Mr. Yousef Sa'afeen, a 65-year-old previously healthy non-smoker, was diagnosed with prostate cancer after presenting with urinary symptoms. Biopsy showed adenocarcinoma with a Gleason score of 4+5=9, positive perineural invasion and lymphovascular space invasion, and PSA of 147 ng/ml. He also presented with bone metastases. After evaluation, he was determined to be a high-risk patient appropriate for management of his metastatic disease. Treatment options were discussed including surgery, radiation, hormone therapy and chemotherapy based on his risk category and stage of disease.
Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome, is a chronic condition characterized by pelvic pain perceived to be related to the bladder along with urinary symptoms. The cause is multifactorial and likely includes alterations in bladder permeability and neurogenic inflammation. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through history, exam, cystoscopy, and urine testing. Treatment is individualized and may include conservative measures, oral medications like amitriptyline, intravesical therapies, minimally invasive procedures, and rarely surgery. Management aims to control symptoms and improve quality of life through a stepwise approach utilizing various options.
This document discusses the management of low risk prostate cancer. It outlines the natural history of untreated low risk prostate cancer and the problems of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Active surveillance is presented as a management option for low risk prostate cancer, with the rationale being to avoid unnecessary treatment and preserve quality of life. Results from active surveillance studies show low rates of cancer progression and metastasis, with 62% free from intervention at 10 years in one study. Triggers for intervention on active surveillance like rising PSA, grade progression, or tumor volume increase are discussed.
Nomograms provide predictions of outcomes for prostate cancer patients based on known treatment outcomes of similar patients. However, nomograms have several limitations including bias from the development cohort, lack of external validation, and lack of updates using contemporary patient populations. Additionally, nomograms often use surrogate endpoints rather than clinically meaningful endpoints and predictive accuracy is not 100%. While nomograms can help guide clinical decision making, good clinical judgement is still needed and nomograms may not accurately capture all risk factors or change clinical decisions for individual patients.
This document summarizes risk stratification and treatment options for prostate cancer. It discusses using risk prediction models to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and high risk groups to help determine appropriate initial treatment. Options include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy depending on risk level. Treatment selection involves weighing factors like life expectancy, disease control, and side effects.
The document discusses screening and active surveillance for prostate cancer. It summarizes that screening with PSA testing can reduce prostate cancer mortality by 20% but also leads to overdiagnosis of indolent cancers. Active surveillance is presented as an alternative to immediate treatment for selected low-risk prostate cancer patients with criteria such as Gleason score ≤6, PSA<10ng/ml, and limited cancer in biopsy cores. Studies found that 29-50% of patients identified by screening as low-risk were found to have more aggressive cancer upon undergoing radical prostatectomy.
A 19-year-old female presented with dysphagia and odynophagia for a few days without weight loss or other symptoms. Examination found normal vital signs and no other abnormalities. Endoscopy initially showed an upper esophageal lesion of unclear etiology. Narrow band imaging revealed the lesion to be inflammatory and ulcerative rather than cancerous. Further history revealed the patient was taking tetracycline with only sips of water while lying down, confirming the diagnosis of pill esophagitis. No local endotherapy was needed at this time unless a benign stricture develops.
This document discusses post-operative Crohn's disease, including indicators for surgery, predictors of recurrence, endoscopic scoring systems like Rutgeerts classification, surveillance methods, biomarkers, predictors of post-operative recurrence, prevention strategies, and treatments. Some key points include that around 75% of Crohn's patients require surgery within 20 years, endoscopic recurrence occurs in up to 90% within 1 year, predictors of recurrence include smoking, penetrating disease, and short disease duration before surgery, and prevention treatments include antibiotics, thiopurines, and anti-TNF therapies.
According to studies in India:
1) Esophageal cancer is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma, with adenocarcinoma accounting for about 8% of cases. Risk factors for esophageal cancer include HPV infection and p53 mutations.
2) Stomach cancer is most prevalent in Northeast India, particularly in Mizoram. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, pickled foods, smoked foods, and GSTM1 mutations.
3) Liver cancer is usually hepatocellular carcinoma developing in cirrhotic livers. Risk factors are HBV, HCV, alcohol, and dual infections.
4) Gallbladder cancer incidence varies by region but presents at advanced stages with poor survival rates
Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome, is a chronic condition characterized by pelvic pain perceived to be related to the bladder along with urinary symptoms. The cause is multifactorial and likely includes alterations in bladder permeability and neurogenic inflammation. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through history, exam, cystoscopy, and urine testing. Treatment is individualized and may include conservative measures, oral medications like amitriptyline, intravesical therapies, minimally invasive procedures, and rarely surgery. Management aims to control symptoms and improve quality of life through a stepwise approach utilizing various options.
This document discusses the management of low risk prostate cancer. It outlines the natural history of untreated low risk prostate cancer and the problems of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Active surveillance is presented as a management option for low risk prostate cancer, with the rationale being to avoid unnecessary treatment and preserve quality of life. Results from active surveillance studies show low rates of cancer progression and metastasis, with 62% free from intervention at 10 years in one study. Triggers for intervention on active surveillance like rising PSA, grade progression, or tumor volume increase are discussed.
Nomograms provide predictions of outcomes for prostate cancer patients based on known treatment outcomes of similar patients. However, nomograms have several limitations including bias from the development cohort, lack of external validation, and lack of updates using contemporary patient populations. Additionally, nomograms often use surrogate endpoints rather than clinically meaningful endpoints and predictive accuracy is not 100%. While nomograms can help guide clinical decision making, good clinical judgement is still needed and nomograms may not accurately capture all risk factors or change clinical decisions for individual patients.
This document summarizes risk stratification and treatment options for prostate cancer. It discusses using risk prediction models to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and high risk groups to help determine appropriate initial treatment. Options include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy depending on risk level. Treatment selection involves weighing factors like life expectancy, disease control, and side effects.
The document discusses screening and active surveillance for prostate cancer. It summarizes that screening with PSA testing can reduce prostate cancer mortality by 20% but also leads to overdiagnosis of indolent cancers. Active surveillance is presented as an alternative to immediate treatment for selected low-risk prostate cancer patients with criteria such as Gleason score ≤6, PSA<10ng/ml, and limited cancer in biopsy cores. Studies found that 29-50% of patients identified by screening as low-risk were found to have more aggressive cancer upon undergoing radical prostatectomy.
