The document discusses different types of energy and energy resources. It explains that energy can be transferred from one form to another but is never lost. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. While fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that will eventually run out, renewable resources like solar, wind and hydropower can be replenished.
Module-1 Non Conventional Energy sourcesDr Ramesh B T
Energy source, India’s production and reserves of commercial energy sources, need for nonconventional energy sources, energy alternatives, solar, thermal, photovoltaic. Water power, wind biomass, ocean temperature difference, tidal and waves, geothermal, tar sands and oil shale, nuclear (Brief descriptions); advantages and disadvantages, comparison (Qualitative and Quantitative). Solar Radiation: Extra-Terrestrial radiation, spectral distribution of extra terrestrial radiation, solar constant, solar radiation at the earth’s surface, beam, diffuse and global radiation, solar radiation data. Measurement of Solar Radiation: Pyrometer, shading ring pyrheliometer, sunshine recorder, schematic diagrams and principle of working.
Module-1 Non Conventional Energy sourcesDr Ramesh B T
Energy source, India’s production and reserves of commercial energy sources, need for nonconventional energy sources, energy alternatives, solar, thermal, photovoltaic. Water power, wind biomass, ocean temperature difference, tidal and waves, geothermal, tar sands and oil shale, nuclear (Brief descriptions); advantages and disadvantages, comparison (Qualitative and Quantitative). Solar Radiation: Extra-Terrestrial radiation, spectral distribution of extra terrestrial radiation, solar constant, solar radiation at the earth’s surface, beam, diffuse and global radiation, solar radiation data. Measurement of Solar Radiation: Pyrometer, shading ring pyrheliometer, sunshine recorder, schematic diagrams and principle of working.
Environmental Science Table of Contents 47 Lab.docxYASHU40
Environmental Science Table of Contents
47
Lab 4
Energy Sources and Alternative Energy
Energy Sources and Alternative Energy
Concepts to Explore
• Energy
• Non-renewable sources
• Passive solar energy
• Active solar energy
• Photovoltaics
• Wind energy
Introduction
Energy is essential for life to exist in any environment. As humans, we consume huge quantities of energy
every day. This, however, comes with many consequences. Although energy is abundant everywhere, useful
energy is much more difficult to produce and less efficient for our daily activities. Over 90% of produced ener-
gy comes from non-renewable resources. These include oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium. Not only are our
sources of fossil fuels and other nonrenewable energy sources depleting, but many of these sources produce
toxins that are harmful to our bodies and the environment. Fossil fuel depletion, deforestation, pollution, and
global warming are just a few negative effects that come from the combustion of many nonrenewable energy
sources.
Non-renewable Sources
Oil is derived from the remains of plants and animals that lived in aqueous
environments millions of years ago. Over very long periods of time, the
heat from the Earth’s core and the pressure from the sand, silt, and rock
that deposited on top of it turns the remains into crude oil. Scientists and
engineers explore areas to find rocks that indicate the presence of oil un-
derneath, and drill through them to tap into the reservoir holding the yel-
lowish-black substance. After the oil is drilled, it is sent to a refinery to be
separated into usable petroleum products—most of which are used to pro-
duce energy. These include: heating oil, jet fuel, heavy fuel oil, liquefied
petroleum gases, and gasoline.
? Did You Know...
The following products are
made from petroleum?
• Ink
• Deodorant
• Crayons
• Dishwashing liquid
• Eyeglasses
• CDs and DVDs
• Tires
• Ammonia
• Artificial heart valves
Coal is another nonrenewable energy source that is derived from sedimentary rock comprised mainly of car-
bon and hydrocarbons. It takes millions of years to create and forms from dead plants that became trapped
under dirt and water. There are four main types of coal: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite.
Coal is classified into these groups based on the amount of carbon it contains. When coal is buried less than
200 feet underground, surface mining technologies can be used to extract it. However, it if is deeper than 200
feet, underground mining is performed to reach and extract the coal. More than 90% of the coal mined in the
US is used for generating electricity. Even though coal is an inexpensive fuel source, it is important to re-
49
Energy Sources and Alternative Energy
member that mining alters the topography and also can cause secondary pollution to waterways and the air.
Similar to oil and coa ...
Energy Sources, Origin of energy resources, Forms of energy, types of energy resources.
Farm Power, Farm Mechanization- introduction, benefits and advantages.
This course introduces renewable energy technologies. Emphasizes exploration of principles and concepts as well as the application of renewable energy technologies (RET). Explores topics such as energy consumption, the prose and cons of renewable energy, energy production and cons, energy conversion, environmental issues and concerns
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Environmental Science Table of Contents 47 Lab.docxYASHU40
Environmental Science Table of Contents
47
Lab 4
Energy Sources and Alternative Energy
Energy Sources and Alternative Energy
Concepts to Explore
• Energy
• Non-renewable sources
• Passive solar energy
• Active solar energy
• Photovoltaics
• Wind energy
Introduction
Energy is essential for life to exist in any environment. As humans, we consume huge quantities of energy
every day. This, however, comes with many consequences. Although energy is abundant everywhere, useful
energy is much more difficult to produce and less efficient for our daily activities. Over 90% of produced ener-
gy comes from non-renewable resources. These include oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium. Not only are our
sources of fossil fuels and other nonrenewable energy sources depleting, but many of these sources produce
toxins that are harmful to our bodies and the environment. Fossil fuel depletion, deforestation, pollution, and
global warming are just a few negative effects that come from the combustion of many nonrenewable energy
sources.
Non-renewable Sources
Oil is derived from the remains of plants and animals that lived in aqueous
environments millions of years ago. Over very long periods of time, the
heat from the Earth’s core and the pressure from the sand, silt, and rock
that deposited on top of it turns the remains into crude oil. Scientists and
engineers explore areas to find rocks that indicate the presence of oil un-
derneath, and drill through them to tap into the reservoir holding the yel-
lowish-black substance. After the oil is drilled, it is sent to a refinery to be
separated into usable petroleum products—most of which are used to pro-
duce energy. These include: heating oil, jet fuel, heavy fuel oil, liquefied
petroleum gases, and gasoline.
? Did You Know...
The following products are
made from petroleum?
• Ink
• Deodorant
• Crayons
• Dishwashing liquid
• Eyeglasses
• CDs and DVDs
• Tires
• Ammonia
• Artificial heart valves
Coal is another nonrenewable energy source that is derived from sedimentary rock comprised mainly of car-
bon and hydrocarbons. It takes millions of years to create and forms from dead plants that became trapped
under dirt and water. There are four main types of coal: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite.
Coal is classified into these groups based on the amount of carbon it contains. When coal is buried less than
200 feet underground, surface mining technologies can be used to extract it. However, it if is deeper than 200
feet, underground mining is performed to reach and extract the coal. More than 90% of the coal mined in the
US is used for generating electricity. Even though coal is an inexpensive fuel source, it is important to re-
49
Energy Sources and Alternative Energy
member that mining alters the topography and also can cause secondary pollution to waterways and the air.
Similar to oil and coa ...
Energy Sources, Origin of energy resources, Forms of energy, types of energy resources.
Farm Power, Farm Mechanization- introduction, benefits and advantages.
This course introduces renewable energy technologies. Emphasizes exploration of principles and concepts as well as the application of renewable energy technologies (RET). Explores topics such as energy consumption, the prose and cons of renewable energy, energy production and cons, energy conversion, environmental issues and concerns
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.