The document discusses different types of clauses and phrases in sentences. It defines two types of clauses: independent clauses which can stand alone as complete sentences, and dependent clauses which cannot stand alone and must be connected to an independent clause. It also discusses noun phrases and noun clauses, and how they can function as subjects or objects in a sentence. Examples are provided to illustrate the different clause and phrase types.

1. Prepare by group

2. 

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and verb.
There are 2 kinds of clause:
 Independent clause (main clause) is a complete sentence . It
contain the main subject and verb of a sentence
Ex: Where does Sue live ?

Dependent clause (subordinate clause) is not a complete
sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause
Ex: She stayed at home because her mother was ill.
“her mother was ill’’ is dependent clause.

A noun phrase is used as a subject or a object


Ex: His story was interesting
A noun clause is used as a subject or a object. In orther words, a
noun clause is used in the same ways as a noun phrase

Ex: What he said was interesting

3. 

Mệnh đề danh từ với từ để hỏi
Ex:
Where does she live?
I don't know where she lives.
“Where she lives’’là tân ngữ của động từ know. Trong mệnh
đề danh từ, chủ từ đứng trước động từ . Không dùng trật tự
từ để hỏi giống như trong mệnh đề danh từ.
Do đó: does, did, do dùng trong câu hỏi nhưng không dùng
trong mệnh đề danh từ.

4. Ex:
Who lives there?
I don't know who lives there.
Trật tự từ để hỏi giống như trong câu hỏi và trong
mệnh đề danh từ vì từ để hỏi who đóng vai trò là chủ
từ của câu
Who is she?
I don't know who she is.
“She’’ là chủ từ của câu hỏi, do đó “She’’ đứng
trước động từ be trong mệnh đề danh từ.


5. 

Khi dùng câu hỏi Yes/No làm mệnh đề danh từ, ta
dung whether hoặc if đứng trước mệnh đề.
Chú ý: Whether thường dùng trong văn phong trang
trọng, tuy nhiên If dùng khá phổ biến, đặc biệt trong
văn nói.

6. Ex:
1.
I don't know whether she'll come.
2.
I don't know if she will come.
(Tôi không biết cô ấy có đến hay không.)
3.
I wonder whether or not she will come.
(Tôi thắc mắc không biết cô ấy có đến hay
không.)
4.
Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.
(Việc cô ta có tới hay không chẳng quan trọng với tôi)
Ví dụ (4): Mệnh đề danh từ trong vai trò làm chủ từ của câu.


8. 

Noun clauses that start with that are used to answer
questions in which person who is answering is
thinking, giving an opinion, or using a mental
activity verb. The following examples should better
explain this.
Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng “that” được dùng để trả lời
các câu hỏi mà người trả lời đang suy nghĩ hoặc đưa
ra một ý kiến.

9. Ex:
1.
Is Dr. Elimelech a good instructor?
I think that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor.
"that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor" is a noun
clause. This noun clause could be omitted by saying the
following. I think so.
2. Do you know the location of an ATM?
I believe that there is an ATM in the supermarket.
"that there is an ATM in the supermarket" is a
noun clause.


10. 
Definition: Quoted Speech is also call “ derect
speech” . Quotation marks (“….”) are used


Notes: In British English can consist of either
double marks (“) or a single mark (‘)

1.
Ex: The policeman said, “ What is happening?”
Ex: I asked him ‘Why are you so sad?’
Quoted one sentence

Ex:
a. She said, “ My brother is a student.”
b. “My brother is a student,” she said.
c. “My brother,” she said, “is a student.”

11. 2. Using more than one sentence

Example:
a. “My brother is a student. He is attending a university,”
she said.
b. “My brother is a student,” he said. “He is attending a
university.”
3 Quoting a question or an exclamation

Example:
a. She asked, “When will you be here?”
b. “When will you be here?” she asked.
c. She said, “Watch out!”

12. 4. The noun subject follows said
Example:
a. “My brother is a student,” said Anna.
b. “My brother,” said Anna, “is a student.”
Note: A pronoun subject almost always precedes the verb.
Very rare: “ My brother’s a student,” said she.


5. Say and ask are the most commnly used quote
verbs. Some others:
Add, agree, announce, answer, beg, begin,
comment, complain, confess, continue, explain,
inquire, promise, remark, rely, respond, shout,
suggest, whisper.

13. 
Example:
a)
b)
c)
“Let’s leave,” whispered Dave
“Please help me,” begged the unfortunate man.
“Well,” Jack began, “it’s along story.”

