. Introduction
The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
The Nation-State System
Evolution of International Society
II. Theories and Approaches
The Classical Approaches-Realism and idealism
The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
III. International Political Security.
Conceptualization of security in the twenty-first century
Power. Elements of National Power
Balance of Power
Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision making and analysis
Sovereignty
National Interest
IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.
War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, civil war,
Guerilla war
Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to Nuclear India and
Pakistan
V. International Political Economy.
Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and neo- Marxism
Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence
VI. International political community.
Nationalism
Internationalism
Globalization
94
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Approaches to Peace
Diplomacy
International Law
Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime
VIII. International Political Institution
United Nations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
International Court of Justice
CSS Sociology Books PDF | CSS Sociology SyllabusEntire Education
Entire education detail best CSS sociology books pdf as per new CSS sociology syllabus. Sociology CSS notes are very helpful as compared to virtual university sociology notes pdf. These are complete sociology notes which also comprise sociology theories CSS.
I. International Relation between two Wars
Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
League of Nation, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
95
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime
The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Issue
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
Non governmental organizations have been active in Moldova since 1989, but a civil society started its today’s formation as a result of radical reforms in economic and political areas only after the country became independent in 1991. Since that time the establishment of a transitional civil society in Moldova is under way. However, starting from 2001, when the Communist Party won the general elections, development of the nongovernmental sector has become slower. Although several positive patterns evident at the end of the nineties indicate progress in the development of Moldovan non-governmental sector, there is a number of sensitive issues (e.g., freedom of media, human rights protection) in relation to which certain regress has been observed especially in the last two years. Media market in Moldova is far from being free, and protection of human rights remains to be a problem (in all respects, situation of non-governmental sector in Transnistria is much worse than in Moldova). Finally, it needs to be emphasized that critical socio-economic situation seems to be the main threat to democracy and the rule of law in the country. This is because further significant economic decline can provide fertile ground for non-democratic political forces and extremists. Economic collapse could be a real threat to the achievements in the area of democratization and civil society development. Thus, only results of a successful economic reform process may reverse undesirable patterns and change socio-economic situation in Moldova, increase income of population, decrease poverty, guarantee stability and irreversibility of Moldovan achievements in democratization and development of civil society.
Authored by: Jacek Cukrowski, Radzislawa Gortat, Piotr Kazmierkiewicz
Published in 2003
Freedom of Speech in the Context of Information War and Armed ConflictDonbassFullAccess
The document analyzes Ukraine's information sphere in the context of the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia. It finds that Ukraine was unprepared for Russia's hybrid information war tactics, resulting in uncoordinated responses from authorities and civil society. Authorities' attempts to restrict freedom of speech to counter Russian propaganda sometimes violated rights. The conflict highlighted needs for objectivity, balance and clear standards when covering conflict issues and populations. The research aims to help authorities and others develop coordinated, rights-respecting information policies regarding security, speech limits and roles of different actors. It audits resources and regulations to help map future coordination and a "road map" balancing security, speech and countering hate speech during conflict.
Presentation of Kalmius Group report «LEADERSHIP OF UKRAINE IN THE MINSK PROCESS: attitude of the citizens towards the first steps of reintegration of separate districts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions»
. Introduction
The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
The Nation-State System
Evolution of International Society
II. Theories and Approaches
The Classical Approaches-Realism and idealism
The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
III. International Political Security.
Conceptualization of security in the twenty-first century
Power. Elements of National Power
Balance of Power
Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision making and analysis
Sovereignty
National Interest
IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.
War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, civil war,
Guerilla war
Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to Nuclear India and
Pakistan
V. International Political Economy.
Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and neo- Marxism
Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence
VI. International political community.
Nationalism
Internationalism
Globalization
94
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Approaches to Peace
Diplomacy
International Law
Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime
VIII. International Political Institution
United Nations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
International Court of Justice
CSS Sociology Books PDF | CSS Sociology SyllabusEntire Education
Entire education detail best CSS sociology books pdf as per new CSS sociology syllabus. Sociology CSS notes are very helpful as compared to virtual university sociology notes pdf. These are complete sociology notes which also comprise sociology theories CSS.
