Basic Introduction

1. Musculoskeletal System
Dr Musaddiq Khan
MBBS, MCPS ®

2. Basic Embryology explained in One Verse.
“ Then We developed the drop into a clinging clot ˹of blood˺, then
developed the clot into a lump ˹of flesh˺, then developed the lump into
bones, then clothed the bones with flesh, then We brought it into
being as a new creation.1 So Blessed is Allah, the Best of Creators.”
23:14

3. Learning objectives
• Bones of Human body
• Major Muscles
• Joints & Types

6. Parts of Musculoskeletal system
• Skeleton — This is the framework of the body. The adult human skeleton is made up
of 206 bones. There are 5 main shapes of bones: long (such as the upper arm), Short
(such as the hand), flat (such as the ribs), irregular (such as the vertebrae) and
sesamoid (such as the kneecap).
• Joints — an area where 2 or more bones come together.
• Cartilage — provides cushioning inside joints (such as in the knee joint), or connects
one bone to another (as in cartilaginous joints).
• Ligaments — tough bands of tissue that join bones to other bones to strengthen
joints. For example, the knee joint has ligaments that help to stabilise it
• Muscles — there are around 600 muscles in the human body. They help the body
move.
• Tendons — these are made of strong fibrous connective tissue and they connect
muscles to bone. They appear as the long thin ends of the muscles. The Achilles
tendon is the largest tendon in the body — it joins the calf muscle to the heel bone.

7. Joints
Joints are made of bones and the connective tissues that hold them
together, including:
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments
• Nerves

10. A synchrondosis is an
immovable cartilaginous
joint. One example is the
joint between the first
pair of ribs and the
sternum.
(2) A symphysis consists
of a compressable
fibrocartilaginous pad
that connects two
bones. This type of joint
allows for some
movement. The hip
bones, connected by the
pubic symphysis, and
the vertebrae,
connected by
intervertebral discs, are
two examples of
symphyses.

11. • Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of an
articular capsule between the two joined bones.

13. • Hinge joints move on just one axis. These joints allow for flexion and extension.
Major hinge joints include the elbow and finger joints.
• A pivot joint provides rotation. At the top of the spine, the atlas and axis form a pivot
joint that allows for rotation of the head.
• A condyloid joint allows for circular motion, flexion, and extension. The wrist joint
between the radius and the carpal bones is an example of a condyloid joint.
• A saddle joint allows for flexion, extension, and other movements, but no rotation.
In the hand, the thumb’s saddle joint (between the first metacarpal and the
trapezium) lets the thumb cross over the palm, making it opposable.
• The ball-and-socket joint is a freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis. The hip
and shoulder joints are examples of ball and socket joints.

19. LOWER LIMB FRACTURES?

20. Elbow Joint is which type of joint
a) Hinge
b) Ball & Socket
c) Plane
d) None Of above

21. BONES
• CALCIFIED CONNECTIVE TISSUE FORMING MAJORITY OF THE SKELTON
• SERVES FOR ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES
• PROTECTS VITAL ORGANS
• MANUFACTURING OF CELLS
• CALCIUM & PHOSPOROUS STORES

22. The bones are mainly classified into five types that include:
• Long bones→Humerus,Fibula,Tibia,Radius,ulna
• Short bones→ In hand/feet Scaphoid, calcaneus
• Flat bones→ skull, ribs, sternum, scapula
• Sesamoid bones→Protects tendons from stress , Patella
• Irregular bones→Pelvic,
• Pnematic bones → Maxila, ethmoid

23. MUSCLES OF BODY
Muscle tissue has four main properties:
• Excitability: an ability to respond to stimuli
• Contractibility: an ability to contract
• Extensibility: an ability to be stretched without tearing
• Elasticity: an ability to return to its normal shape

25. • Muscle tissue is composed of specialized cells known as muscle cells
or myocytes
• Myocytes are characterized by protein filaments known
as actin and myosin

28. Identification Of Humerus/Scapula