The document discusses several theories related to international norms and legislation in public administration:
1) Weberianism emphasizes bureaucracy with a clear hierarchy and division of labor as well as impersonal and rule-based operations.
2) Rationalization refers to applying knowledge to achieve desired outcomes efficiently. Weber saw it as leading to increased rationalization in society.
3) Meritocracy believes that equal opportunities allow for upward social mobility based on individual merit rather than status.
4) The scientific method uses empirical methods and aims to acquire knowledge through investigation and methodology.
The theories influence international laws and norms as well as local policies and administration through establishing procedures, ethics codes, and emphasizing merit, efficiency and flexibility. While providing structure
This document summarizes a chapter exploring the implications of theoretical trends in discussions of human rights in the Middle East region. It outlines four stages in the discussion: 1) concern for Christians in Muslim-majority areas, 2) rise of nationalism, 3) issue of relativism, and 4) the rise of "hegemonic abstentionism" which provides a rationale for Western states to downplay human rights and allows Middle Eastern states to limit external criticism. The document also examines John Rawls' concept of a "well-ordered hierarchical society" and argues it does not apply to the Middle East due to issues like lack of religious freedom, equality, and dissent.
Business ethics focuses on applying ethical principles to business situations and decisions. While businesses aim to make profits, they also have responsibilities to shareholders, employees, customers, and society. There are various frameworks for analyzing ethical decisions, including deontology (adhering to duties), utilitarianism (maximizing benefits), and rights-based approaches (respecting human rights). Applying ethics in business situations requires considering alternative actions and their impacts on stakeholders. The document also discusses theories like the relationship between law and ethics as well as examples involving capital punishment.
This document discusses the concepts of ethics, morality, and etiquette. It notes that while related, morality defines character, ethics guides application of morality, and etiquette focuses on social behavior. It also discusses professional ethics for lawyers, highlighting codes of conduct and their importance for public confidence, transparency, and integrity. The social contract theory is examined in relation to the formation of societies and governments. Kenya's constitution and legal framework are discussed in relation to this theory.
This document discusses ethics, morality, and professional ethics. It defines ethics as moral principles that govern a person's behavior or conduct, morality as distinguishing between right and wrong actions, and etiquette as governing social behavior within a group. Professional ethics refer to one's conduct while performing professional work. Legal ethics establish standards for behavior within the legal profession. The document also discusses various theories of ethics, including meta-ethics concerning the origins of ethical principles, and applied ethics examining controversial issues. It emphasizes the importance of ethics for professions in establishing duties and minimum standards of practice.
A General Framework For The Ethics Of Public AdministrationMartha Brown
This document provides an introduction to developing a framework for ethics in public administration. It notes that while business ethics is a well-developed field, ethics for civil servants has received less attention. It aims to address this gap by outlining some key differences between business and government that complicate developing universal ethical guidelines for civil servants. These include differences between political systems, the wide variety of government departments and roles, and the civil service's traditional reliance on internal culture rather than formal ethics education. The document seeks to clarify civil servants' core obligations and how they should resolve conflicts between serving elected officials, the public, and professional norms.
The document summarizes several major theories of deviance:
- Anomie or strain theory proposes that deviance results from a gap between cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. There are five types of adaptation.
- Conflict theories view deviance as resulting from inequalities in power and resources under capitalism that marginalize the poor and force them into crime.
- Labeling theory argues that behaviors become deviant based on the labels attached by authorities, not inherent qualities, perpetuating deviance.
- Control or social bond theory suggests deviance occurs when social bonds and constraints that normally inhibit antisocial behavior are weakened. Four elements are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
- Differential
This document discusses business ethics and provides examples and theories related to ethics. It defines business ethics as focusing on right and wrong behavior in business. It discusses two main theories for analyzing ethics - deontology, which focuses on universal duties, and utilitarianism, which focuses on consequences. The document also discusses the relationship between law and ethics and provides examples of applying different ethical frameworks.
This document discusses business ethics and provides examples and theories to analyze ethical situations and decisions. It defines ethics and business ethics, and explains that business ethics focuses on right and wrong behavior in business. Two main theories for analyzing ethics are described: deontology, which focuses on universal duties, and utilitarianism, which focuses on consequences and the greatest good. The document also discusses the relationship between law and ethics, provides examples of analyzing ethical dilemmas, and discusses capital punishment.
This document summarizes a chapter exploring the implications of theoretical trends in discussions of human rights in the Middle East region. It outlines four stages in the discussion: 1) concern for Christians in Muslim-majority areas, 2) rise of nationalism, 3) issue of relativism, and 4) the rise of "hegemonic abstentionism" which provides a rationale for Western states to downplay human rights and allows Middle Eastern states to limit external criticism. The document also examines John Rawls' concept of a "well-ordered hierarchical society" and argues it does not apply to the Middle East due to issues like lack of religious freedom, equality, and dissent.
