The document provides an introduction to computers and basic computer concepts. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data. It then describes the basic components of a computer system including input, output, and storage devices. It also explains the functions of the central processing unit and memory. Finally, it discusses the history of computers from the abacus to modern computer generations and characteristics of computers like speed, accuracy, and reliability.

1. G-TEC CAMPUS
KAYAMKULAM

2. BASICS OF COMPUTER
EDUCATION
RESHMI PRADEEP

3. INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTERS

4. WHAT IS A COMPUTER ?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data. You can use a computer to type
documents, send email, and browse the Web. You can also
use it to handle spreadsheets, accounting, database
management, presentations, games, and more.

5. • Definition:
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data. You may already know that you can use
a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and
browse the Web.
A computer system includes a computer,
peripheral devices, and software

6. Input – Process - Output
Input : Using input device, like keyboard, these basic data items
are fed to the computer and are stored in some storage
device such a hard disk drive. e.g.. Keyboard, mouse,
trackball, joystick, scanner, touchpad, microphone.
Process : The brain of the computer CPU (center processing unit
inside the computer) carries out step by step instructions
given by the software.
Output : Finally, software instructs the computer to output the
calculated information onto some output device such as on a
monitor or a printer.

7. • Input refers to whatever is sent to a Computer system
• Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas
• Processing is the way that a computer manipulates data
• A computer processes data in a device called the central
processing unit (CPU)

8. • High Processing Speed
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Versatility
• Diligence
Characteristics of Computers

9. Characteristics of computer?

10. • Speed
A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy
compared to humans while performing mathematical
calculations.
• Accuracy
Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may
occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.
• Diligence
A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the
same consistency and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or
lack of concentration.

11. • Versatility
Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform
different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.
• Reliability
A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for
similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of input any number of
times, we will get the same result.
• Automation
Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it
performs tasks without manual intervention.
• Memory
A computer has built-in memory called primary memory
where it stores data. Secondary storage are removable devices
such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also used to store data.

12. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

13. Abacus
Abacus is known to be the first mechanical
calculating device. Which was used to be performed
addition and subtraction easily and speedily.
NAPIER’S BONES
John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating
device, in the year 1617 called the Napier Bones. In
the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the
counting purpose where some no. is printed on
these rods. These rods that one can do addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division easily.

14. Leibnz calculator
In the year 1671, a german mathematics,
gottfried leibniz modified the pascal calculator
and he developed a machine which could
perform various calculation based on
multiplication and division as well.
Pascal's calculator
In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French
scientist invented an adding machine
called Pascal’s calculator, which
represents the position of digit with the
help of gears in it.

15. Analytical Engine
In the year 1833, a scientist form England knows
to be Charles Babbage invented such a machine.
Which could keep our data safely. This device was
called Analytical engine and it deemed the first
mechanical computer. It included such feature
which is used in today’s computer language. For
this great invention of the computer, Sir Charles
Babbage is also known as the father of
the computer.

16. Computer Generations
Generation term was used to distinguish
between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays, generation includes both
hardware and software, which together
make up an entire computer system.

17. First Generations 1951- 1958
 Vacuum Tubes
 Magnetic Drum
 4,000 bits
 Hard Wire Programs in computers
 IBM 650, Univac I
 ENIAC

18. Second Generation 1959-1964
 Transistors
 Magnetic Cores
 32,000 bits
 Punch Cards
 CDC, GE, IBM

19. Third Generation 1965-1974
 Silicon Chips (Integrated circuits)= IC
 Cores, IC’s
 128,000 bits
 Keyboard Entry
 IBM, NCR, Honeywell

20. Fourth Generation 1975-1989
 Silicon Chips (Large scale integrated circuits)=LSI
 IC’s, LSI’s
 100 million bits
 Read programs off disks
 Apple, Xerox, Texas Instrument, Hewlett-Packard

21. Fifth Generation 1990-present
 Silicon Chips ( Very Large Integrated Circuits) VLSI
 LSI’s, VLSI’s
 Unlimited
 CdRom, Optical Disk
 NEC, Packard Bell, Compaq, Other Clones

22. Hardware & Software
“Hardware” is a term used to describe the physical
components of the computer, any computer part that you can
see or touch, such as the computer monitor, keyboard, mouse
etc. is hardware.
“Software” is a set of instruction, provided to the computer
to carry out the job required by user.
“To make hardware components work, software is required.”
“Without software the computer hardware is like a dead machine, it will be of no use”

23. Block diagram of a computer
23

24. Input Devices
 Any hardware component that allows you to enter data,
programs, commands, and user responses into a computer
 Input Device
 Examples
 Keyboard
 Mouse
24

25. Output Devices
 Output devices make the information resulting from
processing available for use
 Output Device Examples
 Printers
 Impact
 Nonimpact
 Photo
 Display Devices
 CRT
 LCD
25

