Introduction: Infomercials and Advertisements
Every day we face other people trying to persuade us to buy or do something. Advertisements on television, the Internet, or the radio attempt to persuade us to buy a product. Family members, friends, and employers ask us to do things for them. Some of these messages we quickly dismiss, but others convince us and we buy that brand of paper towels or bake cupcakes for that fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The product is described by an attractive and trim fitness expert to a mildly skeptical person in front of an enthusiastic studio audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits and ease of use of the machine are touted, and viewers are offered the product at a low, low price. By the end of the infomercial the skeptic is convinced of its miraculous powers and you find yourself picking up the phone to order one for yourself. What makes such communications persuasive? Why do we do what others ask sometimes but not other times? Social psychology can help us find the answers to these questions and, perhaps, better resist being persuaded in the future.
As we explore persuasion we can divide the persuasive communication into three parts: the communicator, the message, and the audience. First we will deal with what characteristics of persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next, we will think about characteristics of the message that lead people to change. Finally, we will explore what characteristics of the audience can lead them to be persuaded.
7.2 Who—Characteristics of the Persuade
Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
As you watch an infomercial, a central communicator is likely to offer arguments for the product. Whether or not you listen to this person likely depends on how credible you view that person to be. Credibility has two aspects: expertise and trustworthiness (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953). A communicator with expertise is one who appears to have knowledge and is able to communicate it. A trustworthy communicator is one we believe is giving us accurate information.
Messages from expert sources are persuasive when the message includes strong arguments from within that expert's field of knowledge (DeBono & Harnish, 1988; Petty, Cacioppo, & Goldman, 1981). Messages that come from an expert source but are weak are less persuasive than messages coming from someone who is less of an expert, but who has strong arguments (Bohner, Ruder, & Erb, 2002; Tormala, Brinol, & Petty, 2006). Expert opinion is generally only persuasive within that expert's domain of expertise. For example, you might believe what fitness experts say about exercise but not what they say about cake decorating. Children, who are generally not experts, can be persuasive when a message focuses on their social role. For example, using children to demonstrate the safety features in a new vehicle may resonate with an adult's perceived role as protector and nurtur.
Chapter 7
Persuasion
Dorling Kindersley RF/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be able to:
· Describe the characteristics of communicators that make them more persuasive
· Describe what characteristics of a message make it more persuasive
· Describe how culture, age, and self-esteem affect persuasion
· Differentiate the central route from the peripheral route to persuasion within the elaboration likelihoodmodel
· Describe the persuasion techniques involving initial small requests
· Describe the use of reciprocity as a persuasion technique
· Explain techniques that begin with a large request
· Explain persuasion techniques that use scarcity
· Describe techniques that involve changing attention
Chapter Outline
7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
· Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
· Attractiveness and Likeability
7.2 What—Characteristics of the Message
· Emotion
· Framing
· One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
7.3 To Whom—Characteristics of the Audience
· Culture
· Age
· Self-Esteem
· Elaboration Likelihood Model
7.4 How—Persuasion Techniques
· Foot-in-the-Door Technique
· Lowball Technique
· Legitimization-of-Paltry-Favors
· Reciprocity
· Door-in-the-Face Technique
· That's-not-all Technique
· Scarcity
· Pique Technique
· Disrupt-Then-Reframe Technique
Chapter Summary
* * *
Every day, other people try to persuade us. Advertisements on television, the Internet, or the radio attempt to persuade us tobuy a product. Family members, friends, and employers ask us to do them a favor. Some of these messages we quickly dismiss,but others convince us to buy the extra absorbent paper towels, or bake cupcakes for that fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The product is described by an attractive and trim fitness expert to amildly skeptical person in front of an enthusiastic studio audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits and easeof use of the machine are touted, and viewers are offered the product at a low, low price. By the end of the infomercial theskeptic is convinced of the machine's miraculous powers and you find yourself picking up the phone to order one for yourself.What makes such communications persuasive? Social psychology can help us find the answers to these questions by applyingthe scientific method to different aspects of persuasion—the persuader, the message, and the audience—as well as investigatingspecific persuasion techniques. Knowing more about persuasion may allow us to better resist being persuaded in the future.
Persuasive communication can be divided into four parts: the communicator, the message, the audience, and the technique (seeFigure 7.1). First we will deal with what characteristics of persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next, we willthink about characteristics of the message that lead people to change. Then, we will explore what characteristics of theaudience can lead them to be persuaded. Finally, we will .
Dorling Kindersley RF/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be
able to:
• Describe the characteristics of communicators
that make them more persuasive
• Describe what characteristics of a message make
it more persuasive
• Describe how culture, age, and self-esteem
affect persuasion
• Differentiate the central route from the peripheral
route to persuasion within the elaboration likeli-
hood model
• Describe the persuasion techniques involving
initial small requests
Persuasion 7
Chapter Outline
7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
• Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
• Attractiveness and Likeability
7.2 What—Characteristics of the Message
• Emotion
• Framing
• One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
7.3 To Whom—Characteristics of the Audience
• Culture
• Age
• Self-Esteem
• Elaboration Likelihood Model
7.4 How—Persuasion Techniques
• Foot-in-the-Door Technique
• Lowball Technique
• Legitimization-of-Paltry-Favors
• Reciprocity
• Door-in-the-Face Technique
• That’s-not-all Technique
• Scarcity
• Pique Technique
• Disrupt-Then-Reframe Technique
Chapter Summary
• Describe the use of reciprocity as a persuasion technique
• Explain techniques that begin with a large request
• Explain persuasion techniques that use scarcity
• Describe techniques that involve changing attention
fee85798_07_c07_141-170.indd 141 7/16/13 9:49 AM
CHAPTER 7Section 7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
Every day, other people try to persuade us. Advertisements on television, the
Internet, or the radio attempt to persuade us to buy a product. Family members,
friends, and employers ask us to do them a favor. Some of these messages we
quickly dismiss, but others convince us to buy the extra absorbent paper towels,
or bake cupcakes for that fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The product is described
by an attractive and trim fitness expert to a mildly skeptical person in front of an
enthusiastic studio audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits
and ease of use of the machine are touted, and viewers are offered the product
at a low, low price. By the end of the infomercial the skeptic is convinced of the
machine’s miraculous powers and you find yourself picking up the phone to order
one for yourself. What makes such communications persuasive? Social psychology
can help us find the answers to these questions by applying the scientific method to
different aspects of persuasion—the persuader, the message, and the audience—as
well as investigating specific persuasion techniques. Knowing more about persua-
sion may allow us to better resist being persuaded in the future.
Persuasive communication can be divided into four parts: the communicator, the
message, the audience, and the technique (see Figure 7.1). First we will deal with
what characteristics of persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next,
we will think about characte ...
Chapter 14Presentations to PersuadeWe are more easily persuadeMorganLudwig40
Chapter 14
Presentations to Persuade
We are more easily persuaded, in general, by the reasons that we ourselves discovers than by those which are given to us by others.
Pascal
For every sale you miss because you’re too enthusiastic, you will miss a hundred because you’re not enthusiastic enough.
Zig Ziglar
Getting Started
No doubt there has been a time when you wanted something from your parents, your supervisor, or your friends, and you thought about how you were going to present your request. But do you think about how often people—including people you have never met and never will meet—want something from you? When you watch television, advertisements reach out for your attention, whether you watch them or not. When you use the Internet, pop-up advertisements often appear. Living in the United States, and many parts of the world, means that you have been surrounded, even inundated, by persuasive messages. Mass media in general and television in particular make a significant impact you will certainly recognize. Consider these facts:
· The average person sees between four hundred and six hundred ads per day—that is forty million to fifty million by the time he or she is sixty years old. One of every eleven commercials has a direct message about beauty.[1]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will have spent more time watching television—25,000 hours—than learning in a classroom.[2]
· An analysis of music videos found that nearly one-fourth of all MTV videos portray overt violence, with attractive role models being aggressors in more than 80 percent of the violent videos.[3]
· Forty percent of nine- and ten-year-old girls have tried to lose weight, according to an ongoing study funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. [4]
· A 1996 study found that the amount of time an adolescent watches soaps, movies, and music videos is associated with their degree of body dissatisfaction and desire to be thin. [5]
· Identification with television stars (for girls and boys), models (girls), or athletes (boys) positively correlated with body dissatisfaction. [6]
· At age thirteen, 53 percent of American girls are “unhappy with their bodies.” This grows to 78 percent by the time they reach seventeen. [7]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will witness on television 200,000 acts of violence, including 40,000 murders. [8]
Mass communication contains persuasive messages, often called propaganda, in narrative form, in stories and even in presidential speeches. When President Bush made his case for invading Iraq, his speeches incorporated many of the techniques we’ll cover in this chapter. Your local city council often involves dialogue, and persuasive speeches, to determine zoning issues, resource allocation, and even spending priorities. You yourself have learned many of the techniques by trial and error and through imitation. If you ever wanted the keys to your parents’ car for a special occasion, you used the princip ...
Chapter 14Presentations to PersuadeWe are more easily persuadeEstelaJeffery653
This document provides information about presenting to persuade, including principles of persuasion and functions of persuasive presentations. It discusses six principles of persuasion according to Robert Cialdini: reciprocity, scarcity, authority, commitment and consistency, consensus, and liking. It also identifies five functions of persuasive presentations: to stimulate, convince, call to action, increase consideration, and develop tolerance of alternate perspectives. The document is intended to teach readers strategies for effective persuasion through oral presentations.
Chapter 14Presentations to PersuadeWe are more easily persuade.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 14
Presentations to Persuade
We are more easily persuaded, in general, by the reasons that we ourselves discovers than by those which are given to us by others.
Pascal
For every sale you miss because you’re too enthusiastic, you will miss a hundred because you’re not enthusiastic enough.
Zig Ziglar
Getting Started
No doubt there has been a time when you wanted something from your parents, your supervisor, or your friends, and you thought about how you were going to present your request. But do you think about how often people—including people you have never met and never will meet—want something from you? When you watch television, advertisements reach out for your attention, whether you watch them or not. When you use the Internet, pop-up advertisements often appear. Living in the United States, and many parts of the world, means that you have been surrounded, even inundated, by persuasive messages. Mass media in general and television in particular make a significant impact you will certainly recognize. Consider these facts:
· The average person sees between four hundred and six hundred ads per day—that is forty million to fifty million by the time he or she is sixty years old. One of every eleven commercials has a direct message about beauty.[1]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will have spent more time watching television—25,000 hours—than learning in a classroom.[2]
· An analysis of music videos found that nearly one-fourth of all MTV videos portray overt violence, with attractive role models being aggressors in more than 80 percent of the violent videos.[3]
· Forty percent of nine- and ten-year-old girls have tried to lose weight, according to an ongoing study funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. [4]
· A 1996 study found that the amount of time an adolescent watches soaps, movies, and music videos is associated with their degree of body dissatisfaction and desire to be thin. [5]
· Identification with television stars (for girls and boys), models (girls), or athletes (boys) positively correlated with body dissatisfaction. [6]
· At age thirteen, 53 percent of American girls are “unhappy with their bodies.” This grows to 78 percent by the time they reach seventeen. [7]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will witness on television 200,000 acts of violence, including 40,000 murders. [8]
Mass communication contains persuasive messages, often called propaganda, in narrative form, in stories and even in presidential speeches. When President Bush made his case for invading Iraq, his speeches incorporated many of the techniques we’ll cover in this chapter. Your local city council often involves dialogue, and persuasive speeches, to determine zoning issues, resource allocation, and even spending priorities. You yourself have learned many of the techniques by trial and error and through imitation. If you ever wanted the keys to your parents’ car for a special occasion, you used the princip ...
Chapter 14Presentations to PersuadeWe are more easily persuade.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 14
Presentations to Persuade
We are more easily persuaded, in general, by the reasons that we ourselves discovers than by those which are given to us by others.
Pascal
For every sale you miss because you’re too enthusiastic, you will miss a hundred because you’re not enthusiastic enough.
Zig Ziglar
Getting Started
No doubt there has been a time when you wanted something from your parents, your supervisor, or your friends, and you thought about how you were going to present your request. But do you think about how often people—including people you have never met and never will meet—want something from you? When you watch television, advertisements reach out for your attention, whether you watch them or not. When you use the Internet, pop-up advertisements often appear. Living in the United States, and many parts of the world, means that you have been surrounded, even inundated, by persuasive messages. Mass media in general and television in particular make a significant impact you will certainly recognize. Consider these facts:
· The average person sees between four hundred and six hundred ads per day—that is forty million to fifty million by the time he or she is sixty years old. One of every eleven commercials has a direct message about beauty.[1]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will have spent more time watching television—25,000 hours—than learning in a classroom.[2]
· An analysis of music videos found that nearly one-fourth of all MTV videos portray overt violence, with attractive role models being aggressors in more than 80 percent of the violent videos.[3]
· Forty percent of nine- and ten-year-old girls have tried to lose weight, according to an ongoing study funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. [4]
· A 1996 study found that the amount of time an adolescent watches soaps, movies, and music videos is associated with their degree of body dissatisfaction and desire to be thin. [5]
· Identification with television stars (for girls and boys), models (girls), or athletes (boys) positively correlated with body dissatisfaction. [6]
· At age thirteen, 53 percent of American girls are “unhappy with their bodies.” This grows to 78 percent by the time they reach seventeen. [7]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will witness on television 200,000 acts of violence, including 40,000 murders. [8]
Mass communication contains persuasive messages, often called propaganda, in narrative form, in stories and even in presidential speeches. When President Bush made his case for invading Iraq, his speeches incorporated many of the techniques we’ll cover in this chapter. Your local city council often involves dialogue, and persuasive speeches, to determine zoning issues, resource allocation, and even spending priorities. You yourself have learned many of the techniques by trial and error and through imitation. If you ever wanted the keys to your parents’ car for a special occasion, you used the princip ...
While making judgments and decisions about the world around us, we like to think that we are Objective,Logical, and
Capable of taking in and evaluating all the information that is available to us.
The reality is that our judgments and decisions are often
riddled with errors and influenced by a wide variety of biases.
The human brain is both remarkable and powerful, but certainly subject to limitations.
One type of fundamental limitation on human thinking is known as a cognitive bias.
How to combat misinformation on vaccines and other public health issuesWilliam D Leach
Research on metacognition yields eight communication strategies for inoculating the public against harmful health myths when standard techniques fail or backfire.
Chapter 7
Persuasion
Dorling Kindersley RF/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be able to:
· Describe the characteristics of communicators that make them more persuasive
· Describe what characteristics of a message make it more persuasive
· Describe how culture, age, and self-esteem affect persuasion
· Differentiate the central route from the peripheral route to persuasion within the elaboration likelihoodmodel
· Describe the persuasion techniques involving initial small requests
· Describe the use of reciprocity as a persuasion technique
· Explain techniques that begin with a large request
· Explain persuasion techniques that use scarcity
· Describe techniques that involve changing attention
Chapter Outline
7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
· Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
· Attractiveness and Likeability
7.2 What—Characteristics of the Message
· Emotion
· Framing
· One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
7.3 To Whom—Characteristics of the Audience
· Culture
· Age
· Self-Esteem
· Elaboration Likelihood Model
7.4 How—Persuasion Techniques
· Foot-in-the-Door Technique
· Lowball Technique
· Legitimization-of-Paltry-Favors
· Reciprocity
· Door-in-the-Face Technique
· That's-not-all Technique
· Scarcity
· Pique Technique
· Disrupt-Then-Reframe Technique
Chapter Summary
* * *
Every day, other people try to persuade us. Advertisements on television, the Internet, or the radio attempt to persuade us tobuy a product. Family members, friends, and employers ask us to do them a favor. Some of these messages we quickly dismiss,but others convince us to buy the extra absorbent paper towels, or bake cupcakes for that fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The product is described by an attractive and trim fitness expert to amildly skeptical person in front of an enthusiastic studio audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits and easeof use of the machine are touted, and viewers are offered the product at a low, low price. By the end of the infomercial theskeptic is convinced of the machine's miraculous powers and you find yourself picking up the phone to order one for yourself.What makes such communications persuasive? Social psychology can help us find the answers to these questions by applyingthe scientific method to different aspects of persuasion—the persuader, the message, and the audience—as well as investigatingspecific persuasion techniques. Knowing more about persuasion may allow us to better resist being persuaded in the future.