Business ethics focuses on applying ethical principles to business situations and decisions. While businesses aim to make profits, they also have responsibilities to shareholders, employees, customers, and society. There are various frameworks for analyzing ethical decisions, including deontology (adhering to duties), utilitarianism (maximizing benefits), and rights-based approaches (respecting human rights). Applying ethics in business situations requires considering alternative actions and their impacts on stakeholders. The document also discusses theories like the relationship between law and ethics as well as examples involving capital punishment.
This document discusses the concepts of ethics, morality, and etiquette. It notes that while related, morality defines character, ethics guides application of morality, and etiquette focuses on social behavior. It also discusses professional ethics for lawyers, highlighting codes of conduct and their importance for public confidence, transparency, and integrity. The social contract theory is examined in relation to the formation of societies and governments. Kenya's constitution and legal framework are discussed in relation to this theory.
This document discusses ethics, morality, and professional ethics. It defines ethics as moral principles that govern a person's behavior or conduct, morality as distinguishing between right and wrong actions, and etiquette as governing social behavior within a group. Professional ethics refer to one's conduct while performing professional work. Legal ethics establish standards for behavior within the legal profession. The document also discusses various theories of ethics, including meta-ethics concerning the origins of ethical principles, and applied ethics examining controversial issues. It emphasizes the importance of ethics for professions in establishing duties and minimum standards of practice.
A General Framework For The Ethics Of Public AdministrationMartha Brown
This document provides an introduction to developing a framework for ethics in public administration. It notes that while business ethics is a well-developed field, ethics for civil servants has received less attention. It aims to address this gap by outlining some key differences between business and government that complicate developing universal ethical guidelines for civil servants. These include differences between political systems, the wide variety of government departments and roles, and the civil service's traditional reliance on internal culture rather than formal ethics education. The document seeks to clarify civil servants' core obligations and how they should resolve conflicts between serving elected officials, the public, and professional norms.
The document summarizes several major theories of deviance:
- Anomie or strain theory proposes that deviance results from a gap between cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. There are five types of adaptation.
- Conflict theories view deviance as resulting from inequalities in power and resources under capitalism that marginalize the poor and force them into crime.
- Labeling theory argues that behaviors become deviant based on the labels attached by authorities, not inherent qualities, perpetuating deviance.
- Control or social bond theory suggests deviance occurs when social bonds and constraints that normally inhibit antisocial behavior are weakened. Four elements are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
- Differential
This document discusses business ethics and provides examples and theories related to ethics. It defines business ethics as focusing on right and wrong behavior in business. It discusses two main theories for analyzing ethics - deontology, which focuses on universal duties, and utilitarianism, which focuses on consequences. The document also discusses the relationship between law and ethics and provides examples of applying different ethical frameworks.
This document discusses business ethics and provides examples and theories to analyze ethical situations and decisions. It defines ethics and business ethics, and explains that business ethics focuses on right and wrong behavior in business. Two main theories for analyzing ethics are described: deontology, which focuses on universal duties, and utilitarianism, which focuses on consequences and the greatest good. The document also discusses the relationship between law and ethics, provides examples of analyzing ethical dilemmas, and discusses capital punishment.
Confucius emphasized the importance of ethics, especially in government and public sector enterprises. He believed that if leaders acted ethically and led by example, the people would follow. Some of his teachings that still apply today include the importance of integrity, honesty and proper conduct from leaders in establishing a positive ethical environment. Maintaining an ethical environment is even more important for public sector enterprises than laws or codes of ethics. However, many governments still struggle with politicization of enterprises and leaders who do not set a good example through their own actions. Establishing principles of ethical conduct and exemplary behavior from senior executives are keys to pursuing ethics in state enterprises.
Research in sociological literatures states that people think and take action according to their cognitive structure and that technology is perceived with an understanding of change from old to news technologies that integrate specialty and demarcation. And socio-technical systems incorporate sociological processes that lead to the visionary leadership. This basic concept validates that policy and socio-technical linkage provides a framework of governance system and ensures environment sustainability. Consequently the adaptive governance corporate social responsibility and drives visionary political and managerial leadership.
Democracy Essay.doc | Democracy | Forms Of Government | Free 30-day .... ESSAY ON DEMOCRACY | Muhammad Zia Ul Haq | Pakistan. In The Name of Democracy - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com.
Lecture by Jim Wesberry on the Panel "Good Governance of Public Sector Enterprises: Issues of Ethics and Accountability" in the
Practitioners Summit of the 2015 CReCER Conference
“Preserving Economic Gains and Investing in the Future: Promoting Growth through Improved Financial Accountability"
May 7, 2015, Quito, Ecuador
(Short Version)
Introduction to Philippine Politics and GovernanceZenpai Carl
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in political science. It defines politics as the study of power relationships and decision making within states and between states. Some key points made include:
- Politics involves the exercise of power, authority, and decision making within a society.
- Plato defined politics as the study of the affairs of the polis (city-state), while Robert Dahl defined it as the existence of rules and authority within a state.
- Other concepts discussed include legitimacy, sovereignty, authority, forms of governance, and characteristics of good governance.
