This document defines and discusses key concepts in chemistry, including: - Chemistry is the study of matter and its composition, as well as changes in matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. - There are different branches and fields within chemistry, including inorganic, organic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry. - Important figures who contributed to the development of chemistry include the philosophers Empedocles and Democritus, as well as scientists such as Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Amedeo Avogadro, Dmitri Mendeleev, and others. Their work established concepts like atoms, chemical reactions, conservation of mass, atomic theory, and the periodic table.

1. TEJASVI BHATIA

2. The study of:
 the composition (make-up) of
matter
 the changes that matter undergoes

3.  Anything that:
◦has mass
and
◦occupies space (volume).

4.  Mass: a measure of the amount of
matter that an object contains. (SI
unit kilogram, kg)
 Weight: The force with which the
earth pulls on an object. (SI unit
Newton, N)

5.  Inorganic
 Organic
 Analytical
 Physical
 Biochemistry

6.  The study of chemicals that do
not contain carbon.

7.  The study of chemicals that
contain carbon.
 Origin: study of chemicals in
living organisms.

8.  Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
 Methane CH4
 Hydrochloric Acid HCl
 Ethane C2H6

9.  Composition of matter.
http://besg.group.shef.ac.uk/Facilities/Images/gcms.JPG
Ex:
Mass Spectrometer
Gas Chromatograph

10.  The study of :
◦ The mechanism
◦ The rate
◦ The energy transfer
that happens when matter
undergoes change.

11.  Study of processes that take place
in organisms.

12.  What?
 Why?
 How?
 When?

13.  Science  Pure
◦ Does not necessarily have an
application.
 Technology  Applied
◦ Has practical applications in society.
◦ Engineering.

14. Studying or forming aspirin in a
lab in small scale (small
amounts).

15. ◦ Producing aspirin tablets so that
consumers can use them.

16. http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/nylon/nylon.html
http://heritage.dupont.com/touchpoints/tp_1935-2/depth.shtml

17.  Micro –(small)
◦ Microscopic- objects can be seen
with a microscope.
 Macro-(from afar)
◦ Macroscopic- objects are seen
without a microscope.

19. Philosopher who
believed that:
 There are 4 elements:
earth, water, air, fire.
 Matter is perpetually
divisible.

20.  First atomic
theory
 Atom (indivisible).

21. •Aiming to:
Change common
metals to gold.
Develop medicines.
•Developed lab
equipment.
•Mystical.

22.  Father of the
scientific method
(along with the Englishman
Francis Bacon 1500’s).

23.  Regarded as the Father of Chemistry.
 Designed equipment.
 Used observations
and measurements.
 Discovered nitrogen.

24.  Discovered the Law of Conservation of
Mass:
◦ In a chemical reaction mass is conserved.

25.  Explained burning as reaction with oxygen.
 Old theory: release of “phlogiston”.
Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)

26.  Does an iron nail gain mass or lose mass
when it rusts (a form of burning)?

27.  Atomic theory

28.  Avogadro’s Number 6.02x1023
 One mole of any substance contains
6.02x1023 particles.

29.  First Periodic Table of
elements.

30.  Steps followed during
scientific investigations.

31.  Observation- recognition of a problem.
 Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an
observation
◦ an educated guess
◦ must be testable.
 Experiment- a procedure used to test a
hypothesis (measurement, data collection,
manipulated and responding variables)
 Theory
 Law

32.  A well tested explanation for a broad set of
observations.
 May use models.
 May allow predictions.
 Theories may change to explain new
observations.

33.  A statement that summarizes results of
observations, but does not explain them.
 Changes or is abandoned when contradicted
by new experiments.

34.  The order of the steps can vary and additional
steps may be added.

35. “No number of
experiments can
prove me right;
a single experiment
can prove me wrong.”
Albert Einstein