This document provides an introduction to principles of government and political systems. It discusses the key features of a state, including population, territory, sovereignty and government. It then covers theories on the origin of the state, such as evolutionary, force, divine right and social contract theories. The document outlines the main purposes of government as maintaining social order, providing public services and national security. It also defines different types of government systems and the role of constitutions in establishing the rules and structure of a government. Finally, it discusses concepts like politics, different views of the world, and international organizations.
This is a compilation I have put together for my graduate students in Development Studies, Human and Natural Resources Studies, Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences to expose them to different theories of State that impinge on national policy making, conflict and negotiations among power players in environment and development
This is a compilation I have put together for my graduate students in Development Studies, Human and Natural Resources Studies, Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences to expose them to different theories of State that impinge on national policy making, conflict and negotiations among power players in environment and development
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
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An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
2. The State
• Aristotle: Greek philosopher who coined
the title and gave it meaning.
• State: A political community that
occupies a definite territory and has an
organized government with the power to
make and enforce laws.
• Nation: People united under common
bonds (ex. Race, religion, language,
customs)
3. Features of the State
• Population: People in a state
• Territory: The established boundaries of a
state through war, negotiation, seizure or
purchase.
• Sovereignty: The Supreme authority of a state
within its boundaries (power of government)
• Government: The institution that maintains
social order, provides public services, and
binds people together.
4. Theories of the Origin of the State
1. Evolutionary Theory
• Family Based
• Head of the Government is
the head of the family.
• Example: Clans of Britain or
Scotland in the times of
“Braveheart”
5. Theories of the Origin of the State
2. Force Theory
• People brought together under the
guidance of one strong ruler.
• Ruler maintains dominance through
coercion and threat.
• Ex. Saddam Hussein
6. Theories of the Origin of the State
3. Divine Right Theory
• God has chosen the leader, therefore to go
against the leader is to go against God.
• Ex. Aztecs, Egyptians, European monarchs.
7. Theories of the Origin of the State
4. Social Contract
• People agree to a
government for the good
of the whole and for
protection.
• People have the right to
overthrow that
government if it is not
taking care of their needs,
according to John Locke.
8. Purposes of Government
1. Maintain Social Order: control conflict in
the population.
2. Public Services: Building recreation and
providing for the general well-being.
3. National Security: Feeling safe is a must
for government to survive.
• Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department
4. Economic Decisions: Taxes, Spending,
Aid to other nations.
10. Government Systems
1. Unitary System
• Government gives all key powers to the
national government with no real division
of powers
• Example: Great Britain, Italy
2. Federal System
• Divides power between the national and
state levels to best serve the people
• Example: The U.S. (too big)
11. Constitutions
1. Constitution
• A plan that lays out the rules of a
government.
• Sets out the ideals that people share.
• Establishes a structure of government.
• Provides the supreme law of the land.
12. Politics
1. Politics: efforts to control the conduct
and policies of a government.
• Helps to settle disagreements in a
civilized manner.
• Promotes different points of view for
discussion
• Defines the stances on issues for the
common people.
13. World View
1. Inequalities between nations
• Industrialized
• Countries with large industries, advanced
technologies, and solid economies (U.S.)
• Developing
• Countries who are in the beginning stages of
economic development, attracting
corporations, and advancing their
technologies (Brazil, Mexico)
• Third World
• Countries with very little hope of advancing
their industries or economy to a stable and
strong level (Somalia, Sudan, Indonesia)
14. World View
2. Contact from Different Nations
• Making friends and enemies politically
affects the ability to advance
economically.
• Differences in policy, religious beliefs,
colors of skin, and economic factors
affect the ability of states to get along.
15. World View
3. International Organizations
• Multinational Corporations
• Companies that have expanded their business
to include multiple countries and are not tied to
one country.
16. World View
3. International Organizations
• Peacekeeping Organizations
• Groups that include representatives from
around the globe to promote peace and
understanding, but are not under the control of
any one government.
17. World View
3. International Organizations
• Terrorist Groups
• People who collectively work to destroy the
status quo and disrupt business and political
centers of the world.