- The document outlines some of the major fields and important figures in political science.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Philippine politics and governance. It begins by defining politics as the study of who gets what, when and how. Governance is defined as the process of decision-making and implementation. It then discusses major political ideologies like liberalism, socialism, conservatism, and communism, outlining their basic tenets. Power is examined by defining it as the ability to change the future, and by exploring its dimensions including issue, agenda, and manipulation.
This document provides definitions and discussions around civic education, ethics, and morality. It discusses:
- Civic education deals with the relationships between citizens and the state, specifically regarding rights and duties. Ethics studies morality and examines what is right and wrong in human behavior.
- Civic education and ethics are separate but related fields. Civic education focuses on legal and political rules governing individuals and the state, while ethics examines moral rules and values among individuals and groups.
- Both fields draw from various disciplines like philosophy, political science, and societal sources. Philosophy questions the nature of reality and knowledge, while political science studies power structures and government. These theoretical and documentary sources inform civic and ethical education.
This document discusses three problems with establishing a science of public administration: (1) issues with normative values and conflicting goals like efficiency versus democracy; (2) accounting for human behavior and individual personalities within organizations; and (3) the influence of different social settings across countries. The author argues that while some principles may apply universally, public administration is limited as a science due to the complex influences of values, human nature, and unique social and historical contexts in different places.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in institutionalism and feminist theory. It defines institutions as patterns and norms that govern social thought and action. Institutions arise and persist through regulative, normative and cognitive functions, operating through coercive, normative and mimetic isomorphism respectively. Formal institutions derive authority from codified rules while informal institutions arise from social practices. The document also summarizes various types of feminist theory that aim to promote gender equality and women's rights by addressing patriarchal social structures and oppression.
INTRODUCTION THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decisio.docxnormanibarber20063
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”.
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it..
This document discusses the relationship between ethics and politics in three paragraphs or less:
Ethics and politics often conflict as the use of power to accumulate and wield authority can violate ethical norms. While ethics constrains politicians, they have options like ethical behavior, cynicism, or hypocrisy. Traditions from India provide examples like the Buddha emphasizing detachment from power and Kautilya justifying anything to gain power without ethics. The document recommends a conceptual framework for political ethics based on limiting power, effectiveness, and accountability, with justice as the guiding principle across the political, social, and personal spheres.
PSM 451 PAD 581MaynardMoody, Ch. 1-2Dealing with.docxamrit47
PSM 451/ PAD 581
Maynard/Moody, Ch. 1-2
Dealing with Faces
Expectation of law abidance: demand that
street-level workers apply laws, rules, and
administrative procedures to people’s behavior
Prevalence of cultural abidance: workers’
subjective judgment of who people are, their
perceived identities and moral character, often
based on superficial social markers (race/ethnic,
gender, religious garb/practices etc.)
Tension between law and cultural abidance
affect street level workers’ decision-making
Street-level workers’ belief/value system often
come into conflict with organizational rules and
policies on the administration of public services
Discretionary Decision-making
State-agent narrative: democratic state built on law
and predictable procedures that treat like cases the
same
Deviations allowed only if law adapted to
circumstances in manner consistent with policy
Structure of public administration designed to
circumscribe discretion in order to insure equal
treatment as much as possible
Most egregious instances of cultural abidance draw
media/scholarly scrutiny
E.g. racial profiling seen as eroding legitimacy and authority of
governance in general and law enforcement in particular
Discretionary Decision-making
State-agent narrative: democratic state built on law
and predictable procedures that treat like cases the
same
Deviations allowed only if law adapted to
circumstances in manner consistent with policy
Structure of public administration designed to
circumscribe discretion in order to insure equal
treatment as much as possible
Most egregious instances of cultural abidance draw
media/scholarly scrutiny
E.g. racial profiling seen as eroding legitimacy and authority of
governance in general and law enforcement in particular
Citizen-agent narrative
Citizen-agent narrative: focuses on worker’s
judgments about identities and moral character of
clients and their behavior during encounters
Street-level workers take risk to provide unauthorized,
extraordinary assistance, or to administer services by
the book, or to withhold or provide services in an
abusive manner
Street-level cultural judgments are inevitably part of
governing the modern state
“every application of a law involves further elaboration of that
law” H. George Frederickson
Accountability and control are fundamental to traditional view
of administrative state
State-agent narrative
Concerned with law abidance of citizens
and workers
Identifying of worthy and unworthy
colleagues and citizens e.g. police
solidarity
Workers unsure of how to act when
views of worthiness, fairness, and
appropriate actions and laws, rules, and
policies don’t coincide
Politics & Administration
Role of street-level workers in administering
public policy raises classic question of their
influence in shaping policy and in essence
governing
Many scholars reject separation between politics
and administration
Implementation theory: gap between ...
The document discusses concepts related to citizenship including:
1. Citizenship involves both rights and responsibilities to participate in community activities and promote social integration.
2. Goals of citizenship include raising awareness of social responsibility, supporting self-development, and encouraging rational problem solving.
3. Citizenship can be defined based on civil, political, and social rights that citizens have like freedom, participation, and membership in a political community.