Persuasive communication can be divided into four parts: the communicator, the message, the audience, and the technique (seeFigure 7.1). First we will deal with what characteristics of persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next, we willthink about characteristics of the message that lead people to change. Then, we will explore what characteristics of theaudience can lead them to be persuaded. Finally, we will .
Dorling Kindersley RF/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be
able to:
• Describe the characteristics of communicators
that make them more persuasive
• Describe what characteristics of a message make
it more persuasive
• Describe how culture, age, and self-esteem
affect persuasion
• Differentiate the central route from the peripheral
route to persuasion within the elaboration likeli-
hood model
• Describe the persuasion techniques involving
initial small requests
Persuasion 7
Chapter Outline
7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
• Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
• Attractiveness and Likeability
7.2 What—Characteristics of the Message
• Emotion
• Framing
• One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
7.3 To Whom—Characteristics of the Audience
• Culture
• Age
• Self-Esteem
• Elaboration Likelihood Model
7.4 How—Persuasion Techniques
• Foot-in-the-Door Technique
• Lowball Technique
• Legitimization-of-Paltry-Favors
• Reciprocity
• Door-in-the-Face Technique
• That’s-not-all Technique
• Scarcity
• Pique Technique
• Disrupt-Then-Reframe Technique
Chapter Summary
• Describe the use of reciprocity as a persuasion technique
• Explain techniques that begin with a large request
• Explain persuasion techniques that use scarcity
• Describe techniques that involve changing attention
fee85798_07_c07_141-170.indd 141 7/16/13 9:49 AM
CHAPTER 7Section 7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
Every day, other people try to persuade us. Advertisements on television, the
Internet, or the radio attempt to persuade us to buy a product. Family members,
friends, and employers ask us to do them a favor. Some of these messages we
quickly dismiss, but others convince us to buy the extra absorbent paper towels,
or bake cupcakes for that fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The product is described
by an attractive and trim fitness expert to a mildly skeptical person in front of an
enthusiastic studio audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits
and ease of use of the machine are touted, and viewers are offered the product
at a low, low price. By the end of the infomercial the skeptic is convinced of the
machine’s miraculous powers and you find yourself picking up the phone to order
one for yourself. What makes such communications persuasive? Social psychology
can help us find the answers to these questions by applying the scientific method to
different aspects of persuasion—the persuader, the message, and the audience—as
well as investigating specific persuasion techniques. Knowing more about persua-
sion may allow us to better resist being persuaded in the future.
Persuasive communication can be divided into four parts: the communicator, the
message, the audience, and the technique (see Figure 7.1). First we will deal with
what characteristics of persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next,
we will think about characte ...
Chapter 14Presentations to PersuadeWe are more easily persuadeMorganLudwig40
Chapter 14
Presentations to Persuade
We are more easily persuaded, in general, by the reasons that we ourselves discovers than by those which are given to us by others.
Pascal
For every sale you miss because you’re too enthusiastic, you will miss a hundred because you’re not enthusiastic enough.
Zig Ziglar
Getting Started
No doubt there has been a time when you wanted something from your parents, your supervisor, or your friends, and you thought about how you were going to present your request. But do you think about how often people—including people you have never met and never will meet—want something from you? When you watch television, advertisements reach out for your attention, whether you watch them or not. When you use the Internet, pop-up advertisements often appear. Living in the United States, and many parts of the world, means that you have been surrounded, even inundated, by persuasive messages. Mass media in general and television in particular make a significant impact you will certainly recognize. Consider these facts:
· The average person sees between four hundred and six hundred ads per day—that is forty million to fifty million by the time he or she is sixty years old. One of every eleven commercials has a direct message about beauty.[1]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will have spent more time watching television—25,000 hours—than learning in a classroom.[2]
· An analysis of music videos found that nearly one-fourth of all MTV videos portray overt violence, with attractive role models being aggressors in more than 80 percent of the violent videos.[3]
· Forty percent of nine- and ten-year-old girls have tried to lose weight, according to an ongoing study funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. [4]
· A 1996 study found that the amount of time an adolescent watches soaps, movies, and music videos is associated with their degree of body dissatisfaction and desire to be thin. [5]
· Identification with television stars (for girls and boys), models (girls), or athletes (boys) positively correlated with body dissatisfaction. [6]
· At age thirteen, 53 percent of American girls are “unhappy with their bodies.” This grows to 78 percent by the time they reach seventeen. [7]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will witness on television 200,000 acts of violence, including 40,000 murders. [8]
Mass communication contains persuasive messages, often called propaganda, in narrative form, in stories and even in presidential speeches. When President Bush made his case for invading Iraq, his speeches incorporated many of the techniques we’ll cover in this chapter. Your local city council often involves dialogue, and persuasive speeches, to determine zoning issues, resource allocation, and even spending priorities. You yourself have learned many of the techniques by trial and error and through imitation. If you ever wanted the keys to your parents’ car for a special occasion, you used the princip ...
Chapter 14Presentations to PersuadeWe are more easily persuadeEstelaJeffery653
This document provides information about presenting to persuade, including principles of persuasion and functions of persuasive presentations. It discusses six principles of persuasion according to Robert Cialdini: reciprocity, scarcity, authority, commitment and consistency, consensus, and liking. It also identifies five functions of persuasive presentations: to stimulate, convince, call to action, increase consideration, and develop tolerance of alternate perspectives. The document is intended to teach readers strategies for effective persuasion through oral presentations.
Chapter 14Presentations to PersuadeWe are more easily persuade.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 14
Presentations to Persuade
We are more easily persuaded, in general, by the reasons that we ourselves discovers than by those which are given to us by others.
Pascal
For every sale you miss because you’re too enthusiastic, you will miss a hundred because you’re not enthusiastic enough.
Zig Ziglar
Getting Started
No doubt there has been a time when you wanted something from your parents, your supervisor, or your friends, and you thought about how you were going to present your request. But do you think about how often people—including people you have never met and never will meet—want something from you? When you watch television, advertisements reach out for your attention, whether you watch them or not. When you use the Internet, pop-up advertisements often appear. Living in the United States, and many parts of the world, means that you have been surrounded, even inundated, by persuasive messages. Mass media in general and television in particular make a significant impact you will certainly recognize. Consider these facts:
· The average person sees between four hundred and six hundred ads per day—that is forty million to fifty million by the time he or she is sixty years old. One of every eleven commercials has a direct message about beauty.[1]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will have spent more time watching television—25,000 hours—than learning in a classroom.[2]
· An analysis of music videos found that nearly one-fourth of all MTV videos portray overt violence, with attractive role models being aggressors in more than 80 percent of the violent videos.[3]
· Forty percent of nine- and ten-year-old girls have tried to lose weight, according to an ongoing study funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. [4]
· A 1996 study found that the amount of time an adolescent watches soaps, movies, and music videos is associated with their degree of body dissatisfaction and desire to be thin. [5]
· Identification with television stars (for girls and boys), models (girls), or athletes (boys) positively correlated with body dissatisfaction. [6]
· At age thirteen, 53 percent of American girls are “unhappy with their bodies.” This grows to 78 percent by the time they reach seventeen. [7]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will witness on television 200,000 acts of violence, including 40,000 murders. [8]
Mass communication contains persuasive messages, often called propaganda, in narrative form, in stories and even in presidential speeches. When President Bush made his case for invading Iraq, his speeches incorporated many of the techniques we’ll cover in this chapter. Your local city council often involves dialogue, and persuasive speeches, to determine zoning issues, resource allocation, and even spending priorities. You yourself have learned many of the techniques by trial and error and through imitation. If you ever wanted the keys to your parents’ car for a special occasion, you used the princip ...
Chapter 14Presentations to PersuadeWe are more easily persuade.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 14
Presentations to Persuade
We are more easily persuaded, in general, by the reasons that we ourselves discovers than by those which are given to us by others.
Pascal
For every sale you miss because you’re too enthusiastic, you will miss a hundred because you’re not enthusiastic enough.
Zig Ziglar
Getting Started
No doubt there has been a time when you wanted something from your parents, your supervisor, or your friends, and you thought about how you were going to present your request. But do you think about how often people—including people you have never met and never will meet—want something from you? When you watch television, advertisements reach out for your attention, whether you watch them or not. When you use the Internet, pop-up advertisements often appear. Living in the United States, and many parts of the world, means that you have been surrounded, even inundated, by persuasive messages. Mass media in general and television in particular make a significant impact you will certainly recognize. Consider these facts:
· The average person sees between four hundred and six hundred ads per day—that is forty million to fifty million by the time he or she is sixty years old. One of every eleven commercials has a direct message about beauty.[1]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will have spent more time watching television—25,000 hours—than learning in a classroom.[2]
· An analysis of music videos found that nearly one-fourth of all MTV videos portray overt violence, with attractive role models being aggressors in more than 80 percent of the violent videos.[3]
· Forty percent of nine- and ten-year-old girls have tried to lose weight, according to an ongoing study funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. [4]
· A 1996 study found that the amount of time an adolescent watches soaps, movies, and music videos is associated with their degree of body dissatisfaction and desire to be thin. [5]
· Identification with television stars (for girls and boys), models (girls), or athletes (boys) positively correlated with body dissatisfaction. [6]
· At age thirteen, 53 percent of American girls are “unhappy with their bodies.” This grows to 78 percent by the time they reach seventeen. [7]
· By age eighteen, the average American teenager will witness on television 200,000 acts of violence, including 40,000 murders. [8]
Mass communication contains persuasive messages, often called propaganda, in narrative form, in stories and even in presidential speeches. When President Bush made his case for invading Iraq, his speeches incorporated many of the techniques we’ll cover in this chapter. Your local city council often involves dialogue, and persuasive speeches, to determine zoning issues, resource allocation, and even spending priorities. You yourself have learned many of the techniques by trial and error and through imitation. If you ever wanted the keys to your parents’ car for a special occasion, you used the princip ...
While making judgments and decisions about the world around us, we like to think that we are Objective,Logical, and
Capable of taking in and evaluating all the information that is available to us.
The reality is that our judgments and decisions are often
riddled with errors and influenced by a wide variety of biases.
The human brain is both remarkable and powerful, but certainly subject to limitations.
One type of fundamental limitation on human thinking is known as a cognitive bias.
How to combat misinformation on vaccines and other public health issuesWilliam D Leach
Research on metacognition yields eight communication strategies for inoculating the public against harmful health myths when standard techniques fail or backfire.
Persuasive writing aims to influence the audience's thoughts or actions by taking a stance for or against an issue. There are three main ways to persuade others: appealing to reason with evidence and logic, appealing to emotions with vivid examples and imagery, and appealing to one's character or credibility. When crafting a persuasive argument, it is important to address counterarguments, ensure evidence is from reliable sources, and anticipate objections in order to strengthen one's position.
Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from rational judgment that occur in human decision making. There are over 188 known types of cognitive biases that fall under categories like decision making biases, social biases, and memory errors. Some examples of cognitive biases include anchoring bias, where people rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered; bandwagon effect, where people do something because others are doing it regardless of their own beliefs; and confirmation bias, where people interpret information in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs. Understanding cognitive biases is important because they influence how people think and make judgments in ways that can lead to irrational decisions.
The document discusses the principles of persuasion and propaganda. It outlines six principles of persuasion: reciprocity, scarcity, authority, commitment, consensus, and likability. Practical tips are provided for each principle. Propaganda is defined as information used to manipulate behavior or beliefs. Common techniques of propaganda discussed are portraying "us" as good, "them" as evil, and that we must stop "them" from destroying us. The document cautions that we should evaluate assumptions in propaganda and avoid being manipulated by it.
Change language: English Deutsch Español Nederlands
Your Results
Closed-Minded Open to New Experiences
Disorganized Conscientious
Introverted Extraverted
Disagreeable Agreeable
Calm / Relaxed Nervous / High-Strung
What aspects of personality does this tell me about?
There has been much research on how people describe others, and five major dimensions of human personality have been found. They are often referred to as the
OCEAN model of personality, because of the acronym from the names of the five dimensions. Here are your results:
Open-Mindedness
High scorers tend to be original, creative, curious, complex; Low scorers tend to be conventional, down to earth, narrow interests, uncreative.
You enjoy having novel experiences and seeing things in new ways. (Your percentile: 81)
Conscientiousness
High scorers tend to be reliable, well-organized, self-disciplined, careful; Low scorers tend to be disorganized, undependable, negligent.
You are very well-organized, and can be relied upon. (Your percentile: 99)
Extraversion
High scorers tend to be sociable, friendly, fun loving, talkative; Low scorers tend to be introverted, reserved, inhibited, quiet.
You are extremely outgoing, social, and energetic. (Your percentile: 98)
Agreeableness
High scorers tend to be good natured, sympathetic, forgiving, courteous; Low scorers tend to be critical, rude, harsh, callous.
You are good-natured, courteous, and supportive. (Your percentile: 98)
Negative Emotionality
High scorers tend to be nervous, high-strung, insecure, worrying; Low scorers tend to be calm, relaxed, secure, hardy.
You probably remain calm, even in tense situations. (Your percentile: 19)
Results Feedback
How useful did you find your results?
Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 Very Useful
What is the “Big Five”?
Personality psychologists are interested in what differentiates one person from another and why we behave the way that we do. Personality research, like any science,
relies on quantifiable concrete data which can be used to examine what people are like. This is where the Big Five plays an important role.
The Big Five was originally derived in the 1970's by two independent research teams -- Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (at the National Institutes of Health), and
Warren Norman (at the University of Michigan)/Lewis Goldberg (at the University of Oregon) -- who took slightly different routes at arriving at the same results: most
human personality traits can be boiled down to five broad dimensions of personality, regardless of language or culture. These five dimensions were derived by asking
thousands of people hundreds of questions and then analyzing the data with a statistical procedure known as factor analysis. It is important to realize that the
researchers did not set out to find five dimensions, but that five dimensions emerged from their analyses of the data. I ...
This document provides information about different types of claims that can be made in arguments: claims of fact, value, and policy. It defines each type of claim and provides examples. Claims of fact assert empirical truths and can be proven true or false. Claims of value make judgments based on preferences and priorities that may reasonably be disagreed on. Claims of policy advocate for specific actions, policies, or solutions based on defined problems. The document guides readers in formulating each type of claim by considering relevant questions for facts, values, or recommended policies.
1) Richard Dyer's theory suggests that audiences will respond to messages that offer solutions to inadequacies in their lives, such as solutions for poverty, confusion, exhaustion, and isolation.
2) Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory proposes that targeting audiences' basic needs of biological needs, safety, affiliation, and esteem will increase the likelihood of a message's success.