I. International Relation between two Wars
Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
League of Nation, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
95
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime
The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Issue
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
Non governmental organizations have been active in Moldova since 1989, but a civil society started its today’s formation as a result of radical reforms in economic and political areas only after the country became independent in 1991. Since that time the establishment of a transitional civil society in Moldova is under way. However, starting from 2001, when the Communist Party won the general elections, development of the nongovernmental sector has become slower. Although several positive patterns evident at the end of the nineties indicate progress in the development of Moldovan non-governmental sector, there is a number of sensitive issues (e.g., freedom of media, human rights protection) in relation to which certain regress has been observed especially in the last two years. Media market in Moldova is far from being free, and protection of human rights remains to be a problem (in all respects, situation of non-governmental sector in Transnistria is much worse than in Moldova). Finally, it needs to be emphasized that critical socio-economic situation seems to be the main threat to democracy and the rule of law in the country. This is because further significant economic decline can provide fertile ground for non-democratic political forces and extremists. Economic collapse could be a real threat to the achievements in the area of democratization and civil society development. Thus, only results of a successful economic reform process may reverse undesirable patterns and change socio-economic situation in Moldova, increase income of population, decrease poverty, guarantee stability and irreversibility of Moldovan achievements in democratization and development of civil society.
Authored by: Jacek Cukrowski, Radzislawa Gortat, Piotr Kazmierkiewicz
Published in 2003
Freedom of Speech in the Context of Information War and Armed ConflictDonbassFullAccess
The document analyzes Ukraine's information sphere in the context of the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia. It finds that Ukraine was unprepared for Russia's hybrid information war tactics, resulting in uncoordinated responses from authorities and civil society. Authorities' attempts to restrict freedom of speech to counter Russian propaganda sometimes violated rights. The conflict highlighted needs for objectivity, balance and clear standards when covering conflict issues and populations. The research aims to help authorities and others develop coordinated, rights-respecting information policies regarding security, speech limits and roles of different actors. It audits resources and regulations to help map future coordination and a "road map" balancing security, speech and countering hate speech during conflict.
Presentation of Kalmius Group report «LEADERSHIP OF UKRAINE IN THE MINSK PROCESS: attitude of the citizens towards the first steps of reintegration of separate districts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions»
Analytical note on the results of the first wave of the nationwide survey «Le...DonbassFullAccess
Analytical note on the results of the first wave of the nationwide survey «Leadership of Ukraine in the Minsk process» attitude of the citizens towards the first steps of reintegration
Civil society under Russia’s threat: building resilience in Ukraine, Belarus ...DonbassFullAccess
This document summarizes a research paper on civil society resilience in Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova in response to threats from Russia. It finds the top three vulnerabilities for each country are:
For Ukraine - high insecurity from the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine; turbulence in its predatory and fractured political environment; and susceptibility to Russian disinformation.
For Belarus - its structural dependence on Russia economically, in energy, geopolitically and socio-culturally; issues with national identity and the Russian language; exposure to Russian information warfare.
For Moldova - strong linkages between politics, media and the Orthodox Church that allow Russian propaganda to dominate; low trust in institutions due to this undermining
Weekly intelligence report on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP focuses on building legal protections in order to foster innovation. The Party also keeps up pressure on Taiwan's incoming president and strengthens its strategic partnership with Russia.
Islamic State the Product of a Bridging Between Regional Competitions and Isl...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The Islamic state that was formed in 2006 in territories outside the control of two war-torn countries, with the capture of the city of Mosul in 2014 was world famous and be of interest to all news circles across the globe. This state used extremely cruel methods in relation to its prisoners of war, which is not a venue to discuss in this paper, came more than ever to fill the headlines of newspapers and online media. After a period of relative silence news, now with fighting to retake the city of Mosul, the "Islamic state" is once again under the focus of the news circles. This paper intends to review primarily on the formation of the "Islamic State" and introduce a summary of the main factors involved in forming this state with a slightly different perspective than the views have been described earlier.