This document summarizes several key concepts related to conformity, deviance, and theories of deviance. It discusses conformity as behaving according to social norms and deviance as violating norms. It then outlines several theories of deviance, including Merton's strain theory, which links deviance to a gap between cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve them. Labeling theory holds that deviance results from being labeled as such rather than inherent acts. Social control theory suggests people conform due to social attachments. The document also discusses concepts like human rights and dignity.
The normative approach is a value-based method for building communities based on the assumptions that people need belonging, purpose, and success. It seeks to determine ideal values and make claims about what should or ought to be. The approach is generally philosophical in nature and imagines ideal societies. It originated with Plato's writings on the ideal state and has been used by political philosophers throughout history to describe how they believe politics and society should be structured based on ethical values and principles. However, critics argue that the normative approach is subjective and does not reflect empirical realities or account for change over time.
Here are examples of formal and informal institutions:
1. Formal: Constitution, laws, policies, regulations
2. Informal: Social norms, traditions, attitudes
3. Formal: Government, state agencies
4. Informal: Family, community groups
5. Informal: Religious beliefs, cultural practices
6. Formal: Educational system, legal system
7. Informal: Language, values, beliefs
8. Both: Marriage, property rights
9. Both: Economic system, political system
10. Informal: Codes of conduct, social networks
Ethics in PracticeWhat Is Your Public Service AnswerNow.docxSANSKAR20
Ethics in Practice
What Is Your Public Service Answer?
Now that you have completed this course in ethics, think about those questions we posed at the
beginning of the course. Have you come to a clearer understanding of the questions? Have you
developed an ethical approach that you can incorporate into your own thinking and work? Let’s review
the questions. How would you answer them now?
1. Is the changing relevance and definitions of ethics a symptom of our modern times,
when we know so much that used to be hidden from our view?
• Why is the definition of acceptable behavior different today?
• Is it really different, or do we just know more about what is happening?
• Or is it that in today’s world we hold ourselves to a higher standard of moral actions and expect
the same of our government and public servants?
2. Why are we harder on elected officials today when indiscretions in these human
beings have been around as long as our country?
• Is it because we know more about our elected and appointed officials due to freedom of the press
and overall news coverage?
• Or is it that we hear the critical voices more loudly for the same reasons?
• Is it just that we are more disappointed when we realize someone we idolize has clay feet?
• Do we have a higher moral standard today than existed even 50 years ago?
• Are we more savvy about the issues that can arise from unsavory characters and therefore are
more critical when a problem comes to light?
3. Should public servants advance only their own perspectives and the viewpoints of
their followers?
• Do we actively seek out viewpoints different from our own?
• Do we only consider those perspectives that reinforce our views, not challenge them?
• If we expect an elected official to vote from the perspective of their values that we share, is it right
to expect them to also consider others?
4. How should public servants deal with taxes to make sure that they do not
unwittingly hurt a major part of the population?
• Can taxes ever be truly equitable, or is some inequality always going to exist?
• If taxes are regressive, hurting the poor more than those who have assets, how do we make
ethical decisions about what and whom to tax?
• Should those who have more be responsible for paying more?
5. Is it ethical to cut funding for programs that protect the most vulnerable?
• Who is charged with protection of the most vulnerable?
• If government is responsible, can these programs ever be cut and the decisions to do so still
remain ethical?
• What ethical decision-making process should be followed?
6. How do we manage the ethical dilemmas in our own public service lives?
• What is our own personal moral and ethical compass that we follow in our daily lives?
• How much do our personal values influence or direct our professional and public actions?
• How do we need to revise or add to our personal code of ethics to reflect our greater appreciation
of ethics in our public service liv ...
The document discusses several dominant approaches in the social sciences including:
1) Microlevel approaches like rational choice theory and symbolic interactionism that focus on individual behavior.
2) Macrolevel approaches like structural functionalism and institutionalism that examine larger social systems and structures.
3) Interdisciplinary approaches such as the human-environment system that integrate ideas across fields.
It then provides more details on specific theories under the microlevel and macrolevel categories.
Confucius emphasized the importance of ethics, especially in government and public sector enterprises. He believed that if leaders acted ethically and led by example, the people would follow. Some of his teachings that still apply today include the importance of integrity, honesty and proper conduct from leaders in establishing a positive ethical environment. Maintaining an ethical environment is even more important for public sector enterprises than laws or codes of ethics. However, many governments still struggle with politicization of enterprises and leaders who do not set a good example through their own actions. Establishing principles of ethical conduct and exemplary behavior from senior executives are keys to pursuing ethics in state enterprises.
Research in sociological literatures states that people think and take action according to their cognitive structure and that technology is perceived with an understanding of change from old to news technologies that integrate specialty and demarcation. And socio-technical systems incorporate sociological processes that lead to the visionary leadership. This basic concept validates that policy and socio-technical linkage provides a framework of governance system and ensures environment sustainability. Consequently the adaptive governance corporate social responsibility and drives visionary political and managerial leadership.
Democracy Essay.doc | Democracy | Forms Of Government | Free 30-day .... ESSAY ON DEMOCRACY | Muhammad Zia Ul Haq | Pakistan. In The Name of Democracy - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com.