A 19-year-old female presented with dysphagia and odynophagia for a few days without weight loss or other symptoms. Examination found normal vital signs and no other abnormalities. Endoscopy initially showed an upper esophageal lesion of unclear etiology. Narrow band imaging revealed the lesion to be inflammatory and ulcerative rather than cancerous. Further history revealed the patient was taking tetracycline with only sips of water while lying down, confirming the diagnosis of pill esophagitis. No local endotherapy was needed at this time unless a benign stricture develops.
This document discusses post-operative Crohn's disease, including indicators for surgery, predictors of recurrence, endoscopic scoring systems like Rutgeerts classification, surveillance methods, biomarkers, predictors of post-operative recurrence, prevention strategies, and treatments. Some key points include that around 75% of Crohn's patients require surgery within 20 years, endoscopic recurrence occurs in up to 90% within 1 year, predictors of recurrence include smoking, penetrating disease, and short disease duration before surgery, and prevention treatments include antibiotics, thiopurines, and anti-TNF therapies.
According to studies in India:
1) Esophageal cancer is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma, with adenocarcinoma accounting for about 8% of cases. Risk factors for esophageal cancer include HPV infection and p53 mutations.
2) Stomach cancer is most prevalent in Northeast India, particularly in Mizoram. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, pickled foods, smoked foods, and GSTM1 mutations.
3) Liver cancer is usually hepatocellular carcinoma developing in cirrhotic livers. Risk factors are HBV, HCV, alcohol, and dual infections.
4) Gallbladder cancer incidence varies by region but presents at advanced stages with poor survival rates
The document summarizes research on active surveillance for prostate cancer. It discusses definitions of clinically significant prostate cancer, criteria for active surveillance candidacy, biomarkers like PSA kinetics and PCA3, and outcomes of patients on surveillance like cancer-specific survival rates and rates of remaining free from intervention. It concludes that active surveillance appears safe in the intermediate term but challenges remain in identifying higher risk disease and validating triggers for intervention.
This document presents a case study of a 24-year-old male who presented with dyspepsia and epigastralgia. Physical examination and laboratory tests revealed bowel loop dilation and edema. A diagnosis of possible Crohn's disease or tuberculosis was considered. The document discusses diagnostic workup and treatment approaches for inflammatory bowel disease, including imaging, serum markers, and medications like corticosteroids, mesalamine, and biologics.
This study examined predictors of contralateral breast cancer in unilateral breast cancer patients undergoing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM). The study analyzed 542 patients who underwent CPM at one cancer center between 2000-2007. Univariate analysis found that younger age, Gail risk score >1.67%, ipsilateral invasive lobular histology, additional ipsilateral moderate-high risk pathology, and multicentric ipsilateral tumor predicted higher risk of contralateral breast cancer. However, multivariate analysis identified only younger age and ipsilateral invasive lobular histology as independent predictors of contralateral breast cancer. The study aimed to help identify which unilateral breast cancer patients might most benefit from CPM.
Caris Centers of Excellence Virtual Molecular Tumor Board - February 23, 2016...Caris Life Sciences
1) This document summarizes discussions from a virtual molecular tumor board meeting hosted by Dr. Lee Schwartzberg on February 23, 2016.
2) The board discussed four cancer patients' cases, reviewing their clinical history, molecular testing results, and potential treatment options based on genetic findings.
3) For the first patient, an MSI-high colon cancer patient, the board recommended checkpoint immunotherapy due to an MSH6 mutation and high mutational load.
Recent Update on Management of Ulcerative ColitisDr Amit Dangi
Recent update on the surgical and medical management of ulcerative colitis, including various controversies regarding IPAA and recent medical management incorporating the role of biologicals
Effectiveness of Empirical and Maximal Tolerated Activity in I-131 TherapyMark Tulchinsky
Session Title:
Maximal Tolerated Activity of Radioactive Iodine for Metastatic Thyroid Cancer
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging in Denver, CO on Wednesday, June 14, 8:00AM–9:30AM
Management strategies in inflammatory bowel disease. https://youtu.be/ZVtMSTH...Yasser Abdel-Halim
https://youtu.be/ZVtMSTHb-JM
Modern strategies used in IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), (Crohn's disease & ulcerative colitis) with the most recent data from Network Meta-Analysis & AGA guidelines. We have one goal. Which is to block the structural bowel damage progression before it becomes irreversible, with the least possible side effects. & We have three clinical objectives, Early Remission, Maintaining Remission, De-escalation when Longstanding Remission. & To achieve objectives, we have four strategies. Early effective therapy for high-risk patient strategy, Treat to Target strategy, Tight Control strategy & Exit Strategy.
This case study summarizes a 38-year old female patient presenting with breast pain, nipple tenderness, and bloody discharge. Her medical history includes a diagnosis of tennis elbow. Laboratory tests and cytology reports were conducted. She was diagnosed with breast cancer and prescribed a treatment plan including Aceclofenac, Pantoprazole, Cefuroxime, and Ormeloxifene. The pharmacist advised avoiding weight lifting, sufficient rest, maintaining a normal body weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding heavy lifting.
This document summarizes the key guidelines from the 2008 Egyptian-Italian consensus meeting on the management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Some of the main points covered include:
1) Liver biopsy is still recommended before HCV treatment to assess fibrosis level.
2) Fibroscan and laboratory markers alone cannot replace liver biopsy.
3) Genotyping is only necessary for patients who travel abroad or are treatment failures.
4) There is no upper age limit for HCV treatment. Pegylated interferon can be used in children ages 5 years old.
5) Patients with persistently normal liver enzymes should be treated if fibrosis is F1 or above.
6) Patients with compens
The document discusses neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), including their epidemiology, histology, classification, molecular pathogenesis, syndromes associated with NETs, and details specific neuroendocrine tumours like insulinomas, gastrinomas, their diagnosis and treatment. NETs originate from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs and can secrete hormones. Diagnosis and treatment of functional NETs depends on identifying the syndrome caused by hormone secretion and controlling the clinical effects.
1. The document discusses the evaluation and management of acute abdominal pain in the emergency department. Acute abdominal pain accounts for 4-10% of emergency department visits, with 50% receiving a clear diagnosis and 15-30% requiring surgery.
2. Key points for assessing abdominal pain include differentiating life-threatening causes, performing a thorough physical exam, using analgesics during the exam which does not affect diagnostic accuracy, and considering observation for uncertain diagnoses.
