Energy is indispensable and essential for human lives • Wide variation in energy consumption across appliance

1. CLEANER ENERGIES
ESO405
Saifi Izhar, PhD
Assistant Professor
Environmental Science & Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad
Email: saifi@iitism.ac.in

3. Recommended Text Book
1. Vaughn C. Nelson, Kenneth L. Starcher, Introduction to Renewable Energy, 2nd
Edition, CRC press 2015
Recommended Reference Book
1. J. Twidell and T. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources, 3rd edition, Routledge,
London, 2015
2. B. Viswanathan, M. Aulice Scibioh, Fuel Cells: Principles and Applications 1st
Edition, CRC press 2006.
Resources
https://www.renewablesindia.in/
https://www.niti.gov.in/edm/#renewables
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/years-of-fossil-fuel-reserves-left
And GOOGLE

4. About Myself
Google scholar link
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nZfe14IAAAAJ&hl=en
4

5. Grading Details
• End semester exam – 48 %
• Mid semester exam – 20 %
• Quizzes (1) – 15%
• Group Presentation –15 %
• Only the registered students will be
evaluated for each courses.
• Mode of examination: Closed Book
• Any unfair means adopted during the
mid-semester and/or end-semester
examination ‘F’ Grade will be awarded

6. What made you decide to opt this ESO course?
6

7. 7
• Cleaner Energy is the new market
for Professional Jobs
• Every country short and long
term vision is associated directly
with cleaner energy sector

8. Energy Conversions

9. Energy
• Energy is indispensable and essential for human lives
• Wide variation in energy consumption across appliances
• Energy requirement is not consistent and uniform.
https://www.ceew.in/publications/energy-policy-research-india-2022
Average Load curve for Indian population
Power consumption by household appliances

10. World Energy Scenario
What is the main driver for energy demand ?

11. Population growth drives energy demand
Are low and middle income countries
responsible for energy demand?

12. World Energy Production
World Energy scenario 2020
• Energy is an indicator of Country development.
• Energy for country is same as money to human, often termed as currency for civilization

13. Sources of Energy
• Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue
to, play a dominant role in global energy
systems.
• Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of
the technological, social, economic and
development progress which has followed.
• Renewables are the fastest growing
source of energy worldwide.
• Renewable electricity is the cleanest and
cheapest alternative to fuel growth in
demand in emerging markets.
• Flow limited

14. Conventional Sources of Energy – Fossil Fuels
COAL

15. Conventional Sources of Energy – Fossil Fuels
• Most of our energy demand today is met from fossil
fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.
• These fuels were created millions of years ago when
plants and animals died, decayed, and were
compressed under extreme weight. An enormous
amount of energy was captured and stored in this
process.
• To use fossil fuels as an energy source, they first must
be extracted from the earth. Then they’re processed
and oxidized (burned), which generates heat and CO2.
• In a power plant, the heat is used to create steam
which operates large steam turbines, resulting in
electrical energy. Unfortunately, the carbon that is
released in this process finds it way into the
atmosphere, combines with oxygen, forms CO2, and
contributes to climate change through the greenhouse
effect.

16. Fossil fuel consumption has increased
significantly over the past half-century,
around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly
doubling since 1980.
Today, coal consumption is falling in many
parts of the world. But oil and gas are still
growing quickly.

18. These figures reflect energy consumption – that is the sum of all
energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. In 2019,
around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas.

19. Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of
electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In
2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels.

20. What do we mean
when we say “Renewable Energy”?
• It’s defined as an energy source that is naturally replenished and does not
decrease in supply when it’s used.
For example, when solar photovoltaic panels convert sunlight into electrical energy,
the sunlight isn’t “used up;” there’s still just as much sun shining as there was
before, and the sun will rise tomorrow, too.
• Some forms of renewable energy, such as biomass generation, do consume
fuel – wood or other organic material – which then must be replaced. In this
case, what makes the fuel source renewable is the fact that it can be
regenerated in a relatively short span of time, as opposed to the millions of
years that it takes for fossil fuels to be formed underground.

21. What do we mean
when we say “Renewable Energy”?
• One aspect of renewable energy sources to consider is that they are flow-
limited, which means they are limited in the amount of energy that is available
per unit of time.
In other words, there is only so much sunlight energy available in each minute of the
day. We can install more solar panels to capture more of the sun’s energy or erect more
wind turbines to capture more of the wind’s kinetic energy, but we can’t make the sun
shine brighter or make the wind blow harder.
• Renewables are the fastest growing source of energy worldwide.
• Renewable electricity is the cleanest and cheapest alternative to fuel growth in
demand in emerging markets. India is already leading the way, as several other
countries continue to seize this opportunity.

22. Trend of World Energy Consumption
by Source
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2019

24. Why Do We Need Renewable Energy?
1. Fossil Fuels Are Limited
• Fossil fuels are a finite resource
• Reached peak oil - the point at
which demand outstrips supply
(year 2007)
• It will take some 10,000,000
years to replenish what we have
used in around 150 years
• Rate of consumption of these
fossil fuels also increases with
increasing population
• Increasingly difficult to locate
and extract new pockets of fossil
fuel reserve and not sustainable
either

25. Fossil Fuel Plateaued
Fossil fuel demand peak in 2007

26. Why Do We Need Renewable Energy?
2. Carbon Emissions & Climate Change
• Climate change in the last 150 years as an effect of carbon emissions.
• These changes to the atmosphere are causing the planet to warm
through the greenhouse effect: by releasing huge quantities of
greenhouse gases into the sky – where those gases trap terrestrial
radiation causing heat and the temperature on and around earth’s
surface is increasing.
• No part of the world has been untouched by freak weather conditions
• Most continents have recorded record high temperatures in summer,
record lows in winter and increased frequency of typhoons and
hurricanes, record dry spells, drought and flooding, ice caps melting and
the sea levels are rising which creates food shortages and national
instability
• The Paris agreement’s goal is to keep the increase of the global average
temperature to well below 2°c above pre-industrial levels and “to pursue
efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°c”.
• Renewable sources and technology to harness them are low carbon
emissions and serves the need of energy production

27. CO2 levels in Atmosphere

28. Can we turn the corner on CO2 emissions?
1
st
IPCC
report
Paris
agreement