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Philosophy 11: Introduction to Philosophy Professor Michael Hicks 10 February 2014 Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 1/7
Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes No technology: computers, phones, tablets, etc. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes No technology: computers, phones, tablets, etc. No typed text, unless it is OKed by me or a TA Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 A thinking thing exists Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 A thinking thing exists I am not my body Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Idea of non-mental substance (Strawson) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Idea of non-mental substance (Strawson) Relation of mind to body (Elizabeth) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Idea of non-mental substance (Strawson) Relation of mind to body (Elizabeth) In all these cases, Descartes insists we have an idea, where his critic claims we have a problem. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Idea of non-mental substance (Strawson) Relation of mind to body (Elizabeth) In all these cases, Descartes insists we have an idea, where his critic claims we have a problem. Empiricism is one way of solving the problem Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Divine Foreknowledge Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Divine Foreknowledge Question: can freedom exist in a deterministic world? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Work at wrong scale: macro-phenomena are deterministic Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Work at wrong scale: macro-phenomena are deterministic If my activities were determined randomly, it isn’t obvious that would be any better Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Necessity is opposed to chance. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Necessity is opposed to chance. If everyone believes in necessity, what exactly is the problem? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? “Libertarianism”: we are free in a way that contradicts necessity Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? “Libertarianism”: we are free in a way that contradicts necessity Is there an idea of libertarian freedom? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7

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Intro day 15

  • 1. Philosophy 11: Introduction to Philosophy Professor Michael Hicks 10 February 2014 Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 1/7
  • 2. Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
  • 3. Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
  • 4. Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
  • 5. Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
  • 6. Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
  • 7. Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
  • 8. Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes No technology: computers, phones, tablets, etc. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
  • 9. Introductory Administrative issues Theme for this week: Free Will Hume, Enquiry §8 Searle, from Minds, Brains and Science Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes No technology: computers, phones, tablets, etc. No typed text, unless it is OKed by me or a TA Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 2/7
  • 10. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 11. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 A thinking thing exists Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 12. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 A thinking thing exists I am not my body Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 13. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 14. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 15. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 16. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 17. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 18. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Idea of non-mental substance (Strawson) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 19. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Idea of non-mental substance (Strawson) Relation of mind to body (Elizabeth) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 20. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Idea of non-mental substance (Strawson) Relation of mind to body (Elizabeth) In all these cases, Descartes insists we have an idea, where his critic claims we have a problem. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 21. The Story up to Now Rationalism and Empiricism Three essential claims for Descartes 1 2 3 A thinking thing exists I am not my body I am free The difference between rationalism and empiricism Innate ideas? (Hume on impressions) Better: ideas of pure reason; ideas the existence of which pure reason can disclose (independent of experience) Idea of myself (and Hume’s objection) Idea of non-mental substance (Strawson) Relation of mind to body (Elizabeth) In all these cases, Descartes insists we have an idea, where his critic claims we have a problem. Empiricism is one way of solving the problem Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 3/7
  • 22. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 23. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 24. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 25. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 26. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 27. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 28. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 29. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 30. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 31. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 32. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 33. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Divine Foreknowledge Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 34. The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Divine Foreknowledge Question: can freedom exist in a deterministic world? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 4/7
  • 35. The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
  • 36. The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
  • 37. The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
  • 38. The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
  • 39. The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Work at wrong scale: macro-phenomena are deterministic Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
  • 40. The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Work at wrong scale: macro-phenomena are deterministic If my activities were determined randomly, it isn’t obvious that would be any better Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 5/7
  • 41. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 42. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 43. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 44. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 45. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 46. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 47. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 48. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 49. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 50. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 51. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Necessity is opposed to chance. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 52. Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Necessity is opposed to chance. If everyone believes in necessity, what exactly is the problem? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 6/7
  • 54. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 55. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 56. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 57. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 58. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 59. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 60. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 61. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 62. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 63. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? “Libertarianism”: we are free in a way that contradicts necessity Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7
  • 64. Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? “Libertarianism”: we are free in a way that contradicts necessity Is there an idea of libertarian freedom? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 10 7/7