3. Factors such as fever, leukocytosis, and abdominal tenderness on exam can help determine if a patient requires surgery or other specific treatment. Observation with reassessment is appropriate for unclear cases.
Gluten is a protein composite found in wheat, barley, and rye that gives elasticity to doughs. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a condition where symptoms are triggered by gluten ingestion in individuals who do not have celiac disease or wheat allergy. The exact prevalence of NCGS is unknown. Diagnosis involves exclusion of celiac disease and wheat allergy, followed by a gluten-free diet and gluten challenge. While the pathogenesis of NCGS differs from celiac disease, involving innate rather than adaptive immunity, further research is still needed to identify biomarkers and fully understand the condition.
This document describes a retrospective case-control study that evaluated whether the presence of esophageal motor disorders (EMD) is an independent risk factor associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The study included 201 GERD patients who underwent high-resolution esophageal manometry and endoscopy. In multivariate analysis, the presence of EMD, presence of hiatal hernia, and H. pylori infection were identified as independent factors associated with BE. Specifically, ineffective motor syndrome and lower esophageal sphincter hypotonia were strong independent risk factors for BE. The findings suggest that systematically searching for EMD in GERD patients could help optimize endoscopic
El 3 de noviembre de 2015, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó en su sede en Madrid (C/ Vitruvio, 5) una jornada sobre ‘El cáncer como consecuencia del envejecimiento: posibles soluciones’. Coordinado por la investigadora María Vallet Regí, del Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, contó con la presencia, entre otros científicos, de Mariano Barbacid, Lodovico Balducci y Theresa Guise.
1. The patient is a 40-year-old male diagnosed with esophageal carcinoma based on biopsy findings. He presents with symptoms of difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomiting, and chest pain.
2. Physical examination reveals pallor and fatigue. Investigations show abnormal biopsy findings and signs of esophageal carcinoma.
3. Treatment options include esophagectomy, palliative stenting, laser therapy, or photodynamic therapy depending on the stage and type of cancer. The goal is to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
This document summarizes guidelines for the diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It defines IBS and its subtypes based on the Rome IV criteria. It recommends diagnosing IBS based on symptoms in the absence of alarm features or abnormal test results. Limited testing like fecal calprotectin can help distinguish IBS from inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment involves dietary changes, probiotics, antispasmodics, antidepressants, and targeted therapies depending on IBS subtype and predominant symptoms. For refractory cases, a multidisciplinary approach including psychological support may help manage persistent symptoms.
Takes Guts to be a Neuroendocrine PatientBill Claxton
perspectives on the importance of raising awareness about NETs as well as the challenges a patient faces, and how the World NET Awareness Day campaign may benefit patients
Nutritional support in severe acute pancreatitisdrsilango
1) Early enteral nutrition within 72 hours of admission has benefits over total parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis by helping to maintain gut integrity and reducing permeability.
2) Enteral nutrition should begin with trophic or small volume feeds through a nasojejunal tube if possible to reduce pressure on the pancreas and decrease risk of exacerbating pancreatitis.
3) Most patients can be fed enterally even if they develop pancreatic necrosis as long as they remain hemodynamically stable and have adequate gastric emptying. Total parenteral nutrition should only be used in rare situations.
The prostate is a gland that produces seminal fluid. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. The prostate has four zones - peripheral, transition, central and anterior fibromuscular. Prostate cancer usually arises in the peripheral zone and is typically an adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis involves a digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen testing, transrectal ultrasound of the prostate and biopsy. Staging involves evaluating if the cancer is organ-confined or has spread locally or metastasized. Treatment options depend on risk stratification and may include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy or hormone therapy.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. It arises from the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. Diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy of suspicious areas identified during digital rectal exam and imaging. Treatment options depend on disease stage and grade. For localized disease, options include watchful waiting, surgery, and radiation. Hormone therapy is the primary treatment for advanced or metastatic disease. Outcomes depend on clinical factors like stage and grade at diagnosis. Screening through PSA testing and DRE can facilitate early detection and improved prognosis.
The document summarizes research on active surveillance for prostate cancer. It discusses definitions of clinically significant prostate cancer, criteria for active surveillance candidacy, biomarkers like PSA kinetics and PCA3, and outcomes of patients on surveillance like cancer-specific survival rates and rates of remaining free from intervention. It concludes that active surveillance appears safe in the intermediate term but challenges remain in identifying higher risk disease and validating triggers for intervention.
This document presents a case study of a 24-year-old male who presented with dyspepsia and epigastralgia. Physical examination and laboratory tests revealed bowel loop dilation and edema. A diagnosis of possible Crohn's disease or tuberculosis was considered. The document discusses diagnostic workup and treatment approaches for inflammatory bowel disease, including imaging, serum markers, and medications like corticosteroids, mesalamine, and biologics.
This study examined predictors of contralateral breast cancer in unilateral breast cancer patients undergoing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM). The study analyzed 542 patients who underwent CPM at one cancer center between 2000-2007. Univariate analysis found that younger age, Gail risk score >1.67%, ipsilateral invasive lobular histology, additional ipsilateral moderate-high risk pathology, and multicentric ipsilateral tumor predicted higher risk of contralateral breast cancer. However, multivariate analysis identified only younger age and ipsilateral invasive lobular histology as independent predictors of contralateral breast cancer. The study aimed to help identify which unilateral breast cancer patients might most benefit from CPM.
Caris Centers of Excellence Virtual Molecular Tumor Board - February 23, 2016...Caris Life Sciences
1) This document summarizes discussions from a virtual molecular tumor board meeting hosted by Dr. Lee Schwartzberg on February 23, 2016.
2) The board discussed four cancer patients' cases, reviewing their clinical history, molecular testing results, and potential treatment options based on genetic findings.
3) For the first patient, an MSI-high colon cancer patient, the board recommended checkpoint immunotherapy due to an MSH6 mutation and high mutational load.