3) Blumler and Katz's uses and gratifications theory posits that audiences will be more likely to consume media that meets their needs to be informed, identify personally with content, be entertained, enable social interaction, and provide escape. The document provides guidance on tailoring messages and delivery styles to different audience demographics
FREE 11 Speech Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF. Speech essay sample. example of informative speech outline Essay .... Scholarship essay: Speech sample essay. Speech writing format example. Top list of speech writing format cbse .... Narrative Essay: Persuasive essay speech. Example Of Argumentative Essay Paragraph Terbaru. Grade 8 Speech Unit Narrative Speeches: Just like a personal. Speeches Essay English Advanced - Year 12 HSC Thinkswap. College essay: How to write a speech essay. Speech Writing - 8 Examples, Format, Sample Examples. Speech Sample 1. Example of Speech Essay - LewisabbCasey. Sample speeches - drugerreport732.web.fc2.com. Sample Of Simple Speech Essay : 10 Speech Examples for Elementary .... 3 minute persuasive speech examples. 57 3 minute persuasive speech .... Examples Of Speech Essay Telegraph. Custom Writing Service www.fuste.pt. presentation speech examples free indirect speech examples Kellydli. Speech Sample 2. Definition Essay: Samples of argumentative essay writing. Pin on your essay. Essay writing speech - The Writing Center.. FREE 16 Speech Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF. Example of short persuasive speech. Persuasive Speech Outline .... Sample Speeches For Students Classles Democracy. Different Types of Speeches Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Expository essay: Argumentative speech examples for high school. 50 Top Graduation Speech Ideas amp; Examples ᐅ TemplateLab. explanatory speech examples - Google Search Informative essay .... Speech Essay PT3 amp; Contoh BI BEST EXAMPLE. Speech essay format. 10 Essay Writing Examples amp; Samples. 2019-03-04. Inspirational Speech - 5 Examples, Format, Sample Examples. Example Of Persuasive Speech / Paragraph paper. How to Write a Good .... How to write speech essay. Speech Analysis Essay Example. 2019-01-09 Essay Speech Sample Essay Speech Sample. Speech essay format. 10 Essay Writing Examples amp; Samples. 2019-03-04
The third document is about regulatory agencies under the Department of Health and Human Services, including the FDA which regulates food and drug safety
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public relations theory, including the basic elements of communication, persuasion vs manipulation, how PR works to attract and direct an audience, and theories about how media and communication influence audiences. It discusses factors like the source and message credibility, the role of opinion leaders, agenda setting and framing, and models for diffusing new ideas and motivating audiences through increasing awareness, ability, and opportunity. The document aims to educate PR professionals on applying communication theory concepts.
The document provides an overview of persuasion techniques and research. It discusses six key techniques: reciprocity, social proof, liking, authority, commitment, and scarcity. It also summarizes research on creating needs, using loaded words, and appealing to social needs. Useful resources on persuasion include books, experts, journals, videos, blogs and articles.
Persuasive Speaking
Chapter 18
Foundations of Persuasion & Persuasion: An Overview
Persuasion: An Overview
Richard Perloff’s Five Reasons Studying Persuasion is ImportantThe sheer number of persuasive communications has grown exponentially.Persuasive messages travel faster than ever before.Persuasion has become institutionalized.Persuasive communication has become more subtle and devious.Persuasive communication is more complex than ever before.
What Is Persuasion?Persuasion: An attempt to get a person to behave in a manner, or embrace a point of view related to values, attitudes, and or beliefs, that he or she would not have done otherwise.
Change Attitudes, Values, and BeliefsAttitude: An individual’s general predisposition toward something as being good or bad, right or wrong, or negative or positive.Value: An individual’s perception of the usefulness, importance, or worth of something. We can value a college education or technology or freedom.Beliefs: Propositions or positions that an individual holds as true or false without positive knowledge or proof.Core beliefs: Beliefs that people have actively engaged in and created over the course of their lives (e.g., belief in a higher power, belief in extraterrestrial life forms).Dispositional beliefs: Beliefs that people have not actively engaged in, but rather judgments that they make, based on their knowledge of related subjects, when they encounter a proposition.
Change in BehaviorBehaviors come in a wide range of forms, so finding one you think people should start, increase, or decrease shouldn’t be difficult at all.For example, speeches encouraging audiences to vote for a candidate, sign a petition opposing a tuition increase, or drink tap water instead of bottled water are all behavior-oriented persuasive speeches.
Why Persuasion Matters
Frymier and Nadler’s Three Reasons to Study PersuasionWhen you study and understand persuasion, you will be more successful at persuading others.When people understand persuasion, they will be better consumers of information.When we understand how persuasion functions, we’ll have a better grasp of what happens around us in the world.
Why it’s Important Ethically to Understand PersuasionWe believe that persuasive messages that aim to manipulate, coerce, and intimidate people are unethical, as are messages that distort information.As ethical listeners, we have a responsibility to analyze messages that manipulate, coerce, and/or intimidate people or distort information.We also then have the responsibility to combat these messages with the truth, which will rely on our skills and knowledge as effective persuaders.
Theories of Persuasion
We often find ourselves in situations where we are trying to persuade others to attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors with which they may not agree.
To help us persuade others, what we need to think about is the range of possible attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors that exi.
News Literacy, Spring 2024 -- Week 10 LectureSteve Fox
1. Fairness in journalism is achieved through fair presentation of facts, fair language, and fair play over time rather than in a single story.
2. While balance, or equal time/space for opposing views, can promote fairness, it can also create false equivalencies, especially for developing or disputed stories.
3. Bias is seen as a pattern of unfairness over multiple stories from a single outlet, not from occasional errors, opinion pieces, or advertisements. Cognitive biases like confirmation bias and selective exposure to partisan media can fuel perceptions of bias.
Why are we doing this again1) Generally speaking,.docxphilipnelson29183
This document discusses reasoning and fallacies. It begins by stating that the purpose of the class is to make students better at reasoning by learning to recognize fallacies. It then provides examples of different types of fallacies, such as hasty generalization, generalization from exceptional cases, slippery slopes, false causes, appeals to authority and popularity, and irrelevant conclusions. It also discusses factors that can influence credibility, such as expertise, bias, prior knowledge, plausibility, interested vs disinterested parties, and media sources. Throughout, it gives examples to illustrate each fallacy and concept.
CHAPTER The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Quest.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER
The Benefit and Manner of
Asking the Right Questions
THE NOISY, CONFUSED WORLD WE LIVE IN
This book encourages you to learn something we think can change your life
for the better. That something is "critical thinking." But there is an imaginary
world that some of us inhabit where there is no need at all for critical think-
ing. In this imaginary world several conditions prevail:
1. We are each allowed the independence to make decisions about reli-
gion, politics, and what we will and will not buy or believe. Advertisers,
marketers, public relations specialists, campaign managers, and advo-
cates of various worldviews will provide us only the information that we
need to make decisions that result in building a life that we choose.
2. Anyone trying to persuade us of anything will always explain the disad-
vantages of what he or she wants us to do.
3. Any time we are confused about one of life's important questions, we
can quickly find a dependable expert, authority, or wise person. Fur-
thermore, these voices of knowledge will all agree with one another. In
short, we need not be anxious about what to do or believe because the
wise ones will have the answer. Our task is simply to locate and listen to
them.
4. Our minds are calm, engaged, reflective, and curious whenever faced
with an important choice.
We hope you realize that the world we actually live in is nothing like the
Never-Never Land, we just described.
1
2 Chapter 1 • The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Questions
In the real world, we are assaulted on all sides by others who insist that
we must do what they tell us we should do. They know best. They know
what we should wear, eat, buy, and believe. They claim to possess a truth
that we must accept. They say they want to help us. They will not leave us
alone to form our own understanding of who we should become.
As an illustration, in a 5-minute Internet search we found the following
advice with respect to the relatively simple question: Should we use more tea?
These were all found on web sites urging you to buy more tea.
• Use green tea to ease itching and swelling.
• Use strong tea as a disinfectant on cuts and bruises.
• Use strong tea to treat athlete's foot. Bathe the foot twice a day for ten
minutes for up to several weeks.
• Press rehydrated tealeaves on teeth to reduce the pain of toothache.
• Chewing rehydrated tealeaves cleanses the breath.
• Soak a towel in warm tea, and place the towel on tired eyes to refresh
them.
• Wash the face with warm tea to reduce skin rashes and pimples.
• Rinse washed hair with strong tea for shine and softness.
The people making these claims want us to change our behavior. Planning to
buy more tea?
To make matters worse, those trying to persuade us do not play fair as
they try to shape us. They tell us half-truths at best. The socialist does not
explain the dangers of a large government. The conservative does not explain
...
The document provides guidance on writing argumentative essays. It defines argumentation and key terms used. The goals of argumentation are to present an opinion on a controversial topic to persuade the reader that the opinion is valid. Sample essay sections include an introduction with a thesis statement, paragraphs with counterarguments and responses, and a pro paragraph with supporting evidence. The conclusion restates the main harms of advertisements discussed in the essay. Overall, the document offers examples and explanations to teach students how to structure an argumentative essay.
The document provides guidance on writing argumentative essays. It defines argumentation and key terms used. The goals of argumentation are to present an opinion on a controversial topic to persuade the reader that the opinion is valid. Sample essay sections include an introduction with a thesis statement, paragraphs with counterarguments and responses, and a pro paragraph with supporting evidence. The conclusion restates the main harms of advertisements discussed in the essay. Overall, the document offers examples and explanations to teach students how to structure an argumentative essay.
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and PracticeFall 2014Proje.docxmariuse18nolet
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Fall 2014
Project Requirements:
I. Teams
a. 16 Students split into 3 teams .
II. Weighting
a. The Project is 30% of your grade.
i. The presentation will be attended by Dr. Braniff as well as industry professionals and representatives of the National Alliance.
ii. Start divvying up duties now – last minute work shows during the presentation.
iii. Practice! Practice! Practice! - part of your grade has to do with the presentation having been rehearsed.
iv. This is a PROFESSIONAL presentation – since we’ll most likely have outsiders joining us, presenters must dress in a professional manner (no jeans, proper professional attire).
v. This presentation should mimic what you would be comfortable presenting to your board of directors and your CFO, etc.
vi. You will be graded on the information presented, as well as the professionalism of your presentation and your team assessment.
III. Project Components:
a. Executive Summary of your findings. The purpose of the executive summary is to summarize key points.
i. Should include bulleted key points
ii. Should include 1-3 graphs for visualization
iii. No more than 3 pages (including graphs)
iv. Make the summary part of the Power Point Presentation
b. Power Point Presentation
i. A visual presentation of the questions given to you for the project.
ii. Needs to show application of information learned in class, not just a regurgitation of the questions and answers, I want to see critical thinking.
iii. Presentations will occur on Monday, Nov 30 No exceptions, you MUST be present. Each group will present during this time (up to 30 minutes per group, at least 15).
iv. ALL team members must present a portion of the project.
c. All of the presentation documents need to be submitted to me. If you did not answer all
of the questions in your power point presentation, I need to receive the answers in a document.
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Group Project
October 16, 2015
The Pebbles, Inc.
GENERAL
The Pebbles, Inc. (the “Company) is a casino & resort operating company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The Company’s resorts feature high-end accommodations, gaming and entertainment, convention and exhibition facilities, celebrity chef restaurants, and clubs. In the past several years, the Company has decided to add a couple of other types of businesses, the most profitable being the Spinout School of Racing in Monte Carlo and the Big Shark Surfing School in Sydney. The current primary properties are listed below:
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/03/1999
Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Ctr.
- 02/01/2002
Pebbles Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 12/30/2007
MONTE CARLO, MONACO
Pebbles, Monte Carlo – Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/18/2004
Spinout School of Racing
- 06/14/2009
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
Pebbles, Sydney – ResortHotel-Casino
- 04/27/2010
Big Shark Surfing School
- 04/27/2014
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA.
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During .docxmariuse18nolet
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During a recent windstorm, it lost some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to determine the unknown amounts. You may assume that Ironwood does not keep any raw material on hand.
2. Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, LLL had the following actual results:
Units produced and sold 24,800
Actual variable overhead $9,470
Actual direct labor hours 15,800
Required:
Compute LLL's variable overhead rate variance, variable overhead efficiency variance, and over or under applied variable overhead.
Variable Overhead Rate Variance
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance
Variable Overhead Spending Variance
3. Olive Company makes silver belt buckles. The company's master budget appears in the first column of the table.
Required:
Complete the table by preparing Olive's flexible budget for Rs.5,700, 7,700 and 8,700 units.
Ironwood Company manufactures cast
-
iron barbeque cookware. During a recent w
indstorm, it lost
some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost
system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to dete
r
mine the unknown amount
s. You may assume that Ironwood
does not keep any raw material on hand.
2.
Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of
directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, L
LL had the following actual results:
Units produced and sold 24,800
Actual variable overhead $9,470
Actual direct labor hours 15,800
Required:
Compute LLL's variable overhead rate variance, variable overhead efficiency variance, and over or under
a
pplied variable overhead.
Variable Overhead Rate Variance
Variable Overhead
Efficiency
Variance
Variable Overhead
Spending
Variance
3.
Olive Company makes silver belt buckles. The company's master budget appears in the first column of
the table.
Required:
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During a recent windstorm, it lost
some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost
system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to determine the unknown amounts. You may assume that Ironwood
does not keep any raw material on hand.
2. Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of
directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, LLL had the following actual results:
Units prod.
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and PracticeGroup Project.docxmariuse18nolet
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Group Project
October 16, 2015
The Pebbles, Inc.
GENERAL
The Pebbles, Inc. (the “Company) is a casino & resort operating company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The Company’s resorts feature high-end accommodations, gaming and entertainment, convention and exhibition facilities, celebrity chef restaurants, and clubs. In the past several years, the Company has decided to add a couple of other types of businesses, the most profitable being the Spinout School of Racing in Monte Carlo and the Big Shark Surfing School in Sydney. The current primary properties are listed below:
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/03/1999
Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Ctr.
- 02/01/2002
Pebbles Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 12/30/2007
MONTE CARLO, MONACO
Pebbles, Monte Carlo – Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/18/2004
Spinout School of Racing
- 06/14/2009
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
Pebbles, Sydney – ResortHotel-Casino
- 04/27/2010
Big Shark Surfing School
- 04/27/2014
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort, Hotel & Casino is the pride and joy of Pebbles, Inc. There are over seven thousand spacious suites, designer shopping, world-class dining, and incredible entertainment. The location also includes a theatre where very well-known acts perform year round. The venue has an estimated seating capacity of 5,000. Typically, the theatre books a resident performer for 9-12 months at a time. Most recently, they signed on Brianne Smalle – a chart topping twenty-five year old pop sensation – to begin performing in the next 30 days. Unfortunately, Brianne has just been arrested after a multi-state car chase. To make matters worse, when she was finally stopped, the police found proof of major involvement in an international drug ring. In addition to her charges of DUI, she is now being accused of various charges related to the drug ring including money laundering, drug trafficking, human trafficking, kidnap and murder.
The Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Center was opened in 2002 to respond to the demands of the city. The Expo & Convention Center boasts over 2 million square feet with exhibit space of 1.5 million square feet. The location is central and is walking distance from over 100,000 guest rooms. The Convention Center is in the process of undergoing major renovations in order to accommodate the technology needs and desires of their guests and vendors. The intention was to complete the renovations by the end of the summer. Unfortunately, the main contractor, Trust Us Construction, is three months behind schedule due to the main project manager’s recent problems with gambling addiction. The convention center has a major exposition scheduled in two weeks for Fine China and Crystal of The World. The owner of the Center is convinced that the expo will go on as planned, confident that spare boards, exposed cords, drilling, hammering and multiple construction workers walking through the ex.
Iranian Women and GenderRelations in Los AngelesNAYEREH .docxmariuse18nolet
Iranian Women and Gender
Relations in Los Angeles
NAYEREH TOHIDI
In California, the popular face of immigration tends to be either Latin American or
Asian, but large numbers of immigrants who come from other regions in the world,
especially the Near East, have been quietly reshaping California demography. In this
study, Nayereh Tohidi focuses on the Iranians who have come to Los Angeles in the
wake of the 1979 Iranian revolution, largely middle- and upper-middle-class Tehrani-
ans who have fled the repressive policies of the current post-Shah, fundamentalist
regime. But American freedoms have offered particular challenges to Iranian immi-
grants, especially women, who tend to have "more egalitarian views of marital roles
than Iranian men," in Tohidi's words, a "discrepancy" that has led to "new conflicts
between the sexes." Thus, Iranian women immigrants are at once freer than their
sisters in Iran, more conflicted, and more in need of a "new identity acceptable to
their ethnic community and appropriate to the realities of their host country." Tohidi
is an associate professor of women's studies at California State University, Northridge.