26. The Components of a Computer
 What is the system unit?
p. 7 - 8 Fig. 1-3
 Case that contains
the electronic
components of the
computer that are
used to process data

27. CPU Components
 Two typical components of a CPU are:
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
 The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and
executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
27

28. ALU
 The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by
Arithmetic Logical Unit
 The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, logic and comparison.
 Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required
28

29. Control Unit (CU)
 The Control Unit acts like the supervisor
 It extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, and sends the
necessary signals to the ALU to perform the operation needed.
 The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are
executed.
 Processing of programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and
issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute them.
29

30. MEMORY
 There are two kinds of computer memory: primary and secondary.
 Primary memory is accessible directly by the processing unit.
 RAM (Random access memory) is an example of primary memory
 As soon as the computer is switched off the contents of RAM is lost.
 You can store and retrieve data much faster with primary memory compared to secondary
memory
30

31.  Secondary memory such as floppy
disks ,hard magnetic disk, etc., is
located inside and outside the
computer.
 Primary memory is more expensive
than secondary memory.
 The size of primary memory is less than
that of secondary memory.
Primary memory is faster than
secondary memory.
31

32.  The storage of data and instructions inside the primary storage is temporary.
 It disappears from RAM as soon as the power to the computer is switched off.
 The memories, which loose their content on failure of power supply, are known as
volatile memories
32

33. Read Only Memory (ROM)
 There is another memory in computer, which is called Read Only Memory (ROM).
 The storage of program and data in the ROM is permanent.
 The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied by the manufacturers to
operate the computer.
 The ROM can only be read by the CPU but it cannot be changed.
33

34.  The basic input/output program is stored
in the ROM that examines and initializes
various equipment attached to the PC
when the switch is made ON.
 The memories, which do not loose their
content on failure of power supply, are
known as non-volatile memories.
 ROM is non-volatile memory.
34

35.  EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, which over come the
problem of PROM & ROM.
 EPROM chip can be programmed time and again by erasing the information stored
earlier in it.
 When the EPROM is in use information can only be read.
35

36. floppy disk
* small magnetic data storage disk: a small flexible magnetically coated disk in a
rigid plastic case on which data can be stored or retrieved by a computer
* a regular floppy disk holds approximately 1.44 megabytes.
CF 36

37. COMPUTER LANGUAGES

38. CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERLANGUAGES
 Machine Language
 Assembly Language
 High level Language
Chapter 2- Visual Basic 38

39. Machine Language
 The fundamental language of the computer’s processor, also called Low Level
Language.
 All programs are converted into machine language before they can be
executed.
 Consists of combination of 0’s and 1’s that represent high and low electrical
voltage.
Chapter 2- Visual Basic 39

40. Assembly Language
 A low level language that is similar to machine language.
 Uses symbolic operation code to represent the machine operation code.
Chapter 2- Visual Basic 40

41. High Level Language
 Computer (programming) languages that are easier to learn.
 Uses English like statements.
 Examples are C ++, Visual Basic, Pascal, Fortran and …....
Chapter 2- Visual Basic 41

42. SOFTWARE

43. Types of Software
• System Software
• Application Software

44. System Software:
System Software includes the Operating System and all
the utilities that enable the computer to function.
System software is a term referring to any computer
software which manages and controls the hardware so
that application software can perform a task.
Example:
Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader, Linker,
Interpreter.

45. Application Software:
Application Software includes programs that do real work
for user.
Example:
Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student
database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and Database
Management System etc.,

46. System Software:
Operating System:
 Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to
actually work.
 It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
 OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the
machine hardware.
 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,

47. System Software
Compiler: A compiler is a program that reads a
program in one language – the source language and
translates into an equivalent program in another
language – the target language.

48. System Software
Interpreter:An interpreter is a computer program that
translates and executes instructions written in a computer programming
language line-by-line, unit by unit etc.,
An interpreter needs to be able to analyze, or parse, instructions written
in the source language.
Example: Lisp systems, etc.,

49. Utility Programs
 Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer sistem
 Common types of utility programs:
 Hardware utilities
 Virus-detection and recovery utilities
 File-compression utilities
 Spam and pop-up blocker utilities
49

50. Application Software:
 Word Processors
 Spreadsheets
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 Online reservation
 Supermarket billing

51. SETTING UP A COMPUTER

52. Step 1
Unpack the monitor and computer case from the box. Remove any
plastic covering or protective tape. Place the monitor and computer
case on a desk or work area.

53. Step 2
Locate the monitor cable. There are several types of monitor cables, so the one
for your computer may not look like the one in the image below.
Step 3
Connect one end of the cable to the monitor port on the back of
the computer case and the other end to the monitor. If you're using a
VGA cable like the one in the picture below, you'll want to tighten the
screws on the monitor cable to secure it.

