The document provides an overview of Ethernet networking fundamentals, including: 1) It defines Ethernet as a standard communications method for building local area networks using networking devices, cables, and infrastructure equipment. 2) It describes the OSI model and how Ethernet operates at the physical and data link layers. 3) It explains MAC addressing for unicast, multicast, and broadcast traffic and how switches use MAC addresses to direct traffic to specific ports.

1. 2010 Mission Critical Network Design Seminar TP01:Introduction to Ethernet Networking

2. Ethernet Fundamentals

3. What is Ethernet?

4. What is the OSI Model?

5. What is the OSI Model? Allows various “open systems” to communicate. Provides a set of rules and protocols that control the communication between two or more devices. Serves as a model or guideline for all network communication technologies. Divides up all the processes of networking activity into seven layers. Each layer has a specific function or activity in a network and groups protocols together. Virtual Communication

6. OSI Reference Model… 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 1) Physical Frames Packets Segments Data Data Data Bits

7. OSI Reference Model… 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 1) Physical Ethernet IP Internet Protocol TCP Port 80 HTTP Web Application CAT 5 Cable Ethernet IP Internet Protocol UDP Port 161/162 SNMP Network Mgmt CAT 5 Cable

8. OSI Reference Model… 1) Physical 1) Physical 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application

9. OSI Reference Model… 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 1) Physical Ethernet

10. What is Ethernet?

11. What is Ethernet? Ethernet is a standard (IEEE) communications method developed for the building up of LAN’s or Local Area Networks . LAN: Two or more computing devices linked together Network Interface in each device Cable or Radio to connect each device Infrastructure equipment (Switch, Router or Wireless AP) to send network traffic.

12. What is Ethernet? Simply put, Ethernet is a way of transmitting a signal between two or more devices… ? Server 1 Server 2

13. What is Ethernet? Ethernet is “Data Transport" and can be compared to a truck in a way. A truck is typically loaded at one location Carries its cargo to another location Then the cargo is unloaded and compared to the manifest Ethernet

14. What is Ethernet? The “transportation method” for Ethernet is called a frame! A Frame is typically loaded at one location (The source…) Carries its cargo (data) to another location (The destination…) Then the data is unloaded checked for validity Preamble (8 bytes) Destination Address (6 bytes) Source Address (6 bytes) Type/ Length (2 bytes) Data (46 to 1500 bytes) Frame Check Sequence (4 bytes)

15. Traffic and Addressing

16. MAC Address Ethernet utilizes MAC (Media Access Control) addresses: A MAC address is made up of 6 Bytes or 48 Bits. Used at Layer 2 as source and destination in a Frame. Is unique (Unicast) worldwide. 3 distinct traffic types within Ethernet: Unicast Multicast Broadcast

17. Traffic and Addressing The traffic type correlates directly to the address being used as a destination . ??????????????

18. MAC-Addressing - Unicast MAC address The first 3 bytes represent the manufacturer the second 3 bytes represent the specific device from that manufacturer. 00 : 80 : 63 : 0E : 1D : 5C 00 : 80 : 63 Manufacturer 0E : 1D : 5C Device Smith Family Name John Given Name

19. MAC-Addressing - Unicast Unicast = 1 to 1 communication. Traffic generated by one device meant specifically for another. A B C Uni to A Uni to A

20. MAC-Addressing - Unicast Unicast = 1 to 1 communication. Traffic generated by one device meant specifically for another. A B C Uni to C Uni to C

21. MAC-Addressing - Broadcast FF : FF : FF : FF : FF : FF MAC address A MAC address in which all 6 bytes are set to FF is used as a broadcast and is automatically sent to all nodes in the LAN

22. MAC-Addressing - Broadcast Broadcast = 1 to all communication. Traffic generated by one device and sent to all other devices. Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

23. Broadcast Example ARP or Address Resolution Protocol

24. MAC-Addressing - Multicast 01 : 00 : 5E : xx : xx : xx MAC address A MAC address in which the first 3 bytes are 01:00:5e represents a Multicast and is intended for a Group. 01 : 00 : 5E Multicast xx : xx : xx Group

25. MAC-Addressing - Multicast Multicast = 1 to Group communication. Traffic generated by one device meant for a group of nodes but not necessarily all.. Multicast Multicast Multicast

26. Multicast Example Where do we use multicasts? General – Networking Video Conferencing Video Surveillance Distance Learning Software Distribution Industrial Consumer / Producer Publisher / Subscriber

27. Layer 2 - Frame Source Address = The MAC Address of the sending node… ALWAYS ! Destination Address = The MAC address of the Destination, Multicast Group or All Nodes! 00:1c:23:af:6e:4f 00:1d:09:c5:ba:86 01:00:5e:40:10:01 FF:FF:FF:FF:FF Preamble (8 bytes) Destination Address (6 bytes) Source Address (6 bytes) Type/ Length (2 bytes) Data (46 to 1500 bytes) Frame Check Sequence (4 bytes) 1) Physical 2) Data Link

28. Switches

29. Switches Device which delivers a received Unicast packet only to the port at which the destination station is connected.