She directs a new program in Islamic Community Studies at CSUN and is also a re-
search associate at the Center for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Califor-
nia, Los Angeles. Tohidi's publications include Feminism, Democracy, and Islamism in
Iran (1996), Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity within Unity (1998), and Global-
ization, Gender, and Religion: The Politics of Women's Rights in Catholic and Muslim
Contexts (2001).
I mmigration is a major life change, and the process of adapting to a newsociety can be extremely stressful, especially when the new environ-
ment is drastically different from the old. There is evidence that the im-
pact of migration on women and their roles differs from the impact of
the same process on men (Espin 1987; Salgado de Snyder 1987). The mi-
gration literature is not conclusive, however, about whether the overall
effect is positive or negative. Despite all the trauma and stress associated
with migration, some people perceive it as emancipatory, especially for
women coming from environments where adherence to traditional gen-
der roles is of primary importance. As [one researcher] said, "When the
traditional organization of society breaks down as a result of contact and
collision .. . the effect is, so to speak, to emancipate the individual man.
Energies that were formerly controlled by custom and tradition are re-
leased" (Furio 1979, 18).
My own observations of Iranians in Los Angeles over the past eight
years, as well as survey research I carried out in 1990,1 reveal that Iranian
1 This article draws on a survey of a sample of 134 Iranian immigrants in Los Angeles, 83
females and 51 males, and on interviews with a smaller sample of women and men.
149
1 50 The Great Migration: Immigrants in California History
women immigrants in Los Angeles are a homogeneou.
IRB HANDBOOK
IRB A-Z Handbook
Effective September 16, 2013
Capella University
225 South Sixth Street, Ninth Floor
Minneapolis, MN 55402
1
IRB HANDBOOK
Table of Contents
Introduction to the IRB A to Z Handbook ................................................................................ 3
Preparation for IRB Review ...................................................................................................... 4
Developing a Human Research Protection Plan 5
Documenting the Plan in Your IRB Submission Materials 5
Determining Submission Requirements ......................................................................... 5
Selecting the IRB Application 6
Selecting the Informed Consent or Assent Form Templates 7
Identifying Instrument Requirement(s) 8
Identifying Other Supporting Documents 8
Completing Application Forms, Letters, and Templates .................................................... 8
Completing the IRB Application 9
Drafting the Informed Consent or Assent Form(s) 10
Drafting the Recruitment Material(s) 10
Obtaining Research Site Permissions 10
What if I can’t get permission before IRB review? 11
Assessing and Revising Submission Materials ............................................................... 12
Assessing IRB Submission Materials 12
Revising IRB Submission Materials 12
IRB Submission and Review .................................................................................................. 13
Submitting Your IRB Application ................................................................................. 13
Registering and Activating an Account 13
Starting an application 13
Sending your application to your mentor 14
Completing IRB Office Screening Process .................................................................... 14
Undergoing IRB Review ............................................................................................. 15
Introduction to the Levels of Review 15
Receiving the IRB Decision Letter 16
IRB Decisions 16
Revising Your Study in Response to IRB Decision 17
Obtaining IRB Approval or Exemption ......................................................................... 18
Reviewing the IRB Approval Letter 19
Post-IRB Approval Procedures .............................................................................................. 20
Ensuring Ongoing Compliance .................................................................................... 20
Requesting Modifications to IRB-approved Studies........................................................ 20
Submitting a Modification Request Package ................................................................. 20
Implementing the Modification 21
Undergoing Continuing Review ................................................................................... 21
Submitting a Continuing Review Package 21
Reporting Adverse Events or Unanticipated Problems .....
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Persuasive writing aims to influence the audience's thoughts or actions by taking a stance for or against an issue. There are three main ways to persuade others: appealing to reason with evidence and logic, appealing to emotions with vivid examples and imagery, and appealing to one's character or credibility. When crafting a persuasive argument, it is important to address counterarguments, ensure evidence is from reliable sources, and anticipate objections in order to strengthen one's position.
Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from rational judgment that occur in human decision making. There are over 188 known types of cognitive biases that fall under categories like decision making biases, social biases, and memory errors. Some examples of cognitive biases include anchoring bias, where people rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered; bandwagon effect, where people do something because others are doing it regardless of their own beliefs; and confirmation bias, where people interpret information in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs. Understanding cognitive biases is important because they influence how people think and make judgments in ways that can lead to irrational decisions.
The document discusses the principles of persuasion and propaganda. It outlines six principles of persuasion: reciprocity, scarcity, authority, commitment, consensus, and likability. Practical tips are provided for each principle. Propaganda is defined as information used to manipulate behavior or beliefs. Common techniques of propaganda discussed are portraying "us" as good, "them" as evil, and that we must stop "them" from destroying us. The document cautions that we should evaluate assumptions in propaganda and avoid being manipulated by it.
Change language: English Deutsch Español Nederlands
Your Results
Closed-Minded Open to New Experiences
Disorganized Conscientious
Introverted Extraverted
Disagreeable Agreeable
Calm / Relaxed Nervous / High-Strung
What aspects of personality does this tell me about?
There has been much research on how people describe others, and five major dimensions of human personality have been found. They are often referred to as the
OCEAN model of personality, because of the acronym from the names of the five dimensions. Here are your results:
Open-Mindedness
High scorers tend to be original, creative, curious, complex; Low scorers tend to be conventional, down to earth, narrow interests, uncreative.
You enjoy having novel experiences and seeing things in new ways. (Your percentile: 81)
Conscientiousness
High scorers tend to be reliable, well-organized, self-disciplined, careful; Low scorers tend to be disorganized, undependable, negligent.
You are very well-organized, and can be relied upon. (Your percentile: 99)
Extraversion
High scorers tend to be sociable, friendly, fun loving, talkative; Low scorers tend to be introverted, reserved, inhibited, quiet.
You are extremely outgoing, social, and energetic. (Your percentile: 98)
Agreeableness
High scorers tend to be good natured, sympathetic, forgiving, courteous; Low scorers tend to be critical, rude, harsh, callous.
You are good-natured, courteous, and supportive. (Your percentile: 98)
Negative Emotionality
High scorers tend to be nervous, high-strung, insecure, worrying; Low scorers tend to be calm, relaxed, secure, hardy.
You probably remain calm, even in tense situations. (Your percentile: 19)
Results Feedback
How useful did you find your results?
Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 Very Useful
What is the “Big Five”?
Personality psychologists are interested in what differentiates one person from another and why we behave the way that we do. Personality research, like any science,
relies on quantifiable concrete data which can be used to examine what people are like. This is where the Big Five plays an important role.
The Big Five was originally derived in the 1970's by two independent research teams -- Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (at the National Institutes of Health), and
Warren Norman (at the University of Michigan)/Lewis Goldberg (at the University of Oregon) -- who took slightly different routes at arriving at the same results: most
human personality traits can be boiled down to five broad dimensions of personality, regardless of language or culture. These five dimensions were derived by asking
thousands of people hundreds of questions and then analyzing the data with a statistical procedure known as factor analysis. It is important to realize that the
researchers did not set out to find five dimensions, but that five dimensions emerged from their analyses of the data. I ...
This document provides information about different types of claims that can be made in arguments: claims of fact, value, and policy. It defines each type of claim and provides examples. Claims of fact assert empirical truths and can be proven true or false. Claims of value make judgments based on preferences and priorities that may reasonably be disagreed on. Claims of policy advocate for specific actions, policies, or solutions based on defined problems. The document guides readers in formulating each type of claim by considering relevant questions for facts, values, or recommended policies.
1) Richard Dyer's theory suggests that audiences will respond to messages that offer solutions to inadequacies in their lives, such as solutions for poverty, confusion, exhaustion, and isolation.
2) Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory proposes that targeting audiences' basic needs of biological needs, safety, affiliation, and esteem will increase the likelihood of a message's success.
3) Blumler and Katz's uses and gratifications theory posits that audiences will be more likely to consume media that meets their needs to be informed, identify personally with content, be entertained, enable social interaction, and provide escape. The document provides guidance on tailoring messages and delivery styles to different audience demographics
FREE 11 Speech Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF. Speech essay sample. example of informative speech outline Essay .... Scholarship essay: Speech sample essay. Speech writing format example. Top list of speech writing format cbse .... Narrative Essay: Persuasive essay speech. Example Of Argumentative Essay Paragraph Terbaru. Grade 8 Speech Unit Narrative Speeches: Just like a personal. Speeches Essay English Advanced - Year 12 HSC Thinkswap. College essay: How to write a speech essay. Speech Writing - 8 Examples, Format, Sample Examples. Speech Sample 1. Example of Speech Essay - LewisabbCasey. Sample speeches - drugerreport732.web.fc2.com. Sample Of Simple Speech Essay : 10 Speech Examples for Elementary .... 3 minute persuasive speech examples. 57 3 minute persuasive speech .... Examples Of Speech Essay Telegraph. Custom Writing Service www.fuste.pt. presentation speech examples free indirect speech examples Kellydli. Speech Sample 2. Definition Essay: Samples of argumentative essay writing. Pin on your essay. Essay writing speech - The Writing Center.. FREE 16 Speech Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF. Example of short persuasive speech. Persuasive Speech Outline .... Sample Speeches For Students Classles Democracy. Different Types of Speeches Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Expository essay: Argumentative speech examples for high school. 50 Top Graduation Speech Ideas amp; Examples ᐅ TemplateLab. explanatory speech examples - Google Search Informative essay .... Speech Essay PT3 amp; Contoh BI BEST EXAMPLE. Speech essay format. 10 Essay Writing Examples amp; Samples. 2019-03-04. Inspirational Speech - 5 Examples, Format, Sample Examples. Example Of Persuasive Speech / Paragraph paper. How to Write a Good .... How to write speech essay. Speech Analysis Essay Example. 2019-01-09 Essay Speech Sample Essay Speech Sample. Speech essay format. 10 Essay Writing Examples amp; Samples. 2019-03-04
The third document is about regulatory agencies under the Department of Health and Human Services, including the FDA which regulates food and drug safety
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public relations theory, including the basic elements of communication, persuasion vs manipulation, how PR works to attract and direct an audience, and theories about how media and communication influence audiences. It discusses factors like the source and message credibility, the role of opinion leaders, agenda setting and framing, and models for diffusing new ideas and motivating audiences through increasing awareness, ability, and opportunity. The document aims to educate PR professionals on applying communication theory concepts.
The document provides an overview of persuasion techniques and research. It discusses six key techniques: reciprocity, social proof, liking, authority, commitment, and scarcity. It also summarizes research on creating needs, using loaded words, and appealing to social needs. Useful resources on persuasion include books, experts, journals, videos, blogs and articles.
Persuasive Speaking
Chapter 18
Foundations of Persuasion & Persuasion: An Overview
Persuasion: An Overview
Richard Perloff’s Five Reasons Studying Persuasion is ImportantThe sheer number of persuasive communications has grown exponentially.Persuasive messages travel faster than ever before.Persuasion has become institutionalized.Persuasive communication has become more subtle and devious.Persuasive communication is more complex than ever before.
What Is Persuasion?Persuasion: An attempt to get a person to behave in a manner, or embrace a point of view related to values, attitudes, and or beliefs, that he or she would not have done otherwise.
Change Attitudes, Values, and BeliefsAttitude: An individual’s general predisposition toward something as being good or bad, right or wrong, or negative or positive.Value: An individual’s perception of the usefulness, importance, or worth of something. We can value a college education or technology or freedom.Beliefs: Propositions or positions that an individual holds as true or false without positive knowledge or proof.Core beliefs: Beliefs that people have actively engaged in and created over the course of their lives (e.g., belief in a higher power, belief in extraterrestrial life forms).Dispositional beliefs: Beliefs that people have not actively engaged in, but rather judgments that they make, based on their knowledge of related subjects, when they encounter a proposition.
Change in BehaviorBehaviors come in a wide range of forms, so finding one you think people should start, increase, or decrease shouldn’t be difficult at all.For example, speeches encouraging audiences to vote for a candidate, sign a petition opposing a tuition increase, or drink tap water instead of bottled water are all behavior-oriented persuasive speeches.
Why Persuasion Matters
Frymier and Nadler’s Three Reasons to Study PersuasionWhen you study and understand persuasion, you will be more successful at persuading others.When people understand persuasion, they will be better consumers of information.When we understand how persuasion functions, we’ll have a better grasp of what happens around us in the world.
Why it’s Important Ethically to Understand PersuasionWe believe that persuasive messages that aim to manipulate, coerce, and intimidate people are unethical, as are messages that distort information.As ethical listeners, we have a responsibility to analyze messages that manipulate, coerce, and/or intimidate people or distort information.We also then have the responsibility to combat these messages with the truth, which will rely on our skills and knowledge as effective persuaders.
Theories of Persuasion
We often find ourselves in situations where we are trying to persuade others to attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors with which they may not agree.
To help us persuade others, what we need to think about is the range of possible attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors that exi.
News Literacy, Spring 2024 -- Week 10 LectureSteve Fox
1. Fairness in journalism is achieved through fair presentation of facts, fair language, and fair play over time rather than in a single story.
2. While balance, or equal time/space for opposing views, can promote fairness, it can also create false equivalencies, especially for developing or disputed stories.
3. Bias is seen as a pattern of unfairness over multiple stories from a single outlet, not from occasional errors, opinion pieces, or advertisements. Cognitive biases like confirmation bias and selective exposure to partisan media can fuel perceptions of bias.
Why are we doing this again1) Generally speaking,.docxphilipnelson29183
This document discusses reasoning and fallacies. It begins by stating that the purpose of the class is to make students better at reasoning by learning to recognize fallacies. It then provides examples of different types of fallacies, such as hasty generalization, generalization from exceptional cases, slippery slopes, false causes, appeals to authority and popularity, and irrelevant conclusions. It also discusses factors that can influence credibility, such as expertise, bias, prior knowledge, plausibility, interested vs disinterested parties, and media sources. Throughout, it gives examples to illustrate each fallacy and concept.
CHAPTER The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Quest.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER
The Benefit and Manner of
Asking the Right Questions
THE NOISY, CONFUSED WORLD WE LIVE IN
This book encourages you to learn something we think can change your life
for the better. That something is "critical thinking." But there is an imaginary
world that some of us inhabit where there is no need at all for critical think-
ing. In this imaginary world several conditions prevail:
1. We are each allowed the independence to make decisions about reli-
gion, politics, and what we will and will not buy or believe. Advertisers,
marketers, public relations specialists, campaign managers, and advo-
cates of various worldviews will provide us only the information that we
need to make decisions that result in building a life that we choose.
2. Anyone trying to persuade us of anything will always explain the disad-
vantages of what he or she wants us to do.
3. Any time we are confused about one of life's important questions, we
can quickly find a dependable expert, authority, or wise person. Fur-
thermore, these voices of knowledge will all agree with one another. In
short, we need not be anxious about what to do or believe because the
wise ones will have the answer. Our task is simply to locate and listen to
them.
4. Our minds are calm, engaged, reflective, and curious whenever faced
with an important choice.
We hope you realize that the world we actually live in is nothing like the
Never-Never Land, we just described.
1
2 Chapter 1 • The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Questions
In the real world, we are assaulted on all sides by others who insist that
we must do what they tell us we should do. They know best. They know
what we should wear, eat, buy, and believe. They claim to possess a truth
that we must accept. They say they want to help us. They will not leave us
alone to form our own understanding of who we should become.
As an illustration, in a 5-minute Internet search we found the following
advice with respect to the relatively simple question: Should we use more tea?
These were all found on web sites urging you to buy more tea.
• Use green tea to ease itching and swelling.
• Use strong tea as a disinfectant on cuts and bruises.
• Use strong tea to treat athlete's foot. Bathe the foot twice a day for ten
minutes for up to several weeks.
• Press rehydrated tealeaves on teeth to reduce the pain of toothache.
• Chewing rehydrated tealeaves cleanses the breath.
• Soak a towel in warm tea, and place the towel on tired eyes to refresh
them.
• Wash the face with warm tea to reduce skin rashes and pimples.
