The joint presentation description

1. The joints
• The rigid elements of the skeleton meet at
sites called joints, or articulations.
• The Greek root arthro means“joint,” and the
scientific study of joints is called arthrology.

2. Classificaton of The joints
• Joints can be classified either by function or structure.
• The functional classification focuses on the amount of movement
allowed.
• 1- synarthroses are immovable joints,
• 2- amphiarthroses ( amphi -of both kinds)are slightly movable joints.
• 3- diarthroses (di– two) are freely movable joints
• The structural classification is based on the material that binds the bones
together and on the presence or absence of a joint cavity.
• Structurally, joints are classified to:
1--- Synovial joins
2- Cartilagenous joints
3- Fibrous joints

4. Synovial joints
• Synovial joints (“joint eggs”) are the most
movable joints of the body, and all are
diarthroses (freely movable).

5. General features of synovial joints
• Articular cartilage
• Articular Cavity
• Articular Capsule (fibrous, synovial membrane)
• Synovial fluid
• Reinforcing ligaments

8. Synovial joints;
• ball and socket ( shoulder, hip)
• ellipsoid or condyloid (wrist)
• plane (sterno-clavicular)
• pivot (superior radio-ulnar)
• hinge (elbow)

11. Cartilagenous joints
 In cartilaginous joints, the articulating bones are united by cartilage
.
Cartilaginous joints lack a joint cavity and are not highly movable.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
synchondroses (primary). A joint where hyaline cartilage unites the bo
nes.
These joints are temporary and found during growth between epiphysis
and diaphysis of long bones. Disappear when ossification is complete. Co
stal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternum
• symphyses (secondary). A joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones.
These joints are in the median plane.
Intervertebral discs
the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

15.  articulation where the adjacent bo
nes are connected by fibrous tissue,
namely dense regular connective tis
sue.
• suture of the (skull(
• gomphosis peg-in-socket joint , teeth and alveolar processes
• syndesmosis (the bones are connected exclusively by ligaments)
Fibrous joints