Recent Update on Management of Ulcerative ColitisDr Amit Dangi
Recent update on the surgical and medical management of ulcerative colitis, including various controversies regarding IPAA and recent medical management incorporating the role of biologicals
Effectiveness of Empirical and Maximal Tolerated Activity in I-131 TherapyMark Tulchinsky
Session Title:
Maximal Tolerated Activity of Radioactive Iodine for Metastatic Thyroid Cancer
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging in Denver, CO on Wednesday, June 14, 8:00AM–9:30AM
Management strategies in inflammatory bowel disease. https://youtu.be/ZVtMSTH...Yasser Abdel-Halim
https://youtu.be/ZVtMSTHb-JM
Modern strategies used in IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), (Crohn's disease & ulcerative colitis) with the most recent data from Network Meta-Analysis & AGA guidelines. We have one goal. Which is to block the structural bowel damage progression before it becomes irreversible, with the least possible side effects. & We have three clinical objectives, Early Remission, Maintaining Remission, De-escalation when Longstanding Remission. & To achieve objectives, we have four strategies. Early effective therapy for high-risk patient strategy, Treat to Target strategy, Tight Control strategy & Exit Strategy.
This case study summarizes a 38-year old female patient presenting with breast pain, nipple tenderness, and bloody discharge. Her medical history includes a diagnosis of tennis elbow. Laboratory tests and cytology reports were conducted. She was diagnosed with breast cancer and prescribed a treatment plan including Aceclofenac, Pantoprazole, Cefuroxime, and Ormeloxifene. The pharmacist advised avoiding weight lifting, sufficient rest, maintaining a normal body weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding heavy lifting.
This document summarizes the key guidelines from the 2008 Egyptian-Italian consensus meeting on the management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Some of the main points covered include:
1) Liver biopsy is still recommended before HCV treatment to assess fibrosis level.
2) Fibroscan and laboratory markers alone cannot replace liver biopsy.
3) Genotyping is only necessary for patients who travel abroad or are treatment failures.
4) There is no upper age limit for HCV treatment. Pegylated interferon can be used in children ages 5 years old.
5) Patients with persistently normal liver enzymes should be treated if fibrosis is F1 or above.
6) Patients with compens
The document discusses neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), including their epidemiology, histology, classification, molecular pathogenesis, syndromes associated with NETs, and details specific neuroendocrine tumours like insulinomas, gastrinomas, their diagnosis and treatment. NETs originate from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs and can secrete hormones. Diagnosis and treatment of functional NETs depends on identifying the syndrome caused by hormone secretion and controlling the clinical effects.
1. The document discusses the evaluation and management of acute abdominal pain in the emergency department. Acute abdominal pain accounts for 4-10% of emergency department visits, with 50% receiving a clear diagnosis and 15-30% requiring surgery.
2. Key points for assessing abdominal pain include differentiating life-threatening causes, performing a thorough physical exam, using analgesics during the exam which does not affect diagnostic accuracy, and considering observation for uncertain diagnoses.
3. Factors such as fever, leukocytosis, and abdominal tenderness on exam can help determine if a patient requires surgery or other specific treatment. Observation with reassessment is appropriate for unclear cases.
Gluten is a protein composite found in wheat, barley, and rye that gives elasticity to doughs. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a condition where symptoms are triggered by gluten ingestion in individuals who do not have celiac disease or wheat allergy. The exact prevalence of NCGS is unknown. Diagnosis involves exclusion of celiac disease and wheat allergy, followed by a gluten-free diet and gluten challenge. While the pathogenesis of NCGS differs from celiac disease, involving innate rather than adaptive immunity, further research is still needed to identify biomarkers and fully understand the condition.
This document describes a retrospective case-control study that evaluated whether the presence of esophageal motor disorders (EMD) is an independent risk factor associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The study included 201 GERD patients who underwent high-resolution esophageal manometry and endoscopy. In multivariate analysis, the presence of EMD, presence of hiatal hernia, and H. pylori infection were identified as independent factors associated with BE. Specifically, ineffective motor syndrome and lower esophageal sphincter hypotonia were strong independent risk factors for BE. The findings suggest that systematically searching for EMD in GERD patients could help optimize endoscopic
El 3 de noviembre de 2015, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó en su sede en Madrid (C/ Vitruvio, 5) una jornada sobre ‘El cáncer como consecuencia del envejecimiento: posibles soluciones’. Coordinado por la investigadora María Vallet Regí, del Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, contó con la presencia, entre otros científicos, de Mariano Barbacid, Lodovico Balducci y Theresa Guise.
1. The patient is a 40-year-old male diagnosed with esophageal carcinoma based on biopsy findings. He presents with symptoms of difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomiting, and chest pain.
2. Physical examination reveals pallor and fatigue. Investigations show abnormal biopsy findings and signs of esophageal carcinoma.
3. Treatment options include esophagectomy, palliative stenting, laser therapy, or photodynamic therapy depending on the stage and type of cancer. The goal is to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
This document summarizes guidelines for the diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It defines IBS and its subtypes based on the Rome IV criteria. It recommends diagnosing IBS based on symptoms in the absence of alarm features or abnormal test results. Limited testing like fecal calprotectin can help distinguish IBS from inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment involves dietary changes, probiotics, antispasmodics, antidepressants, and targeted therapies depending on IBS subtype and predominant symptoms. For refractory cases, a multidisciplinary approach including psychological support may help manage persistent symptoms.
Takes Guts to be a Neuroendocrine PatientBill Claxton
perspectives on the importance of raising awareness about NETs as well as the challenges a patient faces, and how the World NET Awareness Day campaign may benefit patients
Nutritional support in severe acute pancreatitisdrsilango
1) Early enteral nutrition within 72 hours of admission has benefits over total parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis by helping to maintain gut integrity and reducing permeability.
2) Enteral nutrition should begin with trophic or small volume feeds through a nasojejunal tube if possible to reduce pressure on the pancreas and decrease risk of exacerbating pancreatitis.
3) Most patients can be fed enterally even if they develop pancreatic necrosis as long as they remain hemodynamically stable and have adequate gastric emptying. Total parenteral nutrition should only be used in rare situations.
The prostate is a gland that produces seminal fluid. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. The prostate has four zones - peripheral, transition, central and anterior fibromuscular. Prostate cancer usually arises in the peripheral zone and is typically an adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis involves a digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen testing, transrectal ultrasound of the prostate and biopsy. Staging involves evaluating if the cancer is organ-confined or has spread locally or metastasized. Treatment options depend on risk stratification and may include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy or hormone therapy.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. It arises from the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. Diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy of suspicious areas identified during digital rectal exam and imaging. Treatment options depend on disease stage and grade. For localized disease, options include watchful waiting, surgery, and radiation. Hormone therapy is the primary treatment for advanced or metastatic disease. Outcomes depend on clinical factors like stage and grade at diagnosis. Screening through PSA testing and DRE can facilitate early detection and improved prognosis.