30. Switches All switches on the network recognize the MAC addresses of the attached node(s) and records them into its address table. Layer 2 Device

31. Switches Switch: … Is a device that connects locally located “nodes” to form a LAN or Local Area Network…

32. Unicast Traffic Transmission Unicast traffic is sent only to that port at which it is destined to go! P1 P4 P3 P2 P5 PLC A PLC C PLC B RC 13 RC 12 RC 11 PC 1 To PLC C From PC 1 To PLC C From PC 1

33. Unicast Traffic Transmission PLC A 00:50:d2:0e:1d:ce PLC C 00:13:3f:19:b0:a3 PLC B 00:40:d1:be:2d:3e RC 13 -16:2e:f4 RC 12 -2a:0e:6f RC 11 -14:1d:c5 P1 P4 P3 P2 P5 PC 1 00:80:63:0e:1d:5c 00:80:63:0e:1d:5c 00:50:d2:0e:1d:ce 00:12:a3:2a:0e:6f 00:13:3f:19:b0:a3 00:12:a3:16:2e:4f Port 1 00:12:a3:14:1d:c5 00:40:d1:be:2d:3e Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 Port 5

34. Unicast Traffic Transmission P1 P4 P3 P2 P5 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 Port 5 PLC A 00:50:d2:0e:1d:ce PLC C 00:13:3f:19:b0:a3 PLC B 00:40:d1:be:2d:3e RC 13 -16:2e:f4 RC 12 -2a:0e:6f RC 11 -14:1d:c5 PC 1 00:80:63:0e:1d:5c 00:80:63:0e:1d:5c 00:50:d2:0e:1d:ce 00:12:a3:2a:0e:6f 00:13:3f:19:b0:a3 00:12:a3:16:2e:4f 00:12:a3:14:1d:c5 00:40:d1:be:2d:3e 00:13:3f:19:b0:a3 To PLC C From PC 1 To PLC C From PC 1

35. OSI Reference Model Layer 2 communication... 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 1) Physical 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 1) Physical

36. Layer 3 Technology

37. OSI Reference Model 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 1) Physical IP Internet Protocol

38. Traffic and Addressing

39. Traffic Types The address correlates to the type of traffic ??????????????

40. IP Addressing - Overview IP address (TCP/IP Address) An IP address is a number that identifies each sender and receiver of information that is sent across a network or networks. The decimal number is a representation of the binary version called an Octet. 190 . 168 . 10 . 46 190 . 168 . 10 . 46 10111110 . 10101000 . 00001010 . 10001100 BYTE 1 BYTE 2 BYTE 3 BYTE 4 32 BITs

41. IP Addressing - Overview IP address Part of the IP Address represents the Network portion and part of the IP Address represents the Host or “Node” portion. Each “Class” or range contains its own Broadcast element. 190 . 168 . 10 . 46 190 . 168 Network 10 . 46 Node Elm Street 1665 House Number

42. IP Addressing - Overview IP address Part of the IP Address represents the Network portion and part of the IP Address represents the Host or “Node” portion. 190 . 168 . 10 . 46 How do we define the Network portion and node portion??? 190 . 168 Network 10 . 46 Node

43. IP Addressing – Subnet Mask Subnet Mask In “Class Oriented” addressing there are default or natural masks that accompany the IP address. The Mask Bits identify which “Octets” represent the Network portion and which Octets represent the Node portion. IP Address – 190 . 168 . 10 . 46 Subnet Mask – 255 . 255 . 0 . 0

44. IP Addressing - Classes Traditional or "Class Oriented" Addressing: Class A = 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 Class B = 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Class C = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 Class D = 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Class E = 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Used for multicast applications only For experimental purposes Used for network Host/Node addressing

45. IP Addressing – Subnet Mask Class A = 255.0.0.0 (8 bit mask) Class B = 255.255.0.0 (16 bit mask) Class C = 255.255.255.0 (24 bit mask) Class Oriented addressing – Default or "natural masks": 11111111 .00000000.00000000.00000000 11111111.11111111 .00000000.00000000 11111111.11111111.11111111 .00000000

46. IP Addressing – Subnet Mask The "Mask" helps identify which portion of the IP address is the network portion and which is the Node portion. The network portion is identified by all "1"s The node portion is identified by all "0"s IP Address: 190.168.10.46 = 10111110.10101000.00001010.00101110 Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 = Network Portion **What else does this tell me??? 11111111.11111111. 00000000.00000000

47. IP Addressing – Class B Network ID Per the specification: 1 st and 2 nd Octets are the "Network ID" This Class B Network (190.168.0.0) gives us two Octets of Node ID 256 * 256 = 65,536 possible addresses Minus 2 = 65,534 usable addresses. Why do subtract 2? 3 rd and 4 th Octets are the "Node ID's" Net ID: 190.168.0.0 How many node addresses do we have?