Lecture by Jim Wesberry on the Panel "Good Governance of Public Sector Enterprises: Issues of Ethics and Accountability" in the
Practitioners Summit of the 2015 CReCER Conference
“Preserving Economic Gains and Investing in the Future: Promoting Growth through Improved Financial Accountability"
May 7, 2015, Quito, Ecuador
(Short Version)
Introduction to Philippine Politics and GovernanceZenpai Carl
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in political science. It defines politics as the study of power relationships and decision making within states and between states. Some key points made include:
- Politics involves the exercise of power, authority, and decision making within a society.
- Plato defined politics as the study of the affairs of the polis (city-state), while Robert Dahl defined it as the existence of rules and authority within a state.
- Other concepts discussed include legitimacy, sovereignty, authority, forms of governance, and characteristics of good governance.
- The document outlines some of the major fields and important figures in political science.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Philippine politics and governance. It begins by defining politics as the study of who gets what, when and how. Governance is defined as the process of decision-making and implementation. It then discusses major political ideologies like liberalism, socialism, conservatism, and communism, outlining their basic tenets. Power is examined by defining it as the ability to change the future, and by exploring its dimensions including issue, agenda, and manipulation.
This document provides definitions and discussions around civic education, ethics, and morality. It discusses:
- Civic education deals with the relationships between citizens and the state, specifically regarding rights and duties. Ethics studies morality and examines what is right and wrong in human behavior.
- Civic education and ethics are separate but related fields. Civic education focuses on legal and political rules governing individuals and the state, while ethics examines moral rules and values among individuals and groups.
- Both fields draw from various disciplines like philosophy, political science, and societal sources. Philosophy questions the nature of reality and knowledge, while political science studies power structures and government. These theoretical and documentary sources inform civic and ethical education.
This document discusses three problems with establishing a science of public administration: (1) issues with normative values and conflicting goals like efficiency versus democracy; (2) accounting for human behavior and individual personalities within organizations; and (3) the influence of different social settings across countries. The author argues that while some principles may apply universally, public administration is limited as a science due to the complex influences of values, human nature, and unique social and historical contexts in different places.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in institutionalism and feminist theory. It defines institutions as patterns and norms that govern social thought and action. Institutions arise and persist through regulative, normative and cognitive functions, operating through coercive, normative and mimetic isomorphism respectively. Formal institutions derive authority from codified rules while informal institutions arise from social practices. The document also summarizes various types of feminist theory that aim to promote gender equality and women's rights by addressing patriarchal social structures and oppression.
INTRODUCTION THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decisio.docxnormanibarber20063
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”.
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it..
This document discusses the relationship between ethics and politics in three paragraphs or less:
Ethics and politics often conflict as the use of power to accumulate and wield authority can violate ethical norms. While ethics constrains politicians, they have options like ethical behavior, cynicism, or hypocrisy. Traditions from India provide examples like the Buddha emphasizing detachment from power and Kautilya justifying anything to gain power without ethics. The document recommends a conceptual framework for political ethics based on limiting power, effectiveness, and accountability, with justice as the guiding principle across the political, social, and personal spheres.
PSM 451 PAD 581MaynardMoody, Ch. 1-2Dealing with.docxamrit47
PSM 451/ PAD 581
Maynard/Moody, Ch. 1-2
Dealing with Faces
Expectation of law abidance: demand that
street-level workers apply laws, rules, and
administrative procedures to people’s behavior
Prevalence of cultural abidance: workers’
subjective judgment of who people are, their
perceived identities and moral character, often
based on superficial social markers (race/ethnic,
gender, religious garb/practices etc.)
Tension between law and cultural abidance
affect street level workers’ decision-making
Street-level workers’ belief/value system often
come into conflict with organizational rules and
policies on the administration of public services
Discretionary Decision-making
State-agent narrative: democratic state built on law
and predictable procedures that treat like cases the
same
Deviations allowed only if law adapted to
circumstances in manner consistent with policy
Structure of public administration designed to
circumscribe discretion in order to insure equal
treatment as much as possible
Most egregious instances of cultural abidance draw
media/scholarly scrutiny
E.g. racial profiling seen as eroding legitimacy and authority of
governance in general and law enforcement in particular
Discretionary Decision-making
State-agent narrative: democratic state built on law
and predictable procedures that treat like cases the
same
Deviations allowed only if law adapted to
circumstances in manner consistent with policy
Structure of public administration designed to
circumscribe discretion in order to insure equal
treatment as much as possible
Most egregious instances of cultural abidance draw
media/scholarly scrutiny
E.g. racial profiling seen as eroding legitimacy and authority of
governance in general and law enforcement in particular
Citizen-agent narrative
Citizen-agent narrative: focuses on worker’s
judgments about identities and moral character of
clients and their behavior during encounters
Street-level workers take risk to provide unauthorized,
extraordinary assistance, or to administer services by
the book, or to withhold or provide services in an
abusive manner
Street-level cultural judgments are inevitably part of
governing the modern state
“every application of a law involves further elaboration of that
law” H. George Frederickson
Accountability and control are fundamental to traditional view
of administrative state
State-agent narrative
Concerned with law abidance of citizens
and workers
Identifying of worthy and unworthy
colleagues and citizens e.g. police
solidarity
Workers unsure of how to act when
views of worthiness, fairness, and
appropriate actions and laws, rules, and
policies don’t coincide
Politics & Administration
Role of street-level workers in administering
public policy raises classic question of their
influence in shaping policy and in essence
governing
Many scholars reject separation between politics
and administration
Implementation theory: gap between ...
