The document discusses various Internet and web technologies. It describes how the Internet is a network of networks that provides services globally. It then discusses several key Internet technologies that enable information sharing over the Internet, including protocols like TCP/IP, hardware like routers, and software for various functions. Finally, it outlines several popular Internet and web applications for activities like searching, communications, education, news, and entertainment.

1. Internet
The Internet is the world’s largest public
computer network; a network of networks
that provides a vast array of services to
individuals, businesses, and organizations
around the world.
In this section:
• Internet Technologies
• Web
• Internet and Web Applications
CT3g > Concepts > Internet

2. Internet
Technologies
Many different Internet technologies work
together to provide information and services
over the Internet, including a variety of
protocols, hardware, and software.
In this section:
• Internet Backbone • Client/Server • Domain Name System
• TCP/IP • Peer-to-Peer (DNS)
• Internet Service • Router • Port
Provider • Internet2
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies

3. Internet Backbone
The Internet backbone refers
to the main Internet pathways
and connections, made up of
the many national and
international communication
networks that are owned by
major telecom companies,
such as Verizon, AT&T, and
Sprint—the same companies
and networks that provide
telephone service.
Links:
Gartner, Inc.: Magic Quadrant for U.S. Network Service Providers
Mapnet: View Internet backbone
AT&T international backbone
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Internet Backbone

4. TCP/IP
The protocols on which the
Internet is based are the
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and Internet Protocol
(IP); together referred to as
TCP/IP.
Internet applications divide up
information, such as an email
message, into small packets to make
efficient use of the network. Upon
arriving at their destination, the
packets are reconstructed into the
original message.
Links:
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
PBS: Packet Switching Demo
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > TCP / IP W3Schools: TCP/IP Tutorial
IP version 6 (IPv6)

5. Internet Service Provider
A company that provides individuals
and organizations with access to the
Internet is called an Internet service
provider (ISP).
Internet service providers have been under the scrutiny of privacy advocates and
government regulators for analyzing the data packets that flow over their networks. In a
practice called traffic shaping, or packet shaping, ISPs analyze data packets and inhibit
packets from sources that are hogging bandwidth, so that all customers have more equal
use of the bandwidth.
Links:
ISP-Planet: Top 23 U.S. ISPs by Subscriber
CNET: Internet access tools
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Internet Service Provider

6. Router
A router is a network device
that manages network traffic by
evaluating messages and
routing them over the fastest
path to their destination.
Although routers play a crucial role on the
Internet backbone, they also are used on
smaller networks. Routers are used on
business and home networks to allow
computers on the network to communicate.
Links:
Princeton University: Traceroute Tool
Visualware: VisualRoute tool
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Router

7. Domain Name System (DNS)
The Domain Name System (DNS) maintains a database of
all domain names and IP addresses used on the Internet and
acts like a phonebook, supplying information to Internet
nodes and routers working to get data packets to their
destination. Links:
The TCP/IP Guide
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
ICANN: Accredited Registrars
InformationWeek:
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Domain Name System (DNS)

8. Port
In a computer
network context, a
port is an address
used by clients and
servers that is
associated with a
specific service.
Just as the post office sorts mail by zip code,
Internet servers sort data packets by port
number to deliver them to the intended service.
Links:
Listing of port numbers
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Port Webopedia: Well-Known TCP Port Numbers

9. Internet2
Internet2 is a research and development consortium led by more
than 200 U.S. universities and supported by partnerships with
industry and government to develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies for tomorrow’s Internet
Links:
Internet2
National LambdaRail
Internet2 Applications
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Internet2
Access Grid

10. Web
Technologies
The Web, short for World Wide Web, is an
Internet service that provides convenient
access to information and services through
hyperlinks.
In this section:
• Web Browser • XML • Cookie
• Web Server • CSS • Plug-in
• URL • Web Development • Web Programming
• HTML Software
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web

11. Web Browser
A Web client, usually called a
Web browser, such as Internet
Explorer, Safari, and Firefox, is
used to request Web pages from
Web servers, interpret the HTML
code in the Web page that is
delivered, and display it onscreen.
Links:
TopTenREVIEWS: Internet Browser Software Review
Firefox Web browser (Windows, Mac, Linux)
Internet Explorer Web browser (Windows)
Safari Web browser (Windows and Mac)
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Web Browser http://www.opera.com/
Google Chrome Web browser (Windows)

12. Web Server
The term Web server refers to software that
fulfills Web page requests from Web clients,
and the computers that run such
software.
Web hosting companies provide Web
service and Web storage services to
individuals and businesses for an annual
fee. Links:
The Register: Apache rules web server landscape
Web Hosting Choice: Best 10 Web Hosting Sites
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Web Server Apache Software Foundation
WebServUSB

