go in the other
direction, yet.”
http://birminghamhistorycenter.wordpress.com/2011/05/1
9/cleopatras-nose/
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
30. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
It’s all a matter of perspective...
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
31. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
‘the history of any event is
never precisely the same
thing to two different
persons and it is well
known that every
generation writes the
same history in a new
way, and puts upon it a
new construction’
- Carl Becker
32. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
So the Historiographical Issues
Who are the historians?
What is the purpose of history?
How is history constructed and recorded and
presented?
Why have approaches to history changed over
time?
33. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Aka Top Down Approach
“History from Above”
That is, history of elite persons and
groups and rulers.
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
34. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
History From Above
Big events
Big People, aka
Great Man History
Big Issues
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
35. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
“History from Below”
That is, the histories of
the minorities, often
ignored in history –only
really studied from 19th
C. onwards.
AKA Bottom Up
Approach
Eg history of women
History of Aboriginal
Australia
History of the working
class in England in
19C
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
36. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Role of Government in
dictating the construction and
access to history
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
37. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
The Australian, August 21, 2006
What is the importance of history in politics and society?
How does History define our national cultural identity?
How is the control of History of political importance?
38. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Postmodernism
is an ideology
that crosses
disciplines: art,
philosophy,
history
Post-
modernism
This presentation was created by Tara Ellam,
tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
39. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
Be critical and questioning…
I NEVER JUDGE THE ABILITY OF
MY STUDENTS WITH THE
ACCURACY OF THE ANSWERS
THEY PRODUCE FOR MY
QUESTIONS BUT WITH THE
QUESTIONS THEY PUT
FORWARD……
DR. S. RADHAKRISHNAN
40. This presentation was created by Tara Ellam, tara.ellam@det.nsw.edu.au
The
development
of history
What is History ?
Classical
historiography
1 Medieval & Christian
historiography
2
Renaissance
historiography
3
Enlightenment
historiography
4
Marxist
historiography
5
Annales
6
7 Other
approaches:
eg Pomo, Big
History
Article: John Tosh, The Themes of Mainstream History