The document discusses concepts related to citizenship including:
1. Citizenship involves both rights and responsibilities to participate in community activities and promote social integration.
2. Goals of citizenship include raising awareness of social responsibility, supporting self-development, and encouraging rational problem solving.
3. Citizenship can be defined based on civil, political, and social rights that citizens have like freedom, participation, and membership in a political community.
This document summarizes several key concepts related to conformity, deviance, and theories of deviance. It discusses conformity as behaving according to social norms and deviance as violating norms. It then outlines several theories of deviance, including Merton's strain theory, which links deviance to a gap between cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve them. Labeling theory holds that deviance results from being labeled as such rather than inherent acts. Social control theory suggests people conform due to social attachments. The document also discusses concepts like human rights and dignity.
The normative approach is a value-based method for building communities based on the assumptions that people need belonging, purpose, and success. It seeks to determine ideal values and make claims about what should or ought to be. The approach is generally philosophical in nature and imagines ideal societies. It originated with Plato's writings on the ideal state and has been used by political philosophers throughout history to describe how they believe politics and society should be structured based on ethical values and principles. However, critics argue that the normative approach is subjective and does not reflect empirical realities or account for change over time.
Here are examples of formal and informal institutions:
1. Formal: Constitution, laws, policies, regulations
2. Informal: Social norms, traditions, attitudes
3. Formal: Government, state agencies
4. Informal: Family, community groups
5. Informal: Religious beliefs, cultural practices
6. Formal: Educational system, legal system
7. Informal: Language, values, beliefs
8. Both: Marriage, property rights
9. Both: Economic system, political system
10. Informal: Codes of conduct, social networks
Ethics in PracticeWhat Is Your Public Service AnswerNow.docxSANSKAR20
Ethics in Practice
What Is Your Public Service Answer?
Now that you have completed this course in ethics, think about those questions we posed at the
beginning of the course. Have you come to a clearer understanding of the questions? Have you
developed an ethical approach that you can incorporate into your own thinking and work? Let’s review
the questions. How would you answer them now?
1. Is the changing relevance and definitions of ethics a symptom of our modern times,
when we know so much that used to be hidden from our view?
• Why is the definition of acceptable behavior different today?
• Is it really different, or do we just know more about what is happening?
• Or is it that in today’s world we hold ourselves to a higher standard of moral actions and expect
the same of our government and public servants?
2. Why are we harder on elected officials today when indiscretions in these human
beings have been around as long as our country?
• Is it because we know more about our elected and appointed officials due to freedom of the press
and overall news coverage?
• Or is it that we hear the critical voices more loudly for the same reasons?
• Is it just that we are more disappointed when we realize someone we idolize has clay feet?
• Do we have a higher moral standard today than existed even 50 years ago?
• Are we more savvy about the issues that can arise from unsavory characters and therefore are
more critical when a problem comes to light?
3. Should public servants advance only their own perspectives and the viewpoints of
their followers?
• Do we actively seek out viewpoints different from our own?
• Do we only consider those perspectives that reinforce our views, not challenge them?
• If we expect an elected official to vote from the perspective of their values that we share, is it right
to expect them to also consider others?
4. How should public servants deal with taxes to make sure that they do not
unwittingly hurt a major part of the population?
• Can taxes ever be truly equitable, or is some inequality always going to exist?
• If taxes are regressive, hurting the poor more than those who have assets, how do we make
ethical decisions about what and whom to tax?
• Should those who have more be responsible for paying more?
5. Is it ethical to cut funding for programs that protect the most vulnerable?
• Who is charged with protection of the most vulnerable?
• If government is responsible, can these programs ever be cut and the decisions to do so still
remain ethical?
• What ethical decision-making process should be followed?
6. How do we manage the ethical dilemmas in our own public service lives?
• What is our own personal moral and ethical compass that we follow in our daily lives?
• How much do our personal values influence or direct our professional and public actions?
• How do we need to revise or add to our personal code of ethics to reflect our greater appreciation
of ethics in our public service liv ...
The document discusses several dominant approaches in the social sciences including:
1) Microlevel approaches like rational choice theory and symbolic interactionism that focus on individual behavior.
2) Macrolevel approaches like structural functionalism and institutionalism that examine larger social systems and structures.
3) Interdisciplinary approaches such as the human-environment system that integrate ideas across fields.
It then provides more details on specific theories under the microlevel and macrolevel categories.
Similar to Intro to International Norms and Legislation (20)
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
2. What is that societal
practice, belief,
norm, legislation that
annoys you?
