it is a presentation on computer fundamentals.

1. NAME :- HIMANSHU

2. Computer Fundamental

3. WHAT IS COMPUTER
A computer is a machine
(mostly electronic) that is able to
take information (input) , and
(process) it to make new
information (output).

4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF
COMPUTER
The computer as we know it today had its
beginning with a 19th century English
mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was
this design that the basic framework of the
computers of today are based on.

5. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
THE FIRST GENERATION (1951 – 1959)
THE SECOND GENERATION (1959 – 1963)
THETHIRD GENERATION (1963 – 1975)
THE FORTH GENERATION (1975 – 1990)
THE FIFTH GENERATION (1990 –TODAY)

6. Hardware
ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS
Computer hardware is the
collection of physical
components that constitute a
computer system such as
monitor, keyboard, computer
data storage etc.

7. Software
ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS
Computer software is a part of
a computer system that consists
of data or computer instructions, in
contrast to the physical hardware from
which the system is built.

8. Data
ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS
• Computer data is information
processed or stored by
a computer.
• Computer stores data in binary
language.
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 10 1 10 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

9. ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS
PEOPLE
The people include users of system and
information system personnel,
including all the people who manage
run , program and maintain the system.

10. Procedures
ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS
A procedure is a set of coded
instructions that tell
a computer how to run a
program or calculation.

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
• FAST
• RELIABLE
• ACCURATE
• STORE MASSIVE AMOUNT OF
INFORMATION

12. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
A central processing unit (CPU) is
the electronic circuitry within
a computer that carries out
the instructions of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetic, logical,
control and input/output(I/O) operations
specified by the instructions.

13. INPUT DEVICES
An Input Device is a piece of computer hardware equipment
used to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system. For example :
KEYBOARD
SCANNER
MOUSE

14. OUTPUT DEVICES
MONITOR PRINTER
An output device is any peripheral that receives data from a
computer, usually for display, projection, or physical
reproduction. Some examples of output devices are as under :

15. OUTPUT DEVICES
SPEAKER PLOTTER
An output device is any peripheral that receives data from a
computer, usually for display, projection, or physical
reproduction. Some examples of output devices are as under :

16. STORAGE DEVICES
TYPES OF
STORAGE
DEVICES
INTERNAL
MEMORY
PROCESSOR
REGISTERS
CACHE
MEMORY
PRIMARY
MEMORY
RAM
ROM
SECONDARY
MEMORY
VIRTUAL
MEMORY

17. STORAGE DEVICES
INTERNAL MEMORY
It includes :
• Processor Registers i.e. memory within CPU
• Cache Memory which stores copies of data from the most
frequently used main memory locations so that Processors/Registers
can access it more rapidly than main memory.

18. STORAGE DEVICES
PRIMARY MEMORY
These are devices in which any location can be accessed by computer
processor in any order.
These are of two types :
RandomAccess Memory (RAM)
 volatile in nature.
 information can be read and modified.
Read Only Memory
 non volatile in nature.
 information can be read but not modified.

19. STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
These are non volatile memories which are used by CPU to
store data on a permanent basis. For example : Hard Disk
Features :
 Huge capacity
 Greater economy
 Slow speed

20. STORAGE DEVICES
VIRTUAL MEMORY
Virtual Memory is in fact not a separate device but an imaginary
memory area supported by some operating systems (for example,
Windows) in conjunction with the Hardware to compensate the
lower capacity of RAM.

21. COMPUTER NETWORKS
LOCALAREA NETWORK
CAMPUS AREA NETWORK
METROPOLITANAREA NETWORK
WIDE AREA NETWORK
GLOBALAREA NETWORK

22. WIRELESS NETWORKS
BLUETOOTH
• Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for
exchanging data over short distances from fixed and
mobile devices, and building personal area
networks(PANs).
• It ranges up to 50 meters (164 feet).
• It creates Personal Area Network with high level of
security.
• Keyboard, Printer, Mouse, Cell phones etc. are some
devices that utilize Bluetooth.

23. WIRELESS NETWORKS
WI - FI
• Wi-Fi technology is used to provide internet access
to devices that are within the range of a wireless
network that is connected to the Internet.
• A typical wireless access point might have a range of
32 meters (120 ft.).
• Devices that can useWi-Fi technology include personal
computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital
cameras etc.

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