Carcinoma of the prostate is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in men. Risk increases with age and family history. It often metastasizes to bones and lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves elevated PSA levels, abnormal digital rectal exam, biopsy. Staging uses the TNM system - early stages are limited to the prostate while advanced stages have spread outside the prostate. Gleason scoring evaluates microscopic patterns to determine tumor grade and aggressiveness. Treatment depends on tumor stage, grade and patient health.
This document discusses the value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and Gleason scoring in the management of prostate cancer. It provides background on PSA biology and testing, outlines the Gleason grading system, and explains how PSA levels and Gleason scores are used for prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection and follow-up. PSA and Gleason score together provide important information about cancer aggressiveness and help guide clinical decision-making.
anatomy of Prostate and prostate carcinomaRojan Adhikari
This document discusses prostate cancer including its anatomy, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
1. Prostate cancer most commonly arises from the peripheral zone of the prostate and affects men older than 50 years of age.
2. Diagnosis involves evaluation of PSA levels, digital rectal exam, and transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate.
3. Treatment depends on cancer stage, grade, and risk level. Options include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.
The document provides information on the anatomy and function of the prostate gland. It discusses that the prostate sits at the base of the bladder and produces seminal fluid. It grows during puberty and again around age 50. The document also covers prostate zones, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and common presentations of prostate cancer such as elevated PSA levels or urinary symptoms. Prostate cancer risk factors, diagnosis using PSA, digital rectal exam and biopsy are summarized. Staging of prostate cancer is discussed including the TNM system and Gleason grading scale.
It is not for practicing, only general description of prostate cancer.......of my presentation . for explanation study authentic books also .....and webs.
Overview of Carcinoma Prostate and GeneticsDrAyush Garg
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It produces fluid that protects and transports sperm. The primary function of the prostate is to produce seminal fluid. Prostate cancer is common and can range from early stage to locally advanced to metastatic. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA level, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on the stage and grade of cancer.
Nuclear imaging techniques play various roles in prostate cancer assessment and management. Conventional bone scintigraphy using technetium-99m is effective for detecting bone metastases, though it lacks specificity. PET tracers like FDG have limited utility in prostate cancer due to typically low glucose metabolism in prostate tumors. However, PET may help stage more aggressive primary tumors or locate recurrent disease when conventional imaging is negative. Newer tracers targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) show promise, with radioimmunoscintigraphy using Indium-111-capromab demonstrating reasonable sensitivity and specificity for detecting prostate cancer lesions.
This document summarizes the management of pancreatic carcinoma. It discusses the anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, hereditary syndromes, pathophysiology including pre-cancerous lesions, types of pancreatic cancer, staging, prognostic factors, diagnostic techniques, treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy and historical prospective studies. It provides a comprehensive overview of pancreatic carcinoma covering all relevant aspects of the disease.
Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer among males. While often slow-growing, it can spread and be fatal. Risk factors include age over 50, family history, and certain genetic factors. Screening involves PSA testing and digital rectal exam, but these have limitations as they may detect cancers that would not have caused harm. Treatment depends on cancer severity and may include active surveillance, surgery, radiation, hormone, or chemotherapy.
A basic approach towards carcinoma of prostate , symptoms, investigations , diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow up along with recent advances in surgeries, vaccines and immunotherapy.
Hepatoblastoma- Investigations and managementARJUN MANDADE
This document summarizes information about hepatoblastoma, a rare type of liver cancer that mostly affects young children. It discusses the history and terminology of hepatoblastoma. Key points include: hepatoblastoma typically affects children under 3 years old and accounts for about 1% of childhood cancers. Complete surgical resection is the main treatment when possible but less than 50% of patients are resectable at diagnosis. The addition of cisplatin-based chemotherapy has improved outcomes by increasing resectability. Prognosis remains suboptimal for patients with unresectable or metastatic disease after chemotherapy. Chemoembolization and liver transplantation are promising alternative treatments in these cases.
This document summarizes guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. It discusses various staging tests including digital rectal exam, PSA levels, and biopsy. For localized disease, active surveillance is recommended for very low risk while radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy are options for low to intermediate risk. For high risk disease, radiotherapy dose escalation to 74-80 Gy is recommended. Brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy with brachytherapy boost are discussed. Androgen deprivation therapy is indicated for high risk, locally advanced or metastatic disease.
This document provides information on the anatomy, epidemiology, etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, staging, diagnosis, Gleason scoring, and treatment of prostate cancer. It describes the prostate as a walnut-sized gland located in front of the rectum and below the bladder. It discusses the risk factors for prostate cancer such as family history and diet. The document outlines the staging system for prostate cancer and lists diagnostic tests including PSA levels, biopsy, and imaging. It also explains Gleason scoring and common treatment options such as surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and sixth leading cause of cancer deaths among men worldwide. Incidence increases with age, peaking in men aged 75-79, and African American men have a higher risk than white men. Additional risk factors include family history, obesity, and diet high in fat and red meat. Prostate cancer typically spreads locally and via lymph nodes before potentially spreading to bone, with the lumbar spine being a common site of metastasis. Staging involves a PSA test, digital rectal exam, prostate biopsy, and imaging. Treatment depends on risk level, and may include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or combinations of these.
This case study describes the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer in an 87-year-old male patient. Key details include:
- Cancer was diagnosed via biopsy and confirmed to be adenocarcinoma. Staging investigations found the cancer to be localized.
- The patient underwent external beam radiotherapy to the prostate with doses of 78-79.2 Gy over 8 weeks.
- Common side effects were managed conservatively. The patient will continue follow-up care and has a good prognosis given the localized stage at diagnosis.
1. Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common cancer in males. It typically occurs in men over 50 and prevalence increases with age.
2. Pathogenesis involves progression from premalignant prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive adenocarcinoma through genetic and epigenetic changes.
3. Diagnosis is made through digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen levels, and transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy. Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy such as androgen deprivation.
1. Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common cancer in males. It typically occurs in men over 50 and prevalence increases with age.
2. Pathogenesis involves premalignant prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia progressing to adenocarcinoma through genetic and epigenetic changes.