13. URL
The Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) is
responsible for managing URLs and IP
addresses. ICANN authorizes
businesses known as accredited
registrars to register new domain names.
A Uniform Resource Locator, more commonly called a
URL, acts as a Web page address, incorporating the domain
name of the Web server and the location of the Web page
file on the server. Links:
ICANN
ICANN: Top-Level Domains
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > URL ICANN: Accredited Registrars
name domains

14. HTML
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the
primary markup language used to specify the
formatting of a Web page.
Links:
W3Schools: HTML Tutorial
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > HTML W3C: XHTML2 Working Group Home Page

15. XML
XML (Extensible Markup
Language) provides a
method for describing and
classifying Internet-delivered
data so that it is easier to
organize and manage.
Links:
W3C: The Semantic Web
W3Schools: XML Tutorial
W3C: Extensible Markup Language (XML)
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > XML Microsoft: XML Developer Center

16. CSS
Cascading Style Sheets or CSS
allows easy application of visual
styles for fonts, colors, layout, and
other page attributes to create a
visual theme for Web pages and
sites.
Links:
W3C: Cascading Style Sheets
http://www.w3schools.com/css/
CSS Zen Garden
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > CSS

17. Web-Development Software
Web development software
allows developers to create Web
pages more easily using a word-
processing-style environment and
automating complex coding
activities.
WYSIWYG (pronounced ―wizzie-
wig‖) implies that the Web page you
design with the Web development
software will look the same when
published on the Web.
Links:
Adobe Dreamweaver CS4 software
Aptana software
Web Developer’s Journal
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Web-Development Software

18. Cookie
A cookie, sometimes called an
HTTP cookie, is a small text file
placed on a user’s computer by a
Web server in order to identify the
user whenever he or she returns to
visit a Web site.
Cookie files can contain data or
perhaps a unique identifier that is
used to look up your personal profile
in a database on the server.
Links:
Cookie Central
Microsoft: Information About Cookies
Firefox: Cookies
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Cookie

19. Plug-In
A plug-in works with a Web
browser to offer extended
services such as audio
players, video, animation, 3D
graphics viewers, and
interactive media.
Links:
Internet Explorer Add-ons
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Plug-In Download.com: Plug-ins
Firefox Add-ons

20. Web Programming
Web programming
refers to the
development of
software written to run
either in a Web browser
or on a Web server,
using Web-based input
and output.
Links:
Java + You
JavaScript, The Definitive JavaScript Resource
W3Schools: JavaScript Tutorial
Adaptive Path – Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Web Programming )

21. Internet and
Web Applications
Internet and Web applications are varied and many, assisting individuals,
businesses, and organizations with all facets of life including education, news
and information sharing, communication, travel, commerce, and entertainment.
In this section:
• Search Engine • Online Education • Online TV and Video
• Portal • Online Travel • Online Games
• Internet Communications • Online Employment • Web 2.0
• Online Information Support • Web 3.0
• Online News • Online Music
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications

22. Search Engine
A search engine is a valuable
software tool that enables
users to find information on the
Web by specifying words that
are key to their topics of
interest—keywords.
Links:
Google
63% 20% 3% Live
Yahoo!
AOL Search
Ask
Dogpile
Mahalo
Wikia Search
A9
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Search Engine Search Engine Showdown
Google: Improve Your Search Experience

23. Portal
A Web portal is a
Web page that
combines useful
information and links,
and acts as an entry
point to the Web—the
first page you open
when you begin
browsing the Web.
Links:
iGoogle
My Yahoo!
MSN
AOL
About.com: The Top Personalized Start Pages
Killer Startups: Start-page Review
VerticalPortals.com Main Directory
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Portal IBM: Portals and dashboards

24. Internet Communications
Links:
Internet communications include text- Wikipedia: Emoticon
Wikipedia: List of common emoticons
based communications such as email and NetLingo: The List of Chat Acronyms & Text
Message Shorthand
instant messaging, voice communications AIM Instant Messenger
Internet Relay Chat
such as Voice over IP (VoIP), video Yahoo! Web Chat
Spin Chat
communications, and a variety of group and Skype
Second Life
community forums. Vonage VoIP Internet Phone Service
TokBox Live Video Calling
Cisco TelePresence
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Internet Communications HP Halo telepresence & video conferencing