• Rinse washed hair with strong tea for shine and softness.
The people making these claims want us to change our behavior. Planning to
buy more tea?
To make matters worse, those trying to persuade us do not play fair as
they try to shape us. They tell us half-truths at best. The socialist does not
explain the dangers of a large government. The conservative does not explain
...
The document provides guidance on writing argumentative essays. It defines argumentation and key terms used. The goals of argumentation are to present an opinion on a controversial topic to persuade the reader that the opinion is valid. Sample essay sections include an introduction with a thesis statement, paragraphs with counterarguments and responses, and a pro paragraph with supporting evidence. The conclusion restates the main harms of advertisements discussed in the essay. Overall, the document offers examples and explanations to teach students how to structure an argumentative essay.
The document provides guidance on writing argumentative essays. It defines argumentation and key terms used. The goals of argumentation are to present an opinion on a controversial topic to persuade the reader that the opinion is valid. Sample essay sections include an introduction with a thesis statement, paragraphs with counterarguments and responses, and a pro paragraph with supporting evidence. The conclusion restates the main harms of advertisements discussed in the essay. Overall, the document offers examples and explanations to teach students how to structure an argumentative essay.
Similar to Introduction Infomercials and AdvertisementsEvery day we face o.docx (17)
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and PracticeFall 2014Proje.docxmariuse18nolet
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Fall 2014
Project Requirements:
I. Teams
a. 16 Students split into 3 teams .
II. Weighting
a. The Project is 30% of your grade.
i. The presentation will be attended by Dr. Braniff as well as industry professionals and representatives of the National Alliance.
ii. Start divvying up duties now – last minute work shows during the presentation.
iii. Practice! Practice! Practice! - part of your grade has to do with the presentation having been rehearsed.
iv. This is a PROFESSIONAL presentation – since we’ll most likely have outsiders joining us, presenters must dress in a professional manner (no jeans, proper professional attire).
v. This presentation should mimic what you would be comfortable presenting to your board of directors and your CFO, etc.
vi. You will be graded on the information presented, as well as the professionalism of your presentation and your team assessment.
III. Project Components:
a. Executive Summary of your findings. The purpose of the executive summary is to summarize key points.
i. Should include bulleted key points
ii. Should include 1-3 graphs for visualization
iii. No more than 3 pages (including graphs)
iv. Make the summary part of the Power Point Presentation
b. Power Point Presentation
i. A visual presentation of the questions given to you for the project.
ii. Needs to show application of information learned in class, not just a regurgitation of the questions and answers, I want to see critical thinking.
iii. Presentations will occur on Monday, Nov 30 No exceptions, you MUST be present. Each group will present during this time (up to 30 minutes per group, at least 15).
iv. ALL team members must present a portion of the project.
c. All of the presentation documents need to be submitted to me. If you did not answer all
of the questions in your power point presentation, I need to receive the answers in a document.
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Group Project
October 16, 2015
The Pebbles, Inc.
GENERAL
The Pebbles, Inc. (the “Company) is a casino & resort operating company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The Company’s resorts feature high-end accommodations, gaming and entertainment, convention and exhibition facilities, celebrity chef restaurants, and clubs. In the past several years, the Company has decided to add a couple of other types of businesses, the most profitable being the Spinout School of Racing in Monte Carlo and the Big Shark Surfing School in Sydney. The current primary properties are listed below:
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/03/1999
Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Ctr.
- 02/01/2002
Pebbles Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 12/30/2007
MONTE CARLO, MONACO
Pebbles, Monte Carlo – Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/18/2004
Spinout School of Racing
- 06/14/2009
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
Pebbles, Sydney – ResortHotel-Casino
- 04/27/2010
Big Shark Surfing School
- 04/27/2014
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA.
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During .docxmariuse18nolet
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During a recent windstorm, it lost some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to determine the unknown amounts. You may assume that Ironwood does not keep any raw material on hand.
2. Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, LLL had the following actual results:
Units produced and sold 24,800
Actual variable overhead $9,470
Actual direct labor hours 15,800
Required:
Compute LLL's variable overhead rate variance, variable overhead efficiency variance, and over or under applied variable overhead.
Variable Overhead Rate Variance
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance
Variable Overhead Spending Variance
3. Olive Company makes silver belt buckles. The company's master budget appears in the first column of the table.
Required:
Complete the table by preparing Olive's flexible budget for Rs.5,700, 7,700 and 8,700 units.
Ironwood Company manufactures cast
-
iron barbeque cookware. During a recent w
indstorm, it lost
some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost
system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to dete
r
mine the unknown amount
s. You may assume that Ironwood
does not keep any raw material on hand.
2.
Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of
directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, L
LL had the following actual results:
Units produced and sold 24,800
Actual variable overhead $9,470
Actual direct labor hours 15,800
Required:
Compute LLL's variable overhead rate variance, variable overhead efficiency variance, and over or under
a
pplied variable overhead.
Variable Overhead Rate Variance
Variable Overhead
Efficiency
Variance
Variable Overhead
Spending
Variance
3.
Olive Company makes silver belt buckles. The company's master budget appears in the first column of
the table.
Required:
Ironwood Company manufactures cast-iron barbeque cookware. During a recent windstorm, it lost
some of its accounting records. Ironwood has managed to reconstruct portions of its standard cost
system database but is still missing a few pieces of information.
Required:
Use the information in the table to determine the unknown amounts. You may assume that Ironwood
does not keep any raw material on hand.
2. Lamp Light Limited (LLL) manufactures lampshades. It applies variable overhead on the basis of
directlabor hours. Information from LLL's standard cost card follows:
During August, LLL had the following actual results:
Units prod.
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and PracticeGroup Project.docxmariuse18nolet
IRM 3305 Risk Management Theory and Practice
Group Project
October 16, 2015
The Pebbles, Inc.
GENERAL
The Pebbles, Inc. (the “Company) is a casino & resort operating company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The Company’s resorts feature high-end accommodations, gaming and entertainment, convention and exhibition facilities, celebrity chef restaurants, and clubs. In the past several years, the Company has decided to add a couple of other types of businesses, the most profitable being the Spinout School of Racing in Monte Carlo and the Big Shark Surfing School in Sydney. The current primary properties are listed below:
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/03/1999
Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Ctr.
- 02/01/2002
Pebbles Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 12/30/2007
MONTE CARLO, MONACO
Pebbles, Monte Carlo – Resort-Hotel-Casino
- 05/18/2004
Spinout School of Racing
- 06/14/2009
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
Pebbles, Sydney – ResortHotel-Casino
- 04/27/2010
Big Shark Surfing School
- 04/27/2014
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The Big Gambler Resort, Hotel & Casino is the pride and joy of Pebbles, Inc. There are over seven thousand spacious suites, designer shopping, world-class dining, and incredible entertainment. The location also includes a theatre where very well-known acts perform year round. The venue has an estimated seating capacity of 5,000. Typically, the theatre books a resident performer for 9-12 months at a time. Most recently, they signed on Brianne Smalle – a chart topping twenty-five year old pop sensation – to begin performing in the next 30 days. Unfortunately, Brianne has just been arrested after a multi-state car chase. To make matters worse, when she was finally stopped, the police found proof of major involvement in an international drug ring. In addition to her charges of DUI, she is now being accused of various charges related to the drug ring including money laundering, drug trafficking, human trafficking, kidnap and murder.
The Non-Gambler Expo & Convention Center was opened in 2002 to respond to the demands of the city. The Expo & Convention Center boasts over 2 million square feet with exhibit space of 1.5 million square feet. The location is central and is walking distance from over 100,000 guest rooms. The Convention Center is in the process of undergoing major renovations in order to accommodate the technology needs and desires of their guests and vendors. The intention was to complete the renovations by the end of the summer. Unfortunately, the main contractor, Trust Us Construction, is three months behind schedule due to the main project manager’s recent problems with gambling addiction. The convention center has a major exposition scheduled in two weeks for Fine China and Crystal of The World. The owner of the Center is convinced that the expo will go on as planned, confident that spare boards, exposed cords, drilling, hammering and multiple construction workers walking through the ex.
Iranian Women and GenderRelations in Los AngelesNAYEREH .docxmariuse18nolet
Iranian Women and Gender
Relations in Los Angeles
NAYEREH TOHIDI
In California, the popular face of immigration tends to be either Latin American or
Asian, but large numbers of immigrants who come from other regions in the world,
especially the Near East, have been quietly reshaping California demography. In this
study, Nayereh Tohidi focuses on the Iranians who have come to Los Angeles in the
wake of the 1979 Iranian revolution, largely middle- and upper-middle-class Tehrani-
ans who have fled the repressive policies of the current post-Shah, fundamentalist
regime. But American freedoms have offered particular challenges to Iranian immi-
grants, especially women, who tend to have "more egalitarian views of marital roles
than Iranian men," in Tohidi's words, a "discrepancy" that has led to "new conflicts
between the sexes." Thus, Iranian women immigrants are at once freer than their
sisters in Iran, more conflicted, and more in need of a "new identity acceptable to
their ethnic community and appropriate to the realities of their host country." Tohidi
is an associate professor of women's studies at California State University, Northridge.
She directs a new program in Islamic Community Studies at CSUN and is also a re-
search associate at the Center for Near Eastern Studies at the University of Califor-
nia, Los Angeles. Tohidi's publications include Feminism, Democracy, and Islamism in
Iran (1996), Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity within Unity (1998), and Global-
ization, Gender, and Religion: The Politics of Women's Rights in Catholic and Muslim
Contexts (2001).
I mmigration is a major life change, and the process of adapting to a newsociety can be extremely stressful, especially when the new environ-
ment is drastically different from the old. There is evidence that the im-
pact of migration on women and their roles differs from the impact of
the same process on men (Espin 1987; Salgado de Snyder 1987). The mi-
gration literature is not conclusive, however, about whether the overall
effect is positive or negative. Despite all the trauma and stress associated
with migration, some people perceive it as emancipatory, especially for
women coming from environments where adherence to traditional gen-
der roles is of primary importance. As [one researcher] said, "When the
traditional organization of society breaks down as a result of contact and
collision .. . the effect is, so to speak, to emancipate the individual man.
Energies that were formerly controlled by custom and tradition are re-
leased" (Furio 1979, 18).
My own observations of Iranians in Los Angeles over the past eight
years, as well as survey research I carried out in 1990,1 reveal that Iranian
1 This article draws on a survey of a sample of 134 Iranian immigrants in Los Angeles, 83
females and 51 males, and on interviews with a smaller sample of women and men.
149
1 50 The Great Migration: Immigrants in California History
women immigrants in Los Angeles are a homogeneou.
IRB HANDBOOK
IRB A-Z Handbook
Effective September 16, 2013
Capella University
225 South Sixth Street, Ninth Floor
Minneapolis, MN 55402
1
IRB HANDBOOK
Table of Contents
Introduction to the IRB A to Z Handbook ................................................................................ 3
Preparation for IRB Review ...................................................................................................... 4
Developing a Human Research Protection Plan 5
Documenting the Plan in Your IRB Submission Materials 5
Determining Submission Requirements ......................................................................... 5
Selecting the IRB Application 6
Selecting the Informed Consent or Assent Form Templates 7
Identifying Instrument Requirement(s) 8
Identifying Other Supporting Documents 8
Completing Application Forms, Letters, and Templates .................................................... 8
Completing the IRB Application 9
Drafting the Informed Consent or Assent Form(s) 10
Drafting the Recruitment Material(s) 10
Obtaining Research Site Permissions 10
What if I can’t get permission before IRB review? 11
Assessing and Revising Submission Materials ............................................................... 12
Assessing IRB Submission Materials 12
Revising IRB Submission Materials 12
IRB Submission and Review .................................................................................................. 13
Submitting Your IRB Application ................................................................................. 13
Registering and Activating an Account 13
Starting an application 13
Sending your application to your mentor 14
Completing IRB Office Screening Process .................................................................... 14
Undergoing IRB Review ............................................................................................. 15
Introduction to the Levels of Review 15
Receiving the IRB Decision Letter 16
IRB Decisions 16
Revising Your Study in Response to IRB Decision 17
Obtaining IRB Approval or Exemption ......................................................................... 18
Reviewing the IRB Approval Letter 19
Post-IRB Approval Procedures .............................................................................................. 20
Ensuring Ongoing Compliance .................................................................................... 20
Requesting Modifications to IRB-approved Studies........................................................ 20
Submitting a Modification Request Package ................................................................. 20
Implementing the Modification 21
Undergoing Continuing Review ................................................................................... 21
Submitting a Continuing Review Package 21
Reporting Adverse Events or Unanticipated Problems .....
IQuiz # II-Emerson QuizGeneral For Emerson, truth (or.docxmariuse18nolet
I
Quiz # II-Emerson Quiz
General: For Emerson, truth (or Spirit) is indwelling in the Universe, expressed through
nature and man and perceived through Reason (or Intuition) rather than just
understanding (reason, logic). All things are potentially microcosms, containing the
germs of all Truth, and so are not to be read as logical arguments
Here are some quotes from "Self Reliance," Choose one and explain what Emerson
means in your own words in 500 words. Due at our next meeting-Oct. 31, 2013
1. "Speak your latent conviction, and it shall be the universal sense"
2. We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of
us represents."
3. "Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of everyone of its
members."
4. "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind."
5. "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin oflittle minds, [famous Emersonism]
adored by little statements and philosophers and divines. With consistency a
great soul has simply nothing to do."
6. "The centuries are conspirators against the sanity and authority of the soul."
7. "Life only avails, not the having lived. Power ceases in the instant of repose."
[another famous Emersonism]
8. "Just as men's prayers are a disease of the will, so are their creeds a disease of the
intellect. "
9. 10. "In the Will work and acquire, and thou has chained the wheel of Chance, and
shalt sit thereafter out of fear from her rotations .... Nothing can bring you peace
but yourself." .
------ --
.
This document provides a summary of the Python 2 For Beginners Only document in 3 sentences:
The document is a beginner's guide to Python programming derived from Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist and is released under the GNU Free Documentation License to allow copying, distribution, and modification of the document. It includes information on copyright and permissions for copying and distributing the document. The GNU Free Documentation License is designed to make manuals and documents free to copy, distribute, and modify while allowing authors and publishers to get credit for their work.
Iranian Journal of Military Medicine Spring 2011, Volume 13, .docxmariuse18nolet
Iranian Journal of Military Medicine Spring 2011, Volume 13, Issue 1; 11-16
* Correspondence; Email: [email protected] Received 2010/09/08; Accepted 2010/12/14
Personality traits, management styles & conflict management in a
military unit
Salimi S. H.
1
PhD, Karaminia R.
2
PhD, Esmaeili A. A.
*
MSc
*
Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
1
Sport Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
2
Department of Clinical Psychology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Aims: Personality of managers affects their managerial style and their conflict management method. This study was
performed with the aim of investigating the relation between personality traits, leadership styles and conflict management
methods in a military unit.
Methods: This cross-sectional correlation study was performed on 200 senior managers of a military unit in Qom who were
selected by available sampling method. The leadership style was investigated by leadership styles questionnaire and
managers’ personality traits were investigated by NEO questionnaire and their conflict management method was studied by
Robbins questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.
Results: The benevolence-consolatory imperative leadership style was the most frequent style (65.5%) and compatible
personality was the most observed characteristic (19.5%). The extrovert personality had positive relation with participatory
management style. There was a significant positive relationship between the extrovert personality and management style
score. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between neuroticism and incompatible style.
Conclusion: The benevolence-consolatory imperative leadership style is the most frequent style and compatible personality
is the most observed characteristic among the studied unit’s senior managers. There is a significant positive relationship
between solution-seeking and controller methods of managing conflict and management style score and there is a significant
negative relationship between neuroticism and management style score.
Keywords: Personal Traits, Management Styles, Conflict Management, NEO Questionnaire
Introduction
In the current era, understanding the personality of
individuals is necessary in many situations of life.