48. IP Addressing – Class B Broadcast Always subtract 2 from the number of Node ID's Node ID's cannot be all "0"s (Reserved for Network ID) Node ID's cannot be all "1"s (Reserved for Broadcast) The first address in this range: 10111110.10101000. 00000000 . 00000000 190.168. 0 . 0 (Network ID, not to be used) The last address in this range: 10111110.10101000. 11111111 . 11111111 190.168. 255 . 255 (Broadcast ID, not to be used)

49. IP Addressing – Unicast IP address A Class A, B or C address in the destination field of the IP Packet stipulates a Unicast. Ex. 190 . 168 . 10 . 46

50. MAC-Addressing - Unicast Unicast = 1 to 1 communication. Traffic generated by one device meant specifically for another. A B C Uni to A Uni to A

51. MAC-Addressing - Unicast Unicast = 1 to 1 communication. Traffic generated by one device meant specifically for another. A B C Uni to C Uni to C

52. IP Addressing – Broadcast Ex. 190 . 168 . 255 . 255 IP address Depending on the “Class”, an IP address with the Node portion set to all “1’s” stipulates a Broadcast and is sent to all nodes on the LAN. BROADCAST!!!

53. IP Addressing – Broadcast Broadcast = 1 to all communication. Traffic generated by one device and sent to all other devices. Broadcast

54. IP Addressing – Multicast Ex. 239 . 129 . 1 . 66 MAC address A Class D address in the range of 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255 in the destination portion of the IP packet represents a Multicast.

55. IP Addressing – Multicast Multicast = 1 to “group” communication. Traffic generated by one device meant for a group of nodes but not necessarily all Multicast Multicast Multicast

56. Layer 3 - Packet Source Address = IP Address of the Sender… ALWAYS ! Destination Address = IP address of the Destination, Multicast Group or All Nodes! 190.168.10.46 190.168.10.50 239.129.1.66 190.168.255.255 Preamble (8 bytes) Destination Address (6 bytes) Source Address (6 bytes) Type/ Length (2 bytes) Data (46 to 1500 bytes) Frame Check Sequence (4 bytes) 1) Physical 2) Data Link IP Header IP Source Address IP Destination Address Data 3) Network

57. Mac/IP Relationship Last/Family Name Smith First/Given Name John Street Elm House Number 1665 MAC Manufacturers Portion 00:80:63 = MAC Device Portion 00:1d:5c = IP Network Portion 190.168 = IP Host/Node Portion 10.46 =

58. Routers

59. Routers Device which interconnects different physical segments or LAN’s via Routes.

60. Routers Routers either learn dynamically or are told statically where different LAN’s reside and facilitate the transmission of data “Packets” among the networks. Layer 3 Device

61. Routers Router: … Is a device that connects LAN’s (Subnets) to form larger networks… LAN A LAN B LAN C LAN D

62. Routers How does the Network Layer route packets from one device to another? Router

63. Routers Is the destination "local" to the source node or is it on a remote network? Router 192.168.1.7/24 192.168.1.10/24 10.24.228.109 1 10.24.228.109

64. Routers If the destination is "local" the source node begins the ARP process to resolve the MAC address of the destination Router 192.168.1.7/24 192.168.1.10/24 10.24.228.109 1

65. Routers

66. Routers If the destination is remote, the source node begins the ARP process to resolve the MAC address of the Default Gateway. Router 192.168.1.7/24 192.168.1.7/24 10.24.228.109 10.24.228.109 192.168.1.1/24 Then it repeats the process for every "Hop" until the destination IP is resolved!

67. OSI Reference Model Layer 3 communication... 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 1) Physical 2) Data Link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application 1) Physical

68. Summary There are three types of traffic within Ethernet Networking, Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast. Frames carry Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast data at Layer 2. Switches interconnect Nodes at Layer 2 allowing communication between them forming LAN’s. Packets carry Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Data at Layer 3. Routers interconnect LAN’s at Layer 3 allowing communications between networks.

69. Questions?