3. Diagnosis is made through digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen levels, and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone deprivation therapy.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
2. • SEMINAR OUTLINE:
• BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT OUR HIGHLIGHTED
CASE
• EPID.&PATHOLOGICAL KEY POINTS
• HOW THE PATIENT BEING APPROACHED
• NARRATION OF THE PATIENTS
• MANAGEMENT OF THE HIGH RISK
PATIENTS
• MONITORING
3. CASE
• Mr. YOUSEF SA’AFEEN 65 YRS OLD MALE
PATIENT, PREVIOUSLY HEALTHY, NON-SMOKER
• PT STARTED TO HAVE POLYURIA, HESITENCY &
POOR STREAMING, AND DIAGNOSED TO HAVE
PROSTATIC CANCER (ADENOCARCINOMA).
G/S 4+5=9, PNI +VE, LVSI+VE, IPSA= 147ng/ml
PRESENTED ALSO WITH BONE METS.
5. Prostatic plexuses
• The Prostatic Plexus is continued from the lower part of the pelvic
plexus. It lies within the fascial shell of the prostate.
• They are distributed to the prostate vesiculæ seminales and the
corpora cavernosa of the penis and urethra.
• The nerves supplying the corpora cavernosa consist of two sets, the
lesser and greater cavernous nerves, which arise from the forepart
of the prostatic plexus, and, after joining with branches from the
pudendal nerve, pass forward beneath the pubic arch. Injury to the
prostatic plexus (during prostatic resection for example) is highly
likely to cause erectile dysfunction. It is because of this relationship
that surgeons are careful to maintain the integrity of the prostatic
fascial shell so as to not interrupt the subsequent neuropathways to
the pudendal nerve
8. *Prostate is the largest accessory gland of
the male genital system. It is located in the
pelvis, with its base superior and its apex
inferior .It is a conical organ that surrounds
the prostatic urethra.
*MOST COMMON CANCER (NON CUT.) IN
MEN AND THE 2ND MOST COMMON
CAUSE OF CANCER RELATED DEATH.
*INCIDENCE: 95% OF PROS. CA OCCUR
BETWEEN 45-89YRS.
1/10000BELOW 40
9. • 1/103 40-59YRS
• 1/8 60-79
• RF: INC. LIFE EXPECTANCY, UTILIZATION OF
PSA AND SCREENING PROG.S, AFRICAN
AMERICAN, FAMILY HX, PROSTATIC PROBLEMS
10. • More than 95% of prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas,
and ~4% are transitional cell cancers .Others are
neuroendocrine carcinomas (small cell) and sarcomas.
• intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is a precursor lesion.
• PIN is cytologically similar to prostate cancer, but is
differentiated from cancer by the presence of an intact
basal membrane layer.
• PIN is generally classified into either high-grade PIN
(HGPIN) or low-grade PIN(LGPIN).
• The clinical importance of this distinction is that HGPIN is
associated with cancer in 80% of cases, while this ratio is
20% for LGPIN.
• Prostate cancer develops from the peripheral zone in 70%
of cases, from the central zone in 15–20% for central zone,
and from the transitional zone in 5–10%.
• Most prostate cancers are multifocal, and can be found in
different zones of prostate with various grades.
11.
12. • 3 ZONES: PERIPHERAL Z.( 75% OF CACERS),
CENTRAL Z.(25%) & TRANSITIONAL Z.( INNER
PART AND PERI URETHRAL, HERE NO TURP
BECAUSE ITS MULTIFOCAL).
• 5 LOBES( 2 LAT.,1 POST., 1 ANT., 1 MEDIAN)
• POST. LOBE IT’S THE ONE FELT BY DRE.
• 50-80% OF TU. AT THE APEX & 85% OF PT.S
HAVE MULTIFOCAL DISEASE.
• AT THE APEX THE CAPSULE NOT WELL-
DEFINED SO ITS DIFFICULT TO ASSESS ECE.
• ECE IS COMMON AT THE POSTEROLATERAL
PART DUE TO PENETRATION BY NERVES
13. APPROACH
• H&P:
-F.Hx: THE CLOSER THE EARLIER ONSET& THE
MORE FFECTED FAMILY MEMBERS THE HIGHER
THE RISK.
- MEDICATIONS
- DRE: TO ASSESS COSISTENCY OF PROSTATE,
SIZE, PRESENCE OF NODULES, INVOL. OF LAT.
SULCI OR SEMINAL VESICLE
15. • PROSTATE CANCER: STONY HARD
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or an
enlarged prostate gland, is a common non-
cancerous condition in men over 50. The
enlargement is often detectable with a DRE.
• Previous prostate surgery produces a DRE where
the area of the prostate gland feels hard and flat.
The normal prostate landmarks are lost when the
prostate gland is completely or partially removed.
• Prostate infections: Acute bacterial prostatitis
usually produces an extremely tender, swollen
prostate gland that is partially or totally firm,
irregular and warm to the touch
16. • Prostatic or rectal calcifications (stones):
Although most prostatic calculi cannot be
found by means of DRE, some can. It is more
common to discover rectal calcifications,
small, hard deposits in the rectal blood
vessels. Rectal stones are unrelated to any
prostatic conditions.
17. • IF DRE +VE (regardless of psa) TRUS-
GUIDED Bx
• IF –VE DO PSA :
--- TPSA ≤2.5 & PSAV˂0.35ng/ml/year---- FU
WITH DRE & PSA ANNUALLY GIVEN THAT PSAV
˂0.35ng/ml/year OR GO TO BX
---2.6-4ng/ml------ bx WITH CONSIDERATION TO
AGE≥75,COMORBIDITY,PFPSA,FHXÐNICITY
---4-10NG/ML----BX----IF –VE---FU(6-12MO)
IF +VE ----TREAT AS CANCER
18. • WE CAN USE FPPSA AS FOLLOWING:
1. ≤10%-------Bx
2. 10%˂FFPSA≤25%-----FU(DRE &PSA)
3. >25%-----FU(ANNUAL DRE,PSA&FPPSA)
----IF PSA>10---- Bx
19. PSA
• PSA is a neutral serine protease that liquifies
seminal coagulate by hydrolyzing seminogelin
I and II, which are seminal vesicle proteins.
• Only a small portion of the PSA is found in its
free form, termed free-PSA (f-PSA), as most of
it is bound to alpha 2-macroglobulin (AMG)
and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT).