Managers' personality is effective in the process and
choice of conflict resolution method and management
style. Research shows that there is a significant
correlation between personality traits and style of
conflict management. An indifferent or impassive
manager passes the issue and ignores it, while another
manager shows serious reactions [1]. Therefore, for
achieving organizational go.
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Personal data breaches and securing IoT devices
· By Damon Culbert (2019)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is taking the world b.
IP Subnet Design Project- ONLY QUALITY ASSIGNMENTS AND 0 PLAG.docxmariuse18nolet
The document summarizes Anthony Lewis's book "Gideon's Trumpet", which details Clarence Earl Gideon's struggle for justice and freedom. Gideon, an indigent man accused of a crime, demanded counsel be appointed to him but was denied. He took his case to the Supreme Court, arguing this violated his civil rights. Ultimately, the Court ruled in Gideon's favor, establishing the precedent that states must provide legal counsel to criminal defendants who cannot afford private attorneys. The book examines Gideon's case and its impact in establishing this important civil liberty. It demonstrates how even a poor individual can challenge unjust laws and effect meaningful change through the legal system.
Iran:
Ayatollah
Theocracy
Twelver Shiism
Vilayat-e Faghih (jurist's guardianship)
Imam
Shari’a
Dual Society
Constitutional Revolution
White Revolution
Islamic Revolution
Iranian Revolutionary Guard (Pasdaran)
Rentier state
Resource curse
Maslahat
Green Movement
reformers vs. conservatives
Majmu’eh (Society of the Militant Clergy) vs. Jam’eh (Association of the Militant Clergy)
Iman Jum'ehs
Hojjat al-Islams
Powers and roles of Guardian Council, Supreme Leader, Majles, President, Expediency Council and Assembly of Religious Experts
1. Discuss the source of the legitimacy problem associated with “earthly” regimes in Shia Islam prior to Khomeini’s book, Vilayat-e Faghih. How does Khomeini’s revision of this allow for the establishment of a theocracy within this country?
2. Describe in detail how Iran combines theocracy with democracy in its governmental system. Assess the relative balance between these two forces.
3. What are some of the ways in which the oil industry has advanced or distorted development in Iran?
4. List the steps in the electoral process used to elect the Iranian president. What is considered to be the main obstacle to fair elections in Iran?
5. What are the powers and limitations of Iran’s parliament?
6. What are the most important political challenges that now face Iran?
Mexico:
Mestizo
Ejidos
maquiladoras
import substituting industrialization (ISI)
parastatal
clientelism
state capitalism
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
National Action Party (PAN)
Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)
NAFTA
el dedazo
sexenio
amparos
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
Corporatist state
Anticlericalism
Porfiriato
Accommodation
1. What is the PRI? Describe how it has traditionally dominated the Mexican political system. List the other main political parties and briefly discuss their general platforms and typical supporters.
2. Describe the process of el dedazo. Describe two reasons why this process is no longer utilized in Mexico.
3. Mexico’s political system was traditionally characterized as a “hyper-presidential” system. What formed the basis for this characterization? Is this characterization still true? (Make sure to support your argument here.)
4. Are state institutions like the military and the judiciary truly independent of the executive branch of government? In what ways have these institutions promoted or hindered the growth of democracy in recent years?
5. What are the power bases of the main political parties in Mexican politics? What factors made it possible for the PAN to unseat the long-dominant PRI in 2000? What accounts for the continuing viability of the PRI as a political force?
6. What challenges does the process of globalization pose to Mexican’s strong sense of national identity?
.
ipopulation monitoring in radiation emergencies a gui.docxmariuse18nolet
i
population monitoring in radiation emergencies: a guide for state and local public health planners
Developed by the
Radiation Studies Branch
Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
National Center for Environmental Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
August 2007
PREDECiSioNal DRaft
this planning guide is provided as a predecisional draft. Please send your comments
and suggestions to the Radiation Studies Branch at CDC via e-mail ([email protected])
or mail them to:
Radiation Studies Branch
Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects
National Center for Environmental Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Rd, NE (MS-E39)
atlanta, Ga 30333
Electronic copies of this document can be downloaded from
http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/pdf/population-monitoring-guide.pdf
population monitoring in radiation emergencies:
a guide for state and local public health planners
ii
population monitoring in radiation emergencies: a guide for state and local public health planners
acknowledgments
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) thanks the many individuals and
organizations that provided input to this document, including the office of the Secretary,
Department of Health and Human Services, and the Population Monitoring interagency Working
Group.
Representatives from the following agencies and organizations participated in the CDC
roundtable on population monitoring on January 11–12, 2005, and many provided comments on
initial drafts of this document:
American Red Cross (ARC)
Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI)
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO)
Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Inc. (CRCPD)
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE)
Columbia University, Center for International Earth Science Information Network
Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
Indian Health Services
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO)
New York City Dept. of Health and Mental Hygiene
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)
State of Arkansas Department of Health
State of California Department of Public Health
State of Georgia Division of Public Health, Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
State of Illinois Emergency Management Agency (IEMA)
State of Iowa Hygienic Laboratory Department of Health
State of Maine Health and Environmental Testing Laboratory
State of Washington Department of Health
Texas A&M University, Department of Nuclear Engineering
University of Alabama-Birmingham, School of Public Health
University of Georgia, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication
University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Radiology
iii
population monitoring in radiation emergen.
In Innovation as Usual How to Help Your People Bring Great Ideas .docxmariuse18nolet
In Innovation as Usual: How to Help Your People Bring Great Ideas to Life (2013), Miller and Wedell-Wedellsborg discuss the importance of establishing systems within organizations that promote not only the creativity that results in innovation, but also make it possible for employees to bring innovative ideas to fruition. Miller and Wedell-Wedellsborg argue that a leader’s primary job “is not to innovate; it is to become an innovation architect, creating a work environment that helps . . . people engage in the key innovation behaviors as part of their daily work” (p. 4). Such a work environment must be reinforced by innovation architecture—the structures within an organization that support an innovation, from the brainstorming phase to final realization. The more well developed the architecture and the simpler the processes involved, the more likely employees are to be innovators.
For this assignment, you will research the innovation architecture of at least three companies that are well-known for successfully supporting a culture of innovation. Write a 1,500-word paper that addresses the following:
1. What particular elements of each organization’s culture, processes, and management systems and styles work well to support innovation?
2. Why do you think these organizations have been able to capitalize on innovation and intrapreneurship while others have not?
3. Based on what you have learned, what processes and systems might actually stifle innovation and intrapreneurship?
4. Imagine yourself as an innovation architect. What structures or processes would you put in place to foster a culture of innovation within your own organization?
Include in-text citations to at least four reputable secondary sources (such as trade journals, academic journals, and professional or industry websites) in your paper.
.
Investor’s Business Daily – Investors.comBloomberg Business – Blo.docxmariuse18nolet
Investor’s Business Daily – Investors.com
Bloomberg Business – Bloomberg.com
Bonds Online – Bondsonline.com
CBOE – CBOE.com
Yahoo Finance – Finance.Yahoo.com
SEC GOV EDGAR – sec.gov/edgar
Barron’s – barrons.com
CNBC – cnbc.com/pro
Treasury Direct – treasurydirect.gov
Goldman Sachs – goldmansachs.com
YouTube – Portfolio Management
Motley Fool
Morning Star – Morningstar.com
FI360 – fi360.com
Value Line – valueline.com
Earnings Cast – earningcast.com
WEEK 1
CHAPTER 1
DISCUSSION:
1. Briefly discuss each of the eight steps in the investment planning process. (p. 1)
2. Explain the importance of client assessment and capital markets assessment. (pp. 1-2)
3. Describe the three types of investments that can be included within a portfolio. (p. 2)
4. Discuss the importance of continuous monitoring of portfolios. (p. 3)
CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION:
1. Describe some of the debt instruments that may be included in a money market fund and the nature of these type instruments. (p. 5)
2. Explain how an investor might manage interest rate risk through the use of CDs. (p. 7, item #8)
3. Briefly discuss the nature of fees associated with the purchase of CDs as they relate to (a) banking institutions and (b) brokerage firms. (p. 9)
CHAPTER 3
DISCUSSION:
1. Describe why a risk adverse investor would be inclined to favor a direct issue of Treasury Department over a corporate issue of similar length to maturity. (pp. 13-14)
2. Discuss the tax ramifications of purchasing a T-bill on the open market prior to its maturity. (pp. 14-15)
3. Briefly discuss, if all government securities with like maturites have the same risk/reward characteristics, WHY an investor might be selective in the type of security he purchases? (p. 16)
CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION:
1. Explain the rationale behind why an investor might choose NOT to sell bonds. (pp.20-21)
2. Discuss how interest income is usually received and the tax ramifications to an investor who receives such income in a taxable account. (pp. 21-22)
3. Briefly explain what the affect of interest rate movements are on the price of corporate bonds, especially as it relates to their term to maturity. (p. 24)
Chapter 5
CHAPTER DISCUSSION:
1. Briefly discuss how a convertible security can offer a “floor” value below which an investor can protect his investment (pp. 27-28)
2. Explain why the rates offered by convertible securities are generally lower than those available on nonconvertible issues of similar quality (p. 29)
3. Tell how profits and losses on a preferred stock are treated (p. 29)
4. Discuss the major advantages of an investor who buys a “stock purchase warrant” and a nonconvertible bond (pp. 27-28)
CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSION:
1. Distinguish between the three types of municipal bonds presented in the introduction, and decide when investors might find these financial instruments to be a useful “tool” in their portfolios (p. 35)
2. Explain why a risk averse investor might prefer investing in a “general obligation’ bond, rather th.
Invitation to Public Speaking, Fifth EditionChapter 8 Introdu.docxmariuse18nolet
Invitation to Public Speaking, Fifth Edition
Chapter 8: Introductions and Conclusions
By Cindy L. Griffin
elizabeth () - changed
elizabeth () - changed to reflect new chapter numbers
Introduction
The speaker’s first contact with the audience
Introductions are like first impressions:
Important
Lasting
elizabeth () - new slide
Introduction
Catch the audience’s attention
Reveal the topic to the audience
Establish credibility with the audience
Preview the speech for the audience
Prepare a Compelling Introduction
Ask a Question
Tell a story
Recite a quotation or a poem
Give a demonstration
Make an intriguing or startling statement
Prepare a Compelling Introduction
State importance of topic
Share expertise
State what’s to come
Tips for the Introduction
Look for introductory materials as you do your research
Prepare and practice the full introduction in detail
Be brief
Be creative
elizabeth () - modified to reflect subhead
Conclusions
The speaker’s final contact with the audience
The conclusion represents your last impression:
Lingers with your listeners long after your speech is over
elizabeth () - new slide
The Conclusion
Bring your speech to an end
Reinforce your thesis statement
Prepare a Compelling Conclusion
Summarize main points
Answer introductory question
Refer back to the introduction
Recite a quotation
Tips for the Conclusion
Look for concluding materials
Be creative
Be brief
Don’t leave the conclusion to chance
Speech Introduction and Conclusion
Watch Mike deliver a speech introduction and conclusion.
Discuss if and how Mike Piel met the objectives of a speech introduction and conclusion.
Ellen DeGeneres
Ellen Degeneres Commencement Speech
Listen to the first 2 minutes of Ellen DeGeneres and identify how she remains audience-centered
There is more to citing sources than merely the accurate transcription or recitation of someone’s words.
Invitation to Public Speaking, Fifth Edition
Chapter 7: Organizing and Outlining your Speech
By Cindy L. Griffin
elizabeth () - changed
elizabeth () - changed to correspond to new chapter numbers
Organize for Clarity
Organization: the systematic arrangement of ideas into a coherent whole, makes speeches listenable
Main Points
Main points; the most important, comprehensive ideas you address in your speech.
elizabeth () - new slide
Main Points
Identify main points
Use an appropriate number of main points
Order main points
Ordering Main Points
Chronological – Good for when the idea about which you are speaking extend over a period of time.
Spatial – An arrangement of ideas by location or direction.
Causal – A pattern that describes cause-and-effect relationships between ideas and events.
Problem-
Solution
– Identifies first a problem, then a solution.
Topical – Allows you to divide your topic into sub-topics and even sub-sub-topics.
Tips for Preparing Main Points
Keep each main point separate and distinc.
Invitation to the Life SpanRead chapters 13 and 14.Objectives.docxmariuse18nolet
Invitation to the Life Span
Read chapters 13 and 14.
Objectives:
Describe psychosocial changes in adulthood.
Describe and analyze personality theories that apply to adulthood.
Analyze the physical and cognitive changes that occur during late adulthood.
Adulthood and Late Adulthood
Introduction
The last module began an examination of adulthood. This module will finish the study of adulthood and begin a look at late adulthood.
Psychosocial Development in Adulthood
Erikson's seventh stage of generativity vs. stagnation occurs during this stage. Being generative means truly caring about the next generation (e.g., being a parent, teacher, coach, or conservationist) (Boeree, 2006b). The idea of a mid-life crisis has been a popular notion since the 1970s (see Berger's description of Levinson's research on page 459), but very little evidence for it exists. Modern personality theorists have backed off the word crisis, which implies a do-or-die decision point, and instead have started using terms like marker events, turning points, or passages (Sheehy, 1976).
Abraham Maslow created another prominent theory of personality development (examine his five stages of the hierarchy of needs in Berger, 2010, Figure 13.1, p. 457). The lowest level, physiological needs, must be satisfied first, followed by the others in ascending order. Because people spend so much time satisfying the four lowest needs, very few reach the highest stage of self-actualization, where people live up to their potential; at one point, Maslow estimated the percentage of self-actualizers to be around 2% (Boeree, 2006a). Numerous longitudinal studies have shown evidence of considerable stability and continuity in personality across the adult years (see Berger's discussion of Costa and McCrae's research).
Robert Havighurst (cited in Newman & Newman, 2010) states that adults in their 20s and 30s must face four developmental tasks. Tasks 1 and 2, marriage and childbearing, are affected by societal expectations (called the social clock). The probability of divorce hits its peak 2 to 4 years after marriage. Qualities for a successful marriage include similarity in personal characteristics, trust, sensitivity, and adjustment (including a mutually satisfying sexual relationship, economic factors, sleep patterns, food patterns, and toilet habits) (Kimmel, cited in Newman & Newman, 2010). Task 3 involves work, and includes four components: having technical skills, handling authority relationships, coping with unique demands of the job, and establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. Task 4 involves establishing a lifestyle that is compatible for both spouses (as well as dealing with constraints placed on the marriage by the children) (Newman & Newman, 2010).
For adults in their 40s and 50s, Havighurst (cited in Newman and Newman, 2010) discusses three crucial developmental tasks. Task 1 involves managing a household, including the following sub-tasks: 1) decision-making (about fina.
IOBOARD Week 2 Lab BPage 2 of 4Name _________________ Gr.docxmariuse18nolet
This document provides instructions for an ARM project to control LEDs on an I/O board from corresponding pushbuttons. The procedure involves setting up a While loop in LabVIEW to read input from the pushbuttons on the I/O board and write the corresponding output to light the LEDs. Data is read from the pushbuttons using one IOBOARD VI, passed to a second IOBOARD VI to write to the LEDs, with a half second delay in the loop. Running the VI allows testing to verify that pressing a pushbutton turns on its corresponding LED.
