Intestinal adenocarcinoma
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This document discusses intestinal adenocarcinoma. It describes the anatomy of the colon, dysplasia and polyps such as hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps. The two major pathways for intestinal adenocarcinoma are the adenoma-carcinoma sequence involving APC and KRAS mutations, and microsatellite instability. Risk factors include familial adenopolyposis and HNPCC. Signs and symptoms can include bleeding, anemia, and changes in bowel habits.
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- Serrated polyposis syndrome, formerly known as hyper
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This document provides an overview of colorectal carcinoma, including its anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, screening, pathology, staging, and diagnostic workup. It begins with a description of the embryological development of the colon and rectum. It then discusses the risk factors for colorectal cancer, pre-invasive lesions, clinical presentation, screening guidelines, the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of tumor progression, staging system, and tests used to diagnose and stage colorectal cancer. The goal is to comprehensively cover colorectal carcinoma from anatomy to management.
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This document discusses the serrated pathway to colorectal cancer, which accounts for approximately 40% of colon cancers. It outlines the histological classification of serrated lesions such as hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and traditional serrated adenomas. Serrated lesions are associated with a distinct molecular pathway to colorectal cancer characterized by BRAF mutations rather than APC mutations seen in the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Management and surveillance guidelines differ for patients with serrated lesions due to their proximal location in the colon and potential for aggressive cancer.
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Colon cancer is the most common type of cancer in developed Western nations. Risk factors include age, family history, and lifestyle. Genetic conditions like Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis increase risk. Screening allows early detection of precancerous polyps. Staging involves TNM classification. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery with or without adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation. Prognosis depends on stage, grade, lymph node involvement and other high risk features. Long term surveillance is important after initial treatment.
Carcinoma Colon (large intestine ).pptx
This document provides information on carcinoma of the colon, including:
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Carcinoma pncreas.pptx
The document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on pancreatic cancer. It discusses how to actively engage students by starting with blank slides to elicit their existing knowledge on topics before presenting additional information on subsequent slides. The presentation covers learning objectives, relevant anatomy, risk factors, pathology, clinical features including symptoms and investigations, staging, differential diagnosis, and management approaches for pancreatic cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
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Mental health in west africa
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3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Intestinal adenocarcinoma
- 1. Intestinal adenocarcinoma Jake Prins and Sebastiaan van Jole week 7
- 2. Intestinal adenocarcinoma • Anatomy of the colon • Dysplasia and polyps • Major pathway • Prognostic values • Risk factors • Signs and symptoms
- 7. dysplasia in situ carcinoma No differentiation Lots of chromatin Lots of mitosis Change cell size Change cell form No degradation of basement membrane
- 8. • Raised protrusions of colonic mucosa • 2 most common types: • hyperplastic • adenomatous Colonic polyps
- 9. Hyperplastic polyp • Most common type • Due to hyperplasia of the glands • Benign and no malignant potential
- 10. Adenomatous polyp • 2nd most common type • Neoplastic proliferation of glands • Benign, but premalignant
- 11. 2 major pathways • Adenoma-carcinoma sequence • Microsatellite instability because of mismatch repair: often leads to HNPCC*
- 12. Adenoma-carcinoma sequence • Sporadic or inherited APC mutations at chromosome 5q increase risk for formation of polyp.
- 13. APC mutations
- 14. Adenoma-carcinoma sequence • Sporadic or inherited APC mutations at chromosome 5q increase risk for formation of polyp. • K-ras mutations lead to formation of a polyp
- 15. Inside a healthy cell • Cell cycle arrest through p53 activating p21: inhibition of CDK-1 and CDK-2 stops cell cycle at G1 and S • DNA repair • Senescence • Apoptosis by: • Inhibition of anti-apoptosis genes, like BCL2 • Activation of pro-apoptosis genes, like Bax
- 16. BAX • Release of cytochrome C • Activation of Apaf-1 • Activation of procaspase 9 • Activation of procaspase 3, 6, 7 • Caspases cleave protein substrates and initiate apoptosis
- 17. Adenoma-carcinoma sequence • Sporadic or inherited APC mutations at chromosome 5q increase risk for formation of polyp • K-ras mutations lead to formation of a polyp • P53 mutations and upregulation of COX-2
- 18. Adenoma-carcinoma sequence • We try to detect polyps as early as possible • Goal is to remove polyps before they progress to carcinoma.
- 19. • Invasion of submucosa • Sessile growth Prognostic values
- 20. • Invasion of submucosa • Sessile growth • Villous histology • CEA >5.5 ng/ml Prognostic values Tubular: 5-10% risk Villous: 50% risk
- 21. • Familial Adenopolyposis: Autosomal dominant • Gardner syndrome: FAP, fibromatosis, osteomas • Turcot syndrome: FAP, CNS tumors • Juvenile polyposis • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Polyps throughout GI, Hyperpigmentation on lips, oral mucosa, genitals • HNPCC: Also higher risk of ovarian and endometrial carcinoma • Ulcerative colitis: Because of chronic inflammation Risk factors: Age
- 22. • Usually clinically silent • Might bleed • Right sided: Iron deficiency anemia, Pain (HNPCC) • Left sided: Blood, Small stool (FAP) • Fatigue • Cachexia: weight loss Signs and symptoms