14. 1. Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to
report what someone has said.
 Quoted Speech
 Reported Speech

Ex:
I watch TV every day.
→ She said she watched TV every day.
I have watched TV
→ She said she had watched TV.
I had watched TV
→ She said she had watched TV.
I’m going to watch TV
→ She said she was going to watch TV.

15. 





Will → would
Here → there
Shall → should
Now → then
Can → could
This → that




May → might
These → those
Must, have to, has to →
had to
Ago → before

16. 






Next week/ month/ year → the following
week/ month/ year.
Last week/ month/ year → the previous
week/ month/ year.
Today → that day.
Tonight → that night.
Yesterday → the day before/ the previous day.
Tomorrow → the day after/ the next day.
This week → that week

17. 2. Should , ought to and might don’t change
 Example



You should watch TV.
You ought to watch TV.
You might watch TV.

18. 3. No change is made in the noun clause verb when
speaker is reporting something immediately or soon
after it was said.
 Example:
Immediate reporting
- What did the teacher just say?
- I didn’t hear him. - He said he wants to us read Chapter
six.
 Later reporting:
- I didn’t go to class yesterday. Did Mr. Jones make any
assignments?
- Yes. He said he wanted us to read Chapter six.


19. 4. Present tense is retained when reporting sentences deals
with a general truth
 Example:
“The world is round”
→ She said the world is round.

5. When reporting verb is simple present, simple perfect,
future, noun clause verb is not changed.
 Example:
I watch TV every day
→ She says she watches TV every day.
 I watch TV every day
→ She has said that she watches TV every day.
 I watch TV every day
→ She will say that she watches TV everyday


20. 6. In reported speech, an imperative sentence is
changed to an infinitive.
 Example:
“ Watch TV”
→ She told me to watch TV.
 Note:
 “Tell” is used instead of “say” as the reporting
verb.
 Other verbs followed by an infinitive that are used
to report speech.
Verb + (pro)noun + infinitive

21. 

Some verbs : Advise, encourage, remind,
invite, permit, allow, warn, require, order,
force, ask, expect, would like, want, need.
Ex:
Tell someone to.
Tell is immediately followed by a (pro)noun object, but
say is not.


Example:
He told me he would be late.
He said he would be late.
Also possible: He said to me he would to late.


22. Định nghĩa: subjunctive là dạng nguyên mẫu không chia
của động từ được sử dụng theo sau một số một từ nhất định
 Ex:
1/ The Presedent demands (that) we solve this problem
2/ The customer insisted (that) the money be repaid
3/ It is essential (that) he tell the truth
Những từ in đậm trong các ví dụ trên là các subjunctive.


23. 

Subjunctive được sử dụng để nhấn mạnh lời yêu
cầu, đòi hỏi, tầm quan trọng...của vấn đề được nhắc
trong câu.
Theo đó, mẫu câu mà subjunctive thường xuất hiện
có dạng sau
S + VERB + (THAT)+ S + SUBJUNCTIVE (non-finite
verb) (động từ nguyên mẫu không chia)

24. 

Một số động từ đi với subjunctive : decree,
demand, insist, advise, propose, suggest,
recommend, request, move, ask…
Một số cụm từ đi với subjunctive: It is
essential/vital/desirable/necessary/imperativ
e/fundamental...

25. 



Cấu trúc cần nhớ : chữ hỏi + ever
Đây là cấu trúc mà dịch sang tiếng Việt có nghĩa là "
cho dù ....thế nào đi nữa, thì ..." . Cấu trúc này có
thể đi với N hoặc đứng một mình, có thể làm chủ từ,
túc từ, hoặc trạng từ.
Whatever/ whichever thì có thể đi với N hoặc một
mình.
However thì có thể đi với tình từ/trạng từ hoặc một
mình.

26. 
Ex:
1.Whatever food you eat, you can't gain weight.
( cho dù bạn ăn thực phẩm gì bạn cũng không mập lên nổi đâu)
=> đi với danh từ (food), làm túc từ.
2. Whatever you eat, you can't gain weight.
( cho dù bạn ăn gì bạn cũng không mập lên nổi đâu)
=> đứng một mình, làm túc từ.
3. However tall he is, he can't reach the ceiling.
( cho dù anh ta cao cở nào, anh ta cũng không thể nào với
tới trần nhà )

27. 
Nói thêm một điều là cấu trúc này có thể dùng no
matter viết lại bằng công thức sau đây mà không
thay đổi nghĩa :





Whenever = No matter when
Whatever = No matter what
However = No matter how
Wherever = No matter where
Whoever = No matter who