• The half-life of PSA is around 2.2–3.2 days,
and reaches its lowest level 2–3 weeks after
radical prostatectomy (RP).
20. PSA
• SENSITIVE BUT NOT SPECIFIC( 15% FALSE +VE)
• IT AN RISE IN MANY CASES AS:
INFECTIONS, BPH,RECENT DRE, RECENT
EJACULATION, AFTER PROSTATIC Bx(6-8MO),
RARELY IN PANCREATIC,PAROTID & BREAST CA.
21. PSA CLINICAL USES
1. DETECT PRIMARY OR RECURRENT TUMORS
OF VERY LOW VOLUMES.
2. USEFUL FOR FOLLO-UP.
3. SEARCHING FOR METS. IN ASYMP. PT WITH
PSA LESS THAN 10 NG/ML NOT INDICATED
ROUTINELY.
*25% OF PT.S WITH +VE Bx HAVE SERUM PSA
LESS THAN 4NG/ML.
* WHEN PSA COMBINED WITH TRUS-GUIDED Bx
CA IS DETECTED IN 20% OF PT.S WITH PSA 4-
10NG/ML & 60% WITH PSA MORE THAN 10%
22. PSA KINETICS
• TPSA:
• TPSA 4ng/ml is the clinical threshold, specifity
increase when PSA correlated with DRE
23. • FREE PSA PERCENTAGE: % OF PROTEIN-
UNBOUND PSA LESS THAN 0.15 ASS. WITH
PROST. CA.
• PSA DENSITY: PSA/GLAND VOLUME , ITS USED TO
IMPROVE THE +VE & -VE PREDICTIOVE VALUES
WHEN TPSA 4-10ng/ml
• PSA VELOCITY: RISE OF PSA AS A FUNCTION OF
TIME.
---- IF TPSA LESS THAN 4NG/ML PSAV OF
≥0.35ng/ml/y IS SUGGESTIVE OF CA.
---- IF TPSA 4-10ng/ml PSAV OF ≥0.75ng/ml/y is
suggestive
---- IF TPSA > 10ng/ml PSAV NOT USEFUL
24. • PT MUST BE ABSTINENT FOR 48 HRS.
• PAY ATTENTION TO MEDICATION THAT LOWER
PSA AS:
-----5ARI(FINSTERIDE& DUTASTERIDE)
----- KETOCONAZOLE
25. IMAGING
• An assortment of imaging technologies, including 2D,
3D,and Doppler ultrasound, CT, and MRI, has been
extensively evaluated in an attempt to improve
staging accuracy, but are not considered
replacements for DRE
• Among these tools, TRUS and MRI permit optimal
visualization of prostate anatomy relative to CT
• Surface and endorectal MRI coils can yield
complementary information, with the latter
providing fi ne resolution of the prostatic structures
and the former information on the adjacent organs
and regional lymph nodes
26. • T2-weighted sequences allow visualization of the
zonal anatomy, vas deferens and seminal vesicles,
neurovascular bundles, and penile bulb
• MRI allows detection of seminal vesicle invasion
and extraprostatic disease, although MRI staging
is made difficult by postbiopsy hemorrhage
• Anatomic T2-weighted MRI imaging is a sensitive
diagnostic and technique whose specifi city and
diagnostic accuracy can be enhanced by magnetic
resonance spectroscopy(MRS) and/or dynamic
contrast-enhanced techniques (DCE-MRI)
27. BIOPSY
• GOLD STANDARD METHOD FOR Dx.
• Bx IS TAKEN WITH ASSISSTANCE OF TRUS
• CANCER APPEAR HYPOECHOIC
28. • 30% OF CA APPEARS ISOECHO.
• WHEN PSA MORE THAN 4 THE EXPECTED
YEILD OF DX 24% BUT IF PSA MORE THAN 4
AND SUSP. DRE AND HYPOECHO. LESION THE
YEILD RISES TO 45%
29. TYPES OF BX
1. SEXTANTS: OBTAINIG SIX CORES FROM MID
LOBAR PERIPHERAL ZONE ALONE( FAILURE
RATE 10-30%)
30. • 1&5 LATERAL PERIPHERAL ZONES
• 2&4 MID PERIPHERAL ZONES
• 3 TRANSITIONAL ZONE
31. • HERE SEXTANTS TAKEN FROM AREAS 2&4
2.EXTENDED-PATTERN BX(12 CORES):
---- SEXTANT(6CORES)
----LPZ(6CORES)
----LESION-DIRECTED AT PALPABLE NODULE OR
SUSPICIOUS IMAGE
32. WHAT EXPECTED TO BE FOUND
1. TYPE OF PATHOLOGY
2. GRADE(G/S)
3. NO. & LENGTH OF EACH CORE
4. LENGTH OF TU IN EACH CORE
5. PNI
6. LVSI
7. STAINING
33. GLEASON SCORE
• Histological evaluation provides important
prognostic information in prostate cancer
• The Gleason score is based on the degree of
loss of the normal glandular tissue
architectures
• The classic Gleason scoring diagram
shows five basic tissue patterns that are
technically referred to as tumor grades
34. • microscopic determination of this loss of
normal glandular structure caused by the
cancer is abstractly represented by a
grade
• a number ranging from 1 to 5, with 5 being
the worst grade possible
35.
36. 1. SMALL UNIFORM GLANDS CLOSELY PACKED
2. MORE SPACES BET. GLANDS
3. INFILTRATION OF CELLS AT THE GLANDS
MARGINS
4. IRREGULAR MASSES OF CELLS WITH FEW
GLANDS
5. SHEETS OF CELLS WITH LACK OF GLANDS
38. • PRESENCE OF TERTIARY PATTERN OF (5)
SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT PX ADVERSELY
• PT WITH LOW GS (4 OR LESS) SHOULD HAVE
BX REVIEW BECAUSE SOME PT.S WILL HAVE
NO CANCER BUT MOST OF THEM WILL HAVE
HIGHER GRADE CANCER
• PT WITH GS 7 AND WE FOUND A TERTIARY
PATTERN OF 5 WE MUST UPGRADE HIS GS TO
8
39. STAGING
• GATHERING ALL THESE DATA AND
PROCESSING IT CORRECTLY WE WILL BE ABLE
TO STAGE PT ACCURATELY AND NARRATE HIM
ACCORDING TO HIS CORRECT RISK GROUP IN
ORDER TO TREAT HIM WELL
40.