INVITATION TO Computer Science 1 1 Chapter 17 Making .docxmariuse18nolet
INVITATION TO
Computer Science 1 1
Chapter 17
Making Decisions about Computers,
Information, and Society
Objectives
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
• Use ethical reasoning to evaluate social issues
related to computing
• Describe the viewpoints of music users and music
publishers about the issue of music file sharing
• Apply utilitarian arguments to ethical issues
• Explain the social tradeoffs involved in lawful
intercept laws and their opposition
• Explain the purpose of a dialectic process
• Use analogies to evaluate ethical issues
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 2
Objectives (continued)
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
• Provide arguments that support and oppose
hackers who claim to be performing a social good
• Perform deontological analysis of the duties and
responsibilities of parties in an ethical issue
• Describe cyberbullying and why legal remedies are
difficult to apply
• Explain the potential downsides of sexting for those
engaged in it
• Explain why information online may not be private
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 3
Introduction
• Social and ethical issues related to information
technology are unavoidable
• Develop skills to reason about such issues
• Case studies introduce important ethical issues
– Describe arguments for and against certain positions
– Evaluate arguments in terms of ethics
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 4
Case Studies
Case 1: The Story of MP3—Compression Codes,
Musicians, and Money
• MP3 standard for compressing sound developed in
1987
• Patented and worldwide by early 1990s
• Computer-based MP3 playback in 1997
• WinAmp application free on the Internet in 1998
• Users began transmitting and sharing MP3 music
• Napster file-sharing system developed, 1999
• Peer-to-peer file sharing:
– Software introduces users to each other
– Sharing happens directly between users
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 5
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 6
Case Studies
Case 1: The Story of MP3—Compression Codes,
Musicians, and Money (continued)
• Recording companies filed suit against Napster,
1999
• Lawsuit claimed Napster was a conspiracy to
encourage mass infringement of copyright
• Facts:
– Most shared music was copyrighted
– Many artists opposed sharing---no revenue for them
– Some artists supported sharing
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 7
Case Studies
Case 1: The Story of MP3—Compression Codes,
Musicians, and Money (continued)
• Napster claims:
– Napster was just a “common carrier”
– Napster reported song locations, was not involved in
actual sharing
– They were not responsible for users’ behaviors
– Swapping files this was should be “fair use” under
copyright law
• Napster lost the case and appeals, and closed in
2001
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 8
C.
Investment Analysis & Portfolio Management AD 717 OLHomework E.docxmariuse18nolet
Investment Analysis & Portfolio Management
AD 717 OL
Homework Exercise 7 - Derivatives
1) On June 21, 2011, the GE’s stock closed at $18.81 per share. The accompanying table lists the prices for GE’s exchange-traded options. Using this data, calculate the payoff and the profit for each of the following September expiration options, assuming that at the September expiration the value of the stock was $17.72.
a) Call option X = $17
b) Put option x = $17
c) Call option x = $19
d) Put option x = $19
e) Call option x = $15
f) Put option x = $21
2. It is mid July. You believe that Walmart stock which is currently priced at $53.00 will appreciate significantly over the next several months. A long-term equity call option (LEAPS) with an expiry in mid January and a strike price of $52.50 is available at a price of $2.50. You have $10,600 to invest. You consider 4 alternatives:
a) Use your entire amount of funds to buy the stock outright
b) Use the entire amount to purchase the stock on margin. Assume that the minimum margin requirement is 50% and that you will pay 7% (annually) on borrowed funds.
c) Use the entire amount of funds to buy LEAPS call options with the January expiry date.
d) Buy options for 200 shares and use the rest of the money to buy government bills paying 1% per year. (hence figure on 6 months of interest).
For simplicity ignore any brokerage charges Calculate the net gain or loss from each strategy as of mid January assuming that the price of stock is:
Gain / Loss from Investment in Walmart
Investment Strategy
Stock Price in Mid January
$45
$50
$55
$60
Stock Outright
Stock on Margin
All Options
Options & Bills
3) One of the financial instruments that attracted so much hostile fire in the analysis of the recent financial crisis were “Synthetic Collateralized Debt Obligations” (synthetic cdos) which used “synthetic debt” as its collateral. Describe how you could use a combination of risk free investments and derivatives to create the same pay-off / risk profile as if you were holding a corporate bond, say for IBM. Explain how the pay-off / risk profile is the same (a) if the company remains afloat and pays all of its debt obligations on time or (b) if the company defaults on its debt obligations.
4) A stock is currently priced at $50. The risk free interest rate is 10% per year. What is the value of a call option on the stock with a strike price of $45 due in one year?
a) Using the Binomial valuation approach, assume that at the end of one year the value of the stock could either have increased to $60 or decreased to $40.
b) Using the Black-Scholes model, assume that the annual volatility (standard deviation) of the stock price is 25%.
5) On June 29, 2010 the S&P 500 stood at 1308.44. The one year futures price on the index was 1278.7. The 1 year risk free rate was 0.238%. Using the Spot-Futures Parity relationship, calculate the annualized expected.
Investment BAFI 1042 Kevin Dorr 3195598 GOODMAN .docxmariuse18nolet
Investment BAFI 1042
Kevin Dorr 3195598
GOODMAN FIELDER LIMITED (GFF)
COMPANY VALUATION REPORT
1
GOODMAN FIELDER
LIMITED
COMPANY VALUATION REPORT
Scope
• The report looks at all publicly available data about the company via
the annual reports and publications
• An analyses of the company’s weakness and strength has been
conducted with detailed look at the fundamentals impacting the company
• The report outlines the ratios in relation to probability, return on
equity, using several modelling techniques
• There are charts and information used form the cash flow statement,
balance sheet and historical data sourced from the ASX
• The analysis of the company is compared to its competitors, industry,
sector and market it operates in.
• The report looks at stock price movement and all assumptions are
made available and are explained.
• Expert opinion and copyrighted material is used in the report and has
been appropriately
referenced.
REPORT
OUTLINE
This report attempt to
provide an analytical
evaluation of
Goodman fielder,
every attempt has
been made to make all
data accessible and
complete. This report
contains financial data,
historical analysis,
forecasts and
estimates based on
best available and
most up to date
information. The aim is
for the reader to be
able to make an
informed decision
about the fair value of
GFF stock and
compare it to GFF
peers in the industry. It
should give reader the
ability to form an
opinion on Goodman
fielder as an
investment based on
financial information
analytics.
2
Executive summary
Goodman fielder is one of the largest producers of food in Australia and it supplies product in many categories,
however it is first or second in every food category it participates in. It owns brands such as such as Nature's
Fresh, Helga's, Praise, Wonder White, Quality Bakers, White Wings, and Meadow Lea with offerings in consumer
brands such as Fresh milk, Meadow White Wings cake mixes, Praise salad dressings, and Leaning Tower frozen
pizza (Yahoo Finance 2012). It reaches over 30000 outlets in and around Australia. There are several major
shareholders of the company such as J. P. Morgan Nominees Australia Limited which owns 19%, HSBC Custody
Nominees (Australia) Limited that owns 17% and National Nominees Limited the owners of 22% of the
company(ASX 2012.)
On 19 August 2011 Goodman Fielder announced a net loss of $166.7 million for the year ended 30 June 2011,
this was attributable to a non-cash impairment charge of $300 million. Revenues from ordinary activities were
$2.56 billion, which is down 3.9% from the year before The New CEO of Goodman Fielder Limited Chris Delaney
is going to implement a strategic review which is focused on improving the performance of the company. There
are significant opportunities to increase efficiency, improve supply chain structure and inno.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Introduction Infomercials and AdvertisementsEvery day we face o.docx
1. Introduction: Infomercials and Advertisements
Every day we face other people trying to persuade us to buy or
do something. Advertisements on television, the Internet, or the
radio attempt to persuade us to buy a product. Family members,
friends, and employers ask us to do things for them. Some of
these messages we quickly dismiss, but others convince us and
we buy that brand of paper towels or bake cupcakes for that
fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The
product is described by an attractive and trim fitness expert to a
mildly skeptical person in front of an enthusiastic studio
audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits
and ease of use of the machine are touted, and viewers are
offered the product at a low, low price. By the end of the
infomercial the skeptic is convinced of its miraculous powers
and you find yourself picking up the phone to order one for
yourself. What makes such communications persuasive? Why do
we do what others ask sometimes but not other times? Social
psychology can help us find the answers to these questions and,
perhaps, better resist being persuaded in the future.
As we explore persuasion we can divide the persuasive
communication into three parts: the communicator, the message,
and the audience. First we will deal with what characteristics of
persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next, we
will think about characteristics of the message that lead people
to change. Finally, we will explore what characteristics of the
audience can lead them to be persuaded.
7.2 Who—Characteristics of the Persuade
Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
As you watch an infomercial, a central communicator is likely
to offer arguments for the product. Whether or not you listen to
this person likely depends on how credible you view that person
2. to be. Credibility has two aspects: expertise and trustworthiness
(Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953). A communicator with
expertise is one who appears to have knowledge and is able to
communicate it. A trustworthy communicator is one we believe
is giving us accurate information.
Messages from expert sources are persuasive when the message
includes strong arguments from within that expert's field of
knowledge (DeBono & Harnish, 1988; Petty, Cacioppo, &
Goldman, 1981). Messages that come from an expert source but
are weak are less persuasive than messages coming from
someone who is less of an expert, but who has strong arguments
(Bohner, Ruder, & Erb, 2002; Tormala, Brinol, & Petty, 2006).
Expert opinion is generally only persuasive within that expert's
domain of expertise. For example, you might believe what
fitness experts say about exercise but not what they say about
cake decorating. Children, who are generally not experts, can be
persuasive when a message focuses on their social role. For
example, using children to demonstrate the safety features in a
new vehicle may resonate with an adult's perceived role as
protector and nurturer (Pratkanis & Gliner, 2004).
At times we may receive a message and not have the time or
energy to think carefully through the arguments. In those
instances trustworthiness of the communicator can serve as a
cue as to whether we should trust the message. If we perceive
that the communicator is providing us with accurate
information, we may not feel it necessary to carefully examine
the message itself. When we perceive the communicator to be
less trustworthy, we may carefully examine the message to
determine if we can trust it. A message can, in this instance,
still be persuasive if it contains strong arguments. A nonexpert
who cites a study by the American Heart Association showing
that the exercise equipment improves heart health in 90% of
users has a strong argument, despite lack of expertise. An
expert who points out that the stainless steel frame of the
3. equipment will match any decor has a weak argument. Strong
messages from nonexpert sources can be persuasive because
people carefully examine the arguments (Priester & Petty,
2003). Such careful examination creates stronger and more long
lasting attitude change.
Physical Attractiveness and Likeability
The attractiveness of the communicator is another factor in the
persuasiveness of the message. In general, more physically
attractive communicators are more persuasive and less attractive
communicators are less persuasive (Chaiken, 1979; Debevec,
Madden, & Kernan, 1986; DeBono & Telesca, 1990).
Individuals we like are also more persuasive to us. You might
buy Girl Scout cookies from the neighbor who you know and
like, but the Girl Scout from across town will likely sell you
fewer cookies. Physically attractive communicators are
relatively easy to find, but advertisers have found tricky ways
to make it appear that an appeal is coming from someone we
know and like. An envelope that appears to be addressed by
hand and has a note inside is more likely to be opened and read
than one that is clearly mass produced. In one study of this idea,
a number of car owners in Dallas were sent an ad for car wax
that appeared to have been ripped from a magazine, with a
handwritten sticky note attached; if the recipient was named
Mary, for example, the note would read "Mary—Try this. It
works!—J," with "J" being the supposed sender. The ad
contained a mail-in card for a free sample of the car wax. The
ad was sent in an unmarked white envelope, hand-addressed,
with a first-class stamp. Other participants were mailed the
same ad, but in a typed envelope sent through metered mail, and
the ad inside was simply printed on a sheet of paper with no
note attached. When the message in the ad was strong and it
appeared to come from someone they knew, more participants
requested a free sample (Howard & Kerin, 2004).
4. Should the communicators make their desires to persuade
explicit? To maintain credibility and avoid reactance,
advertisers generally avoid stating that they are trying to
persuade; however, in some contexts such information can be
helpful. You would likely attribute selfish motives to the fitness
expert who is trying to sell exercise equipment he designed. But
your doctor presumably has your best interests in mind, so his
or her obviously persuasive message about exercise may be
received well (Campbell & Kirmani, 2000; Eagly, Wood, &
Chaiken, 1978). Researchers have found that physically
attractive communicators do well if they make their desire to
persuade explicit. Unattractive communicators are not very
successful in this instance. For the less attractive, keeping
persuasive intent hidden is a better strategy. Similarly, disliked
sources should keep persuasive intent under wraps, while liked
sources are more persuasive when they are open about
persuasive intent (Reinhard, Messner, & Sporer, 2006).
7.3 What—Characteristics of the Message
Emotion
Within a persuasive appeal, a communicator might attempt to
elicit an emotion. Emotions contain both physiological and
cognitive elements. Our bodies are involved in our emotions.
For example, when you are frightened your blood pressure and
your heart rate increase. Cognition is also important. The same
bodily state may be interpreted differently depending on the
context. You might feel fear if you are in a dark alley and a
stranger approaches. In the context of a thrilling video game,
that same racing heart could be interpreted as excitement
(Schacter & Singer, 1962).
We learn to appropriately display our emotions from our culture
and social context. For example, in some cultures it is not
considered acceptable to display anger in front of others, while
in others public displays are customary (Averill, 1980). We may
also learn from those around us what emotions are appropriate
5. to feel. This is one way persuaders may use emotion to convince
us to do something. Convinced that you should feel guilty if
your home does not smell like flowers, you buy a candle.
Having learned from an advertiser that a new car will make you
happy, you purchase a new vehicle.
Persuaders can also elicit specific emotions to motivate people
to act. If an infomercial salesperson is trying to convince you to
buy the exercise equipment, would it be best to scare you with
the potential consequences of not exercising? Researchers have
long been interested in how fear influences persuasion (Hovland
et al., 1953, is an early example). The relationship was
hypothesized to follow the pattern of an inverted U. At low fear
levels, persuasion would be low because there was not enough
motivation to change. At a moderate rate of fear persuasion
should be highest; here people would be motivated to make a
change but not so scared that they become paralyzed. At high
levels of fear, according to this hypothesis, persuasion once
again becomes less likely, as people become too frightened to
process the information and respond to it. At this level,
individuals may become defensive and ignore the content of the
message.
The problem with this hypothesis is that research support is
spotty (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993; Janis & Leventhal, 1968). The
most important predictor of behavior when faced with a fear
appeal seems to be not the level of fear aroused, but the belief
of individuals in their ability to engage in actions that will
allow them to avoid the feared consequence (Ruiter, Abraham,
& Kok, 2001). Smokers might be exposed to a message that
evokes a great deal of or very little fear about lung cancer, but
if they do not believe they can quit, thereby avoiding cancer,
the level of fear in the appeal does not seem to matter much
(Hoeken & Geurts, 2005; Timmers & van der Wijst, 2007;
Witte, 1998). The fitness expert should, then, scare you enough
to motivate you to start exercising and convince you that the
6. advertised product will make exercise easy.
Some persuasive appeals may use guilt to attempt attitude
change. Charities, for example, might describe people who are
hungry or sick or homeless in an attempt to persuade someone
to give money or time. Guilt appeals can be successful. The
more guilty people feel, the greater their intention to donate.
However, if recipients are generally skeptical of emotional
appeals and believe the communicator is manipulative, they will
not feel as much guilt and therefore not be as likely to donate
(Hibbert, Smith, Davies, & Ireland, 2007).
Advertisers can tap into other emotions in making their message
persuasive. Happy holiday shoppers are likely to be persuaded
by a happy message. The sweet and sappy commercials for
engagement rings will do well with those who are in love and
feeling sweet and sappy toward their significant other. Overall,
a match between the emotional state of the person and the
emotional overtones of the persuasive message creates the most
persuasion (DeSteno, Petty, Rucker, Wegener, & Braverman,
2004).
Framing
Should the infomercial you are watching emphasize what you
would gain by buying the equipment or what you might lose by
not buying the equipment? Would a message that tells you about
health improvement with exercising using this equipment be
more persuasive than one that emphasizes your vulnerability to
chronic health problems without the purchase of this machine?
Messages can vary in whether they emphasize gains or losses. A
message that focuses on benefits is described as being gain
framed. If you were buying a vehicle, for example, the message
that buying this car, with all of its safety features, will keep you
safe in a crash emphasizes the things you would gain. A
message that focuses on losses is loss framed. For example, a
7. salesperson might suggest that if you do not buy this car with
all of its safety features, your likelihood of experiencing major
injury in a crash is increased. By emphasizing what you would
lose, the message becomes loss framed. Framing can influence
responses to persuasive messages.