25. Online Information
Online information refers
to information of all
kinds—business,
personal, governmental,
factual, opinionated, even
inaccurate—that is
delivered over the Internet
and Web.
Wikipedia provides a platform for Internet users to share
information on every topic. Links:
Wikipedia
Purdue University: Searching the World Wide Web
Naperville (IL) Central High School: Research Tips for the Internet
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Information

26. Online News
Online news refers
to newspapers,
magazines,
journals, news
radio and
television, and
blogs that deliver
news and
information about Links:
current events on PBS
NPR
AP
BBC
Technorati
Blogs.com
Google News ABC News Google Reader
the Web. Yahoo! News
The New York Times
Newsvine Google News
MSNBC Yahoo! News
Yahoo!: News By Industry The Boston Globe Digg
San Francisco Chronicle The Miami Herald Newsvine
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online News Citizen Journalism Report Chicago Tribune Reuters

27. Online Education
In a program it calls OpenCourseWare,
the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) is offering all of its
courses free online. Students who take
courses via OpenCourseWare will not
earn credit toward a degree or have
access to teachers, but they can benefit
from the knowledge gained.
Online education refers to Web sites designed to educate
or support education and training. Links:
MIT: OpenCourseWare
Open Courseware Consortium
Blackboard Learning Management System
SkillSoft
Yale University: Open Yale Courses
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Education eHow
Certiport

28. Online Travel
Online travel refers to Web sites and
services that support various travel
activities such as preparing for travel,
finding your way around new
environments, reserving flights and
lodging, booking tours and activities,
and renting vehicles.
Links:
Google Maps
Google Earth
Microsoft Virtual Earth
Microsoft Live Search Maps
MapQuest
Travelocity
Expedia
Priceline
iPhone GPS
Loopt
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Travel
Yahoo! Travel

29. Online Employment Support
Online employment support
refers to Web-delivered
information and services that
support researching
employment options and finding
employment.
•Select a career.
•Discover who the players are in your chosen career
•Learn about the companies that interest you
•Network with others in the field.
•View job listings at general employment Web sites. Links:
•View job listings at industry-specific employment Web sites JobWeb
Yahoo! HotJobs
•Create an impressive Web site to represent yourself. Monster
CareerBuilder
College Board Career Browser
CareerOverview.com
U.S. Department of Labor: Occupational Outlook Handbook
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Employment Support

30. Online Music
Online music refers to
music delivered through
Internet-based or Web-
based services and
includes Internet radio,
music subscription
services, and music
download services.
Links:
Pandora is a unique online music service that Live365
Pandora
builds radio stations around the listener’s Last.fm
Apple iTunes
musical tastes. Microsoft’s Zune
Amazon MP3 Downloads
Napster
Rhapsody
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Music Podcast Alley

31. Online TV and Video
Online TV and video
refers to television
programming, motion
pictures, movies, and
user-generated video
available on the Web.
Links:
Hulu
Joost
ABC
CBS
NBC
Netflix
YouTube
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online TV and Video Google Video

32. Online Games
Online games are the many different
types of single-user, multiuser, and
massively multiuser games played on the
Internet and the Web.
Multiplayer online games can be categorized into the
following genres:
•Action •Role-Playing Games
•Board (RPG)
•Card •Sims
•Flight Simulation •Sports
•MultiUser Dimension or •Strategy
MultiUser Dungeon •Trivia/Puzzle
(MUD)
Links:
Ferion
MSN Games
Massively Multi-Player Online Role Playing Games
Top 100 Game Sites
XBox LIVE
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Games World of Warcraft
The Lord of the Rings Online

33. Web 2.0
Web 2.0 refers to Web
resources that allow average
users to collaborate and
contribute to Web content,
and to the transition of the
Web from an information
resource to a computing
platform.
Links:
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Web 2.0 List of Links

34. Web 2.0 Links
• Social networks: • Rich Internet Apps:
– Facebook – Google Docs
– MySpace – Google Apps
– LinkedIn – 37signals
• Social bookmarking: – Zoho
– Digg – Flypaper
– Delicious – SlideRocket
• Crowdsourcing: – icloud
– Wikipedia – eyeOS
– Epinions – Buzzword
• Media sharing: – Todoist
– Flickr – Adobe Photoshop Express,
– SmugMug • Other:
– YouTube – Plaxo Web 2.0 aggregator
• Blogging: – Swurl Web 2.0 aggregator
– WordPress – SecondLife virtual world social network
– Blogger
– Twitter
– Jaiku
– Pownce
– Plurk
– Spoink

35. Web 3.0
Web 3.0 refers to the next
major change that will take
place in Web technology, and
as such is speculation at this
point.
Links:
The New York Times: Entrepreneurs See a Web Guided by Common Sense
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Web 3.0