41.
42.
43. NOMOGRAMS
• Partin nomograms predict pathologic stage (organ confined,
ECE,seminal vesicle invasion, or LN involvement) based on T stage,
GS, and pretreatment PSA
• Brignanti nomograms (using extended LN dissection) show higher
rates and support importance of obtaining larger # of LN (e.g., 28 to
detect 90%) to improve chance of detecting involvement
• Roach formulas estimate pathologic stage based on original Partin
data
• ECE = 3/2 × PSA + 10 × (GS-3)
• Seminal vesicle involvement = PSA + 10 × (GS-6)
• LN involvement = 2/3 × PSA + 10 × (GS-6)
• Kattan nomograms are computerized and predict primarily PSA
recurrence, but some also predict PFS as well as prostate cancer
specific mortality after RP, 3DCRT, or brachytherapy.
44. PATIENT NARRATION
• FOR TREATMENT PURPOSES PT.S
CATEGORIZED INTO 3 CATEGORIES:
A- CLINICALLY LOCALIZED
B- LOCALLY ADVANCED
C- METASTATIC
45. CLINICALLY LOCALIZED
• PT.S HERE ARE SUB-CATEGORIZED ACCORDING
TO RECURRENCE RISK INTO:
1- VERY LOW RISK GROUP:
---T1a
--- GS≤6
--- PSA˂ 10ng/ml
--- ˂3 +VE BX & ≤ 50% CANCER IN EACH ONE &
PSA DENSITY ˂ 0.15ng/ml/g
50. TREATMENT OPTIONS
1--- SURGERY:
A-TURP-----> USED MAINLY FOR BPH NOT
RESPONDING TO MEDICATIONS.
B--- PROSTATECTOMY:
❶ RERTRO PUBIC RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY:
REMOVE PROSTATE THROUGH ABD. INCISION &
URETHRO-VESICAL ANASTOMOSIS, BLOOD
VESSEL TIED OFF&BILAT. NERVE BUNDLES
REMOVAL PLUS PLND.
51. TREATMENT OPTIONS
❷RADICAL PERINEAL PROSTATECTOMY: LESS
COMMON DUE TO DIFFICULT ACCESS TO LN
AND DIFFICULT TO AVOID NERVES
❸SUPRAPUBIC TRANS VESICAL PROST. OR
HRYNTSCHAK PROCEDURE
❹ROBOTICALLY-ASSISTED RADICAL
PROSTATECTOMY: --- LESS INVASIVE--- LESS BLD
LOSS--- RAPID RECOVERY BUT NO DIFFERENCE
IN ERECTILE FUNCTION RECOVER WITH RRP
52. TREATMENT OPTIONS
• ERECTILE FUNCTION RECOVERY DEPENDS ON:
----AGE AT RP
----PREOP. ERECTILE FUNCTION
----DEGREE OF NERNE PRESERVATION
*** C/I OF SURGERY:
---≥75 YRS
---LN METS.
---DISSEMENATED METS
---CO-MORBIDITIES
55. ADT
1--- medical cast. :
*** LHRH ANALOGS/GNRH ANALOGS
a.AGONISTS :LEUPROLIDE&GOSERELIN:
PIT. GNRH AGONIST ACTING BY INTERRUPTING
NORMAL PULSATILE STIMULATION AND
DESENSITISATION OF GNRH RCP, LEADING TO
DOWNREGULATION OF LH AND FSH WHICH
LEADS TO HYPOGONADISM and DRAMATIC
DECREASE IN ESTRADIOL (F.) & TESTOS. (M.)
56. ADT
b. ANTAGONISTS
--- ABARELIX
--- DEGARELIX
--- ABIRATERONE (ZYTIGA): Drugs such as LHRH
agonists can stop the testicles from making
androgens, but other cells in the body,
including prostate cancer cells themselves, can
still make small amounts, which may fuel
cancer growth. Abiraterone blocks an enzyme
called CYP17, which helps stop these cells
from making certain hormones, including
androgens.
59. ADT
2. SURGICAL CASTRATION
$$$ ORCHIECTOMY: RAPID FALL IN
TESTOSTERONE LEVEL AND ITS IRREVERSIBLE.
+++ USED FOR ADVANCED DISEASE
PARTICULARLY IN NON COMPLIANT PT., OR IN
PT WHO NEEDS EMERGENCY BLOCKADE FOR
SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION
60. ADT
@@@ TESTOSTERONE FLARE SYNDROME:LHRH
agonists cause what is known as a “flare”
reaction because of an initial transient rise in
testosterone over the first three weeks after
the shot is given. This can result in a variety of
symptoms, ranging from bone pain to urinary
frequency or difficulty plus spinal cord
compression
61. ADT
• SIDE EFFECTS:Orchiectomy, LHRH analogs, and
LHRH antagonists can all cause similar side
effects due to changes in the levels of hormones
such as testosterone and estrogen. These side
effects can include:
• Reduced or absent libido (sexual desire)
• Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
• Shrinking of testicles and penis
62. ADT
• Breast tenderness and growth of breast tissue
• Osteoporosis (bone thinning), which can lead
to broken bones
• Anemia (low red blood cell counts)
• Decreased mental sharpness
• Loss of muscle mass
• Weight gain
• Fatigue
• Increased cholesterol
• Depression
63. TREATMENT OPTIONS
3. CHEMOTHERAPY:MAINLY RESERVED FOR
CRPC PATIENTS.
--- RGIMENS
A. Docetaxel +prednisolone
B. Mitoxantrone + prednisolone
C. Cabazitaxel+prednisolone
D. Vinorelbine
64. TREATMENT OPTIONS
4. Immunotherapy:
---Sipuleucel-T (provenge:autologus dendritic
cell vaccine).
×××Used for crpc with these criteria :
### good pf (ECOG 0-1)
### estimated life expectancy > 6mo
### no hepatic mets
### no or minimal symptoms
65. TREATMENT OPTIONS
5. Other agents : denosumab and zolendronic
acid
### Used in crpc who have bone mets to prevent
skeletal complications
### must pay attention to creatinine clearance
and calcium level
### S/E: OSTEONECROSIS ESPECIALLY WITH PT
WHO HAVE TOOTH EXTRACTION, poor dental
hygiene or dental appliances