(Be it local or international)
3. Sati (also known as "suttee"), burning
a woman alive with her husband's
dead body, is the most influential and
controversial sacrament. A woman
dies alongside her husband (willingly
or forcefully because the society
believes it is her duty.) Though
abolished 102 years ago, this practice
still exists secretly in modern India.
4. International norms make
clear what behavior is
considered appropriate and
when a line has been
crossed. They provide the
legitimacy for actions to
hold those who violate such
norms accountable. The
international community
has clarified norms of
shared interest around
issues ranging from
biological and chemical
weapons, to human rights,
international trade, and
cyberspace.
Examples of norm change in
international law/legislation are
eradication of slavery and the
emergence of human rights.
Rosa Parks took her famous 1955 stand against racial discrimination on a Montgomery,
Ala., bus. She did not know she made a history of equalizing Blacks with Whites. The
murder of George Floyd, suffocated by a police officer in the United States in May 2020,
has made the serious problem of racism and violence visible again.
5. I loved school. But everything changed when the Taliban took
control of our town in Swat Valley. The extremists banned many
things — like owning a television and playing music — and
enforced harsh punishments for those who defied their orders.
And they said girls could no longer go to school but I spoke out
publicly on behalf of girls and our right to learn. And this made
me a target.
In October 2012, on my way home from school, a masked
gunman boarded my school bus and asked, “Who is Malala?”
He shot me on the left side of my head.
8. - Max Weber (1864-1920), a German
political economist, philosopher and a
social scientist considered to be one of
the three founding pillars of Sociology,
insisted on Bureaucracy with Authority
and viewed bureaucracy as power elite
consisting of superiors and technical
experts having knowledge and
experience.
9. - In Weber's model, the different
levels of rule are hierarchically
arranged in a system of super-
ordination and subordination.
Administrative procedures are
based on written rules, an
impersonal order, and a clear
division of labor.
10. - It consists of organizational
features in administrative order,
hierarchically structured,
professional, rule-bound and
disciplined body of public servants
which possesses a specific set of
competences and operates outside
the sphere of politics.
11. Examples: a. Bureaucracy functions
through proper division of work,
authority flowing from top to down.
An employee in the organization,
obeys the authority.The rules,
regulations are practiced and obeyed
by the bureaucrats.The procedure of
work is followed by employees.
12. Examples: b. Authority brings
corresponding responsibility.Thus,
a Bureaucrat must be responsible
and accountable for the use of
authority. A Bureaucrat should not
misuse authority.The authority
cannot be beyond the official work
of the organization.
13. Examples: c. An employee should
be legal and faithful in the
performance of duties. Approach
must be impersonal. Official business
and private affairs should not be
intermixed.
14. Examples: d. A Bureaucrat is not
committed to a person but to the
work stipulated in his/her
contract. No to “utang na loob”.
16. a. Law – For both public and private
structures, laws regulate issues such as
hiring and safety standards. Compliance-
based codes of ethics not only set
guidelines for conduct but also determine
penalties for violations.There are
administrative and disciplinary sanctions
to discourage disobedience or
misconduct of subordinates.
17. b. Code of Ethics – Minor gifts and
conventional gifts are accepted as
rejection would mean “belittling” in
some culture. Most often, constituents
love to share their farm products as a
way to express their appreciation and
warmth to visiting field officers and
for their harvests to be blessed more.
19. I agree with Weber’s advocacy for,
‘impersonal approach’.The Filipino Ethics on
“Serbisyo lang, walang personalan” is valid
and relevant today. Regardless of other’s
reaction, service must be objective and
detached (no string attached). Beneficiaries
of government programs and projects must
not be related to the third degree with the
staff-in-charge/coordinators/implementers.
20. I further agree to him making a clear-
cut distinction between officials
working in their official capacity and
officials in their private affairs.The
Bureaucrats should perform defined
duties and should not misuse power
both when in duty and off duty.
21. I disagree with his too much emphasis
on bureaucracy that he forgot about the
socio-political and cultural contexts
where the bureaucracy operates. In
some Indigenous communities where
customary practices and unwritten
norms/laws/ are abundant, some aspect
of bureaucratic policies must be
reviewed or revisited.
23. Rationalization is the act of a person trying to
explain the reason for an action, attitude, or
behaviour using reasons considered logical.
•Weber’s Rationalization of Society is growing and is
concerned with concepts like efficiency and
coordination. He considered rationalization as the
application of knowledge to achieve a desired outcome.
The rise of scientific study, development of capitalism
and introduction of bureaucracy were some of the results
of rationalization.
24. Examples: 1. An employee overheard a
supervisor throwing hate and curse words in
public to a novice employee who is bursting
into tears. She was about to approach and
pacify the angry manager, but after seeing all
other fellow employees turning their backs
and signalling to her to just mind her own
business, decided not to be involved. She
told herself it is not her job to mind other’s
business even though someone is being hurt.
25. •2. A choice made by an adult couple
(in their 40s) working in an IP school
to refrain from sexual intercourse
until marriage in respect to the tribe’s
values or belief system cherishing
abstinence or purity before marriage.