When people are in a good mood they are more responsive to
loss-framed messages. Happy people would respond well to a
message that indicates that not exercising can increase your risk
of dying of heart disease. When people are in a bad mood, gain-
framed messages are more persuasive. Those who are upset or
sad would respond better to a message that emphasizes your
lowered risk of dying of heart disease with regular use of the
exercise equipment (Keller, Lipkus, & Rimer, 2003).
One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
When sharing a persuasive message the question arises whether
presenting both sides of the argument is advantageous or
whether presenting both sides would weaken the message. For
example, if a car salesperson wanted to convince someone to
buy an electric car, would presenting the positive features of the
car alone be best or should the salesperson point out both the
positives and negatives of owning an electric car? A
communicator must also decide whether to simply describe the
alternate position or also refute it. Should the electric-car
salesperson simply mention the drawbacks of owning such a
vehicle (the fully charged vehicle goes only 100 miles fully
charged), or also explain why those are not of great concern
(most trips people take are well under this distance)?
Overall, two-sided messages are more persuasive when they
provide a refutation of the option the communicator is arguing
against. If both sides are simply offered, with no refutation,
one-sided messages are more persuasive (Allen, 1991; Buehl,
Alexander, Murphy, & Sperl, 2001). In our infomercial example
8. this means that the drawbacks of owning one's own equipment
should be discussed by the communicator, but those drawbacks
should be refuted. Owning one's own equipment, for example,
means taking care of it and storing it, but, the fitness expert
might argue, this equipment takes almost no care and can easily
be stored in the corner of a room.
Narratives and Rational Appeals
In the exercise equipment infomercial, the story of one
customer is shared. She describes her struggle with poor health
and the decision to purchase the equipment. After regular use,
she explains, she lost weight, felt great, and was able to go off
medication for a chronic health problem. Is this sort of personal
story more persuasive than statistics on the health of users? In
other words, are people more persuaded when they hear a story
or when they hear statistics? What is persuasive may depend on
the strength of the arguments. Individuals are persuaded by
stories if the stories are good even when arguments are weak.
On the other hand, when a message is shared not in a story but
as a rational appeal, arguments that are weak are not persuasive.
In a rational appeal, only strong arguments lead to attitude
change (Escalas, 2007). People presented with personal
narrative of a health risk viewed themselves as being more at
risk and said they were more likely to get tested than those
presented with statistical information (deWit, Das, & Vet,
2008).
Stories can be persuasive, but those stories need to be well
done. The key element in persuasive stories is something called
transportation. In the context of story, transportation is the
joining of feelings, attention, and thoughts (Green & Brock,
2000). Transportation involves getting lost in a story. Overall,
if you have a good story, no matter the strength of your
arguments, you should persuade with a story. Use rational
appeals only when you have strong arguments.
9. Sleeper Effect
Generally messages are most persuasive when they are first
encountered. Over time the effect of the message gradually
declines. For instance, you might be quite motivated to exercise
after your doctor tells you about the importance of exercise. A
few months later, however, you find your gym clothes
collecting dust in the corner. In some instances messages
become more persuasive with time, a phenomenon called the
sleeper effect (Peterson & Thurstone, 1933/1970). For the
sleeper effect to occur, individuals need to spend enough time
thinking about the message that the message sticks around
(Priester, Wegner, Petty, & Fabrigar, 1999). People may
discount a message when they first encounter it but over time
forget their reasons for doing so, leading to greater persuasion
after some time has elapsed (Kumkale & Albarracin, 2004).
Some of the power of narratives may lie in the sleeper effect.
The things individuals learn through a narrative are retained and
any reasons for discounting it (it was just a fictional story) may
be lost with time (Appel & Richter, 2007).
7.4 To Whom—Characteristics of the Audience
Culture
Western values usually emphasize independence and
uniqueness, while Asian values often focus more on social roles
and ingroups.
A large-scale difference in audiences for a persuasive message
is the cultural background of the audience. In Chapter 2
different ways of viewing the self were discussed. People from
Western cultures, like the United States, most often view
themselves as independent and unique individuals; they are part
of an independent culture. People from many Asian cultures,
such as Korea, have a more interdependent view of themselves;
they are part of an interdependent culture. In interdependent
cultures, people see themselves as enmeshed within a social
context, with the sense of self arising out of social roles and
10. relationships.
Persuasive messages follow this pattern. Persuasive messages in
the United States focus more on uniqueness and individual
preferences. In Korea, advertisements and other persuasive
messages are more likely to focus on harmony with others,
particularly family or other ingroups (Han & Shavitt, 1994).
Recent research has shown that this difference can vary
depending on the particular group within a culture. Affluent
Generation X consumers in China were more persuaded than
older Chinese consumers by an advertisement for a car that
emphasized uniqueness, an independent culture value (Zhang,
2010). With greater exposure to Western values, these young
people in China were more persuaded by advertisers
emphasizing those values.
Sex Differences
Are men or women easier to persuade? Although the difference
is quite small, overall, researchers have found that women are
slightly easier to persuade than men (Becker, 1986; Eagly &
Carli, 1981). This difference is not true in all circumstances. In
situations where women traditionally know more than men, men
are easier to persuade. For example, men may be more
persuaded by an advertisement for a cleaning product, since
house cleaning is the traditional purview of women. Women are
easier to persuade in situations where their gender has
traditionally been less well-informed (Eagly & Carli, 1981).
Self-Esteem
Individuals' level of self-esteem can influence how easy it is to
persuade them. When it comes to differences among people,
William McGuire (1968), an early researcher of persuasion,
proposed that persuasion depended on both receptivity and
yielding. Receptivity means that one has the ability and is
willing to pay attention to and understand a message. Yielding
means that the individual changes his or her mind as a result of
11. the message. In order for a message to be considered
persuasive, the individual must both be receptive to the message
and yield to it.
When evaluating the effect of self-esteem on persuasion, both
receptivity and yielding are important (Rhodes & Wood, 1992).
Individuals with low self-esteem are likely to be yielding. As
people who do not trust their own opinion, they are likely to
yield to what others say. But those with low self-esteem lack
receptivity: they are less likely to pay attention and remember a
message. On the other end of the spectrum, receptivity is high
among those with high self-esteem. Individuals with high self-
esteem are likely to pay attention to and remember a message.
But those with high self-esteem are less yielding. Confident in
their own judgments, they are not persuaded by what others say.
It is those in the middle, with moderate self-esteem, that are
likely to have the combination of receptivity and yielding that
makes persuasion likely. Overall, research findings support this
claim, although many variables interact with self-esteem,
meaning that given the right circumstances individuals with
high or low self-esteem are more persuadable (Sanaktekin &
Sunar, 2008).
.
One model that brings together persuader, message, and
audience variables is the elaboration likelihood model (Petty &
Cacioppo, 1986). According to this model, people differ in their
motivation and ability to process a persuasive message. When
people are motivated and able to process a message, they will
take more time to think about and evaluate the message.
Elaboration refers to this engagement with the message. Those
high on the spectrum of being willing and able to process a
message will use what researchers have named the central route
to persuasion. When using the central route, individuals process
the message deeply, evaluating the strength of the persuasive
12. arguments. If messages are strong, people are likely to respond
with positive attitude change. But when arguments in a message
are weak, those taking this route to persuasion may reject the
message.
We tend to elaborate when a message is relevant to us and we
have the time and energy to process it. For example, if a
commercial for exercise equipment were shown during a
television show you were watching, you might listen closely if
you were thinking about buying such equipment and you had the
time to listen. If you had a gym membership and were happy
with your exercise routine, you might largely ignore the
message. Distraction can stand in the way of taking this route to
persuasion. When we are distracted we do not have the focus
needed to evaluate a message (Petty & Brock, 1981; Petty,
Wells, & Brock, 1976).
Our elaboration of a message can also depend on how much we
feel the need to evaluate aspects of our lives in general. Need
for cognition is a term researchers use to describe an individual
difference in how much people enjoy thinking (Cacioppo &
Petty, 1982). In a scale to assess need for cognition research
participants are asked about their agreement with statements
such as "I really enjoy a task that involves coming up with new
solutions to problems" or "I would prefer a task that is
intellectual, difficult, and important over one that is somewhat
important but does not require much thought." (Cacioppo &
Petty, 1982, p. 120). Whether or not something is personally
relevant, people who are high in need for cognition tend to take
the central route to persuasion (Cacioppo, Petty, & Morris,
1983).
Social Psychology in Depth: Word of Mouth and Persuasion
When making decisions about products to buy, restaurants to
13. visit, or movies to see, we often ask our friends and relatives. A
friend who raves about a new movie is probably more likely to
get you to the theater than an advertisement on television. This
passing of information about products or services through
informal social networks is known as word of mouth.
Traditionally, word of mouth has its strongest impact when a
relationship is close (Brown & Reingen, 1987) and the message
is rich or vivid (Kisielius & Sternthal, 1986; Sweeney, Soutar,
& Mazzarol, 2008).
A new frontier for persuasion through word of mouth is the
Internet. Many websites offer customer reviews of their
products or services. These reviews, known as electronic word
of mouth or e-word of mouth, can significantly affect popularity
and sales (Ye, Law, Gu, & Chen, 2011; Zhang, Ye, Law, & Li,
2010). E-word of mouth is different from traditional word of
mouth because many of the comments or reviews one might read
about a product or service are from strangers, not friends or
relatives.
Online shoppers tend to use certain clues to evaluate e-word of
mouth. While considering the e-word of mouth for a product,
shoppers look at the agreement among evaluations. If all
reviewers are in agreement (all positive or all negative), that
may sway a shopper (Chiou & Cheng, 2003). If the reviews for
a camera you were considering purchasing were uniformly
negative, would you buy the camera? One bad review among
many, however, will not necessarily scare off a shopper. A set
of perfect reviews may be seen as suspicious, too good to be
true (Doh & Hwang, 2009). Overall, the greater the ratio of
positive to negative reviews, the more positive the attitude of
the shopper and the greater the intention to buy the product
(Doh & Hwang, 2009).
Online reviews of products may be evaluated differently
depending on the shopper. Online shoppers high in need for
14. cognition were more persuaded by high-quality reviews than by
low-quality reviews. The quality of the review had no impact on
persuasion for those low in need for cognition (Lin, Lee, &
Horng, 2011). A large number of reviews was more convincing
to those low in need for cognition, but did not affect
persuasibility for those high in need for cognition (Lin et al.,
2011). Individuals who were largely unfamiliar with a product
were also more swayed by the number of reviews for a product.
Expertise of reviewers, not number of reviews, was more
important to those who knew more (SanJose-Cabezudo,
Gutierrez-Arranz, & Gutierrez-Cillan, 2009).
The way individuals engage in e-word of mouth may be
different in different countries. In a study of discussion boards
in the United States and China, researchers found greater
information seeking but less information provision by the
Chinese than the U.S. participants. Chinese participants were
also more concerned about the country of origin, as opposed to
the quality, of the products they were investigating (Fong &
Burton, 2008).
Prior knowledge of a subject can influence people in a similar
way. If you knew a great deal about exercise equipment, you
would have an easier time processing a message. In this
instance you would likely perceive a message with strong
arguments as more convincing and quickly dismiss one with
weak arguments or with only an attractive communicator to
recommend it (Wood & Kallgren, 1988). As with need for
cognition, even when a topic is not personally relevant someone
with prior knowledge is still more likely to use the central route
to persuasion (Chebat, Charlebois, & Gelinas-Chebat, 2001).
Even if you are not presently in the market for exercise
equipment, if you stumble across an advertisement for such
equipment and have knowledge about equipment, you are likely
to pay attention.
15. When people are less motivated or do not have the time or
energy to process a message, they use the peripheral route to
persuasion. With this route individuals use other cues to
evaluate the persuasive arguments. These other cues include the
number of arguments presented, the supposed credibility of the
source, how many other people seem to be persuaded, and many
other factors (Maheswaran & Chaiken, 1991; O'keefe, 2002;
Petty, Caciopppo, & Schumann, 1983). For example, an online
shopper using the peripheral route might be persuaded by the
number of reviews for a product rather than the quality of those
reviews (Sher & Lee, 2009).
When our self-control has been tested, we are more likely to
take the peripheral route to persuasion. If you studied hard for a
test, using all of your self-control to keep working through class
material, an advertisement with an attractive communicator
would be more persuasive to you, regardless of the strength of
that communicator's arguments. Recall from the chapter on the
self that ego depletion creates a problem for later volitional
acts. The peripheral route is used when we do not have the time
or energy to consider a persuasive message carefully, so when
the ego is depleted we use this route. When individuals engage
in self-control earlier they are more likely to give in to
persuasive messages that come through the peripheral route
(Fennis, Janssen, & Vohs, 2009).
The persuasive message itself can influence what route we
would take. Personalization in websites is one way online
retailers have sought to influence the buying public (Tam & Ho,
2005). Many companies that sell products online now keep track
of where consumers look on their sites, what they click on, and
what they eventually buy. With all of that information, the
retailer is able to make suggestions for an individual site visitor
or for the general shopper who visits and shows interest in a
product. You may have visited a website that, after you
16. purchase or even just click on a few products, offers
suggestions of other products you might be interested in; that
site is using personalization strategies. Because personalization
makes messages relevant to individuals, according to the
elaboration likelihood model it should lead to greater central
route processing, and, when a product is good, potentially more
purchasing of that product.
When we are persuaded using the central route, our attitudes are
stronger. Stronger attitudes tend to last longer and are less
likely to be changed when attacked (Haugtvedt & Petty, 1992;
Wu & Shaffer, 1987). Attitudes changed by the central route are
more likely to lead to behavior in line with that attitude (Wu &
Shaffer, 1987). All of this means that when you are trying to
persuade someone, if you want the attitude to stick around for
the long term you should use the central route. The problem is
that it is generally easier to change someone's attitude using the
peripheral route.
When someone tries to persuade us and we need to defend our
beliefs and attitudes, that defense can make those attitudes
stronger (Tormala & Petty, 2002). For example, imagine
someone told you that you should no longer buy and eat your
favorite brand of cereal. You would likely defend your cereal,
describing its great taste, healthy ingredients, or low price.
Having successfully defended your breakfast food, you would
likely feel even more strongly about your cereal.
However, if our attitudes are attacked and we believe we did a
poor job of defending those attitudes, we may hold the same
attitudes as we did before, but with less certainty (Tormala,
Clarkson, & Petty, 2006). Imagine someone attacked your
breakfast cereal and you found yourself saying the box it came
in has a nice design. Even if you still eat the cereal, you might
think of the reason you gave for eating it an unsubstantial
reason. When we hold our attitudes with less certainty, those
17. attitudes are less predictive of our behavior. If your cereal were
attacked again, researchers have found, you would be more
likely to change your attitude and your breakfast choice.
When presenting a persuasive message, it is important for the
communicator to avoid making the audience defensive.
Affirming what others believe and validating their concerns can
increase message scrutiny and lead to a change in behavior
(Correll, Spencer, & Zanna, 2004). When students' concerns
about availability of recycling containers were validated (we
know it's a long walk but . . . ) and they were encouraged to use
the containers that were available, even if it was inconvenient,
their recycling behavior increased and lasted longer (Werner,
Stoll, Birch, & White, 2002). Reactance, the tendency to
reassert one's freedom in the face of demands from others, can
be reduced by affirming what that person believes.
Acknowledging concerns works by reducing criticism of a
persuasive message, opening the individual up to consideration
of the message (Werner, White, Byerly, & Stoll, 2009).
Conclusion
In evaluating persuasion we need to take into account where the
message comes from, what the message contains, and the
intended audience. Each of these factors interact with one
another, so a particular communicator may be quite persuasive
using a certain type of message with a certain audience but less
persuasive when conditions change.