54. Step 4
Unpack the keyboard and determine whether it uses a USB (rectangular)
connector or a PS/2 (round) connector. If it uses a USB connector, plug it
into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer. If it uses a PS/2
connector, plug it into the purple keyboard port on the back of the
computer.
Step 5
Unpack the mouse and determine whether it uses a USB or PS/2 connector. If it uses a
USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer. If it uses
a PS/2 connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the back of the computer.

55. Step 6
If you have external speakers or headphones, you can connect them to your
computer's audio port (either on the front or back of the computer case).
Many computers have color-coded ports. Speakers or headphones connect
to the green port, and microphones connect to the pink port. The blue port
is the line in, which can be used with other types of devices.

56. Step 7
Locate the two power supply cables that came with your computer. Plug the first
power supply cable into the back of the computer case and then into a UPS. Then,
using the other cable, connect the monitor to the UPS.
Step 8
Finally, plug the UPSinto a wall outlet. You may also need to turn on the surge protector if it
has a power switch.

57. What is a UPS device?
During power surges and failures, Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) devices
keep computer systems and IT equipment safe and operational. An
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) provides battery backup power when the
flow of electricity drops to an inadequate voltage, or if it stops.

58. Steps In the Booting Process
•1: BIOS and Setup
Program
•2: The Power-On-Self-
Test (POST)
•3: The Operating System
(OS) Loads
•4: System Configuration
•5: System Utility Loads
•6: Users Authentication

59. Follow these step-by-step instructions to help you turn on your computer
Step 1: Find the ‘on’ button. It probably looks like this (but might be square )
Step 2: Push the button.
On some computers, the button lights up when the computer is on.
Step 3: Now you need to log in.
If you’re the only user of your computer, once it’s turned on it may go
straight to the desktop:

60. If you’re sharing your computer with other people, each one will usually have their own
account. When you turn on the computer, the screen will look something like this:
When you click the icon above your name, you’ll be asked for a password. The main user
or administrator should set this up for you before you begin. Type in your password and
click the arrow.

62. HOE TO KNOW SYSTEM PROPERTIES

63. HOW TO OPEN A MOCROSOFT OFFICE PACKAGE

64. INTRODECTION
INTERNET AND EMAIL

66. Parts of the Internet
World Wide Web
Telnet
Email

67. 1. A computer.
2. A modem and telephone line (if you are using dial up access) ...
3. An Internet browser (software) and software to connect you to the
ISP.
4. An account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) Souvenirs.
TO CONNECT TO THE INTERNET YOU NEED THE
FOLLOWING FOUR THINGS:

68. MODEM

69. What is the World Wide Web?
 The World Wide Web is a hyperlinked network of documents and
other resources found on the computers of the Internet.

70. URL
What does URL stand for?
 Uniform Resource Locator

71. URL
What does a URL do?
 A URL allows every resource (e.g. HTML page, image, sound clip etc.) on the
WWW to have a unique address.

72. Parts of a URL
 The protocol gives the method of communication to be used.
http is most common, but you may see ftp as well.

73. Parts of a URL
 The domain name is the name of the computer that has the
resource you want.
 This computer is often called the host.

74. Domain names
 Domain names are broken down into different levels.
 E.g. www.someaddress.com
 The top level domain name is com
 The second level domain name is someaddress
 The third level domain name is www

75. Parts of a URL
 The port specifies the port number that the server is
listening to for requests.
 Port number is optional
 If not given, the default of port 80 is used.

76. Parts of a URL
 The exact path to the desired resource follows the domain
name (and port number if given).

77. Request/Response
 The HTTP protocol is set up to work in terms of requests and responses.

78. Web browsers
A Web browser contains the basic software you need in order to
find, retrieve, view, and send information over the Internet.
1. Google. Google Search Engine is the best search engine in the world and it is also one of most popular
products from Google. ...
2. Bing. Bing is Microsoft's answer to Google and it was launched in 2009. ...
3. Yahoo. ...
4. Baidu. ...
5. AOL. ...
6. Ask.com. ...
7. Excite. ...
8. DuckDuckGo.

79. FTP/TELNET
TELNET: The Internet allows computers to converse with each other over
networks. A telnet program allows us to log into a distant computer
almost as if we were actually sitting physically at that computer.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol allows us to transfer files between two
different computers on the Internet.

80. EMAIL
Email, short for "electronic mail," is one of the most widely used features of the Internet

81. 1.Go to the Google account Sign In page.
2.Click Create account.
3.Enter your name.
4.In the "Username" field, enter a username.
5.Enter and confirm your password.
6.Click Next.
1. Optional: Add and verify a phone number for your account.
7.Click Next.

82. Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet

83. Advantages of Internet:
 SourceOfInformation
 SourceOfEntertainment
 KeepInformed
 OnlineShopping

84. Disadvantages of Internet:
 Waste Of Time
 Not Safe Place For Children
 Privacy Exposure
 Money Frauds
 Viruses/Malware
 Online Threatening Or Harassment