27. Application in Public Administration:
Local and International
1. Law – Rationalization Program (EO-366 – DBM)
• 2. Code of Ethics – The following are the most common rationalizations:
• a. It’s for your own good (white lies) i. The end justifies the means
• b. Everybody does it (we’ve always done it this way) j. I’m only human (I’m not perfect)
• c. Who am I to judge k. It’s a stupid rule
• d. You’re a bigger one l. Ethics is a luxury I cannot afford
right now
• e. It’s not my job
• f. Nobody is hurt
• g. It’s too important; it’s necessary
• h. It’s not important
29. I agree with Rationalization providing for a proper procedure
to be followed in the recruitment, selection, placement and
training of personnel. This provides ample opportunities for
skilled and efficient workers for increasing their efficiency.
Rationalization also lays down promotion policies for efficient
and hardworking personnel.
However, I also beg to disagree that rationalization’s definition
of “how we act and behave but not making judgement”. There
is this research by Welsh et al. (2015) suggesting that “moral
rationalizations do contribute to the escalation of unethical
behavior” which is alarming to me. If some employees are used
to concealing moral compromise, to fabricating false
justifications, to inventing pretentions or invalid reasons, and to
making up stories to cover insufficiencies (ex: COA findings)
31. In a psychological sense, meritocracy beliefs constitute a
worldview, or ideology that broadly embraces the idea
that “equal opportunities exist”, allowing upward social
mobility (Feldman, 1983 and Hochschild, 1996).
This concept originates with Chinese Philosopher Confucius
who advocated that “who govern should do so because of
merit, not of inherited status.
Also, Plato and Aristotle advocated meritocracy. Plato in his
The Republic, argued that “the wisest should rule, therefore;
the rulers should be philosopher kings”.
The Government and People of China published in 1847
saying, “the long duration of the Chinese Empire is solely and
altogether owing to the good government which consists in
the advancement of men of talent and merit only”.
32. Examples: a. Licensure exams and Civil
Service Exams (Prof and Sub-prof) as
equalizers and/or justifiers
b.A job applicant must be selected given
his/her merits, technical expertise and
competence; and promotion by merit, not
by kapit.
c.A bureaucrat should be paid adequate
salary according to his/her work
performance, ranking and promotion.
34. 1. Law – The system and procedure for recruitment/
hiring, retention, promotion, and retirement of public
officials and other non-elected officials should be
based on principles if efficiency, effectiveness, merit,
equity, and aptitude (standards of UNCAC, et.al)
2. Code of Ethics – Public officers (specially member
of the screening committee) should not accept, gifts,
favors, hospitalities, and other indirect advantages or
improper benefits from applicants for job or
promotion in the expectation that it will influence the
rating and/ranking of the giver.
36. I agree with this model as it encourages “more votes to the
more educated candidates”. I further agree that individual
merit, ability and hard work, rather than social status, power,
and privileged social relationships are the basis for success
and promotion”.
The only thing I disagree is when it denies the realities of
economic inequalities and discrimination because of its
strong belief that any individual can improve their social
status as anybody can be talented, motivated, and abled to
work hard.
38. •The scientific method is an empirical method for
acquiring knowledge that has characterized the
development of science since at least the 17th
century.The methods of a science purpose are the
cognition of law.
It looks at how methodology (as a Science) is used
in investigative processes in public administration,
as a sign of its scientific development and
academic maturity.
•According to F.W.Taylor and fellow theorists,
“administration is a science and it should be dealt
in scientific methods”.
39.
40. Examples: a. A system of scientific selection,
training, promotion and wage payments for
workers.The Bureaucrats should be properly
and scientifically selected, be given periodic
promotion on the basis of their technical
competence and proven tests.This enables
efficiency of Bureaucracy.
b.Following a scientific method or procedure,
the DOH must formulate an anti-dote or
permanent cure to Covid-19 virus.
42. a.Law – policies on emerging trends —
including big data, open science, and
citizen science — provide research
opportunities while introducing new
ethical risks.
b.Code of Ethics – Ethics are dynamic –
created and recreated, changing, and
evolving as cultural values and
behavioral norms change or evolve over
time.
44. I agree that because of the field of Scientific method,
the structures and roles of public administration have
become flexible; the democratic administration has
found its way into public institutions and organizations,
the inclusion of people and their voices (opinions and
ideas) are some of the new developments.
I disagree that the scientific method is encompassing.
It cannot alone fully cover all the different nuances in
international norms. A more comprehensive approach
including both positivism and post positivism views
would better address all the intricacies of research in
International Norms/Legislations.
45. BOTTOMLINE: EMBRACE SYSTEM CHANGE
• The societies of today respond to emerging changes with
updates to codes of conduct, education and training for
researchers, and governance structures for researchers,
sponsors, and research subjects.
• Ethics are created, change, and evolve due to the following
factors:
• 1. significant historic events that create a reckoning;
• 2. ethical lapses/gaps that lead researchers to create new
safeguards; and
• 3. scientific advancements that lead to new fields of research
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50. Thank you for listening!
REPORTER
Rhe-Ann N. Wandalen
MPA 1