MSt of Diplomatic Studies 2015 - Final DissertationWilson Ang
This dissertation explores the roles of non-state actors in the global convergence process. The literature review discusses the concept of global convergence across political, economic, and cultural domains. Politically, national policies are becoming more similar due to globalization, though there is debate around whether regulations will increase or decrease. Economically, gaps between rich and poor nations are shrinking. Culturally, values are homogenizing through increased connectivity. Non-state actors from business and civil society play supportive roles in the convergence, such as trust-building politically and asset management economically. The case studies will examine their functions in climate negotiations and ASEAN.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It discusses propaganda work, United Front work, Party discipline, the Central Military Commission, and other topics. The report is produced by David Gitter and aims to provide context and analysis on China through the lens of the CCP using Chinese language sources. It covers various meetings, appointments, and directives issued by the CCP and its related organizations during the period from April 25th to May 1st, 2016.
The document is a study guide for the Human Rights Council that discusses two topics: the right to privacy in the digital age and addressing the increase in domestic violence. For topic A on the right to privacy, the summary provides background on worldwide surveillance programs like the Five Eyes alliance and how digital technology has impacted privacy. It outlines different bloc positions, with China and Russia expressing concerns about privacy violations and data collection, while the UK and US take different regulatory approaches. The timeline highlights key events in surveillance programs and social media privacy issues.
This document is a weekly intelligence report from Party Watch focusing on activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It provides summaries of CCP propaganda efforts, United Front work, disciplinary actions, and other topics. Key points included Xi Jinping meeting with Prince Andrew and emphasizing environmental protection, guidelines to regulate China's cultural market and protect ideological security, and a former CMC vice chairman confessing to taking bribes. The report aims to provide context on China through the lens of the CCP.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It discusses the establishment of an innovation partnership between China and Switzerland, meetings between Chinese and Nigerian leaders, and the Chinese State Council's report on U.S. human rights issues. It also covers United Front work to manage diverse intellectuals, Party discipline rules, a CMC vice chairman's visit to the Spratly Islands, and Xi Jinping's comments on protecting cultural relics during economic development.
An Appraisal of the Current State of Affairs in Nigerian Party Politicsinventionjournals
Nigeria, like many other African countries, has had its fair share of democratic challenges, but it has also recorded some achievement over the years. There have already been calls across the country for some adjustments and improvements on the way political parties are run and managed, in the years to come. This paper sets out to analytically x-ray some of the challenges currently bedevilling the structure and workings of the political parties in Nigeria with a view to repositioning the ideological root and value system that these political parties are driven by. Using the secondary data where information is gathered and the content of same analysed the paper tends to showcase the salient strength and weaknesses inherent in the Nigeria political party system. It concludes that the political parties in Nigeria have always had to grapple with challenges owing to the fact that the formation of the parties are built along faulty lines, chiefly among which is the lack of a clear cut ideology and proposes amongst others that party members begin to imbibe the spirit of sportsmanship by displaying some sense of direction towards establishing a robust party manifesto.
The oppression of Uighur Muslims in China is a serious issue that the Security Council must address. Over a million Uighurs have been detained in camps in Xinjiang, where they face human rights violations including restrictions on religious and cultural practices. While China claims the camps provide vocational training, leaked documents show the camps are tightly controlled detention centers. The issue is complex as China is a permanent Security Council member with significant global influence, but many countries and human rights groups have condemned China's actions. The Security Council must determine the best way to resolve this issue and protect the rights of the Uighur people.
Politburo 2.0 works as a network structure. It is an informal agency and there is no formalization of its functions such as general meetings.
Sectoral branches are distributed among its members and they offer their management schemes within their competence.
This document discusses U.S. foreign policy towards Russia from 2000-2012. It examines the significance of foreign policy and outlines the key areas of study as U.S.-Russia relations and efforts to promote democracy in Russia. The main argument is that while Russia has become more democratic since the fall of the Soviet Union, relations remain tense and U.S. policy has not significantly changed. The document then outlines Russia's principal foreign policy interests in global order, security, and economic growth as well as U.S. interests in international security, the world economy, and global order.
This document summarizes and analyzes the rise of China in three paragraphs:
1) The 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party marks the beginning of the "Xi Jinping era" and the third revolutionary epoch in China, after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. However, China sees itself as a "reluctant giant" that is still working to address domestic issues like poverty and inequality before assuming global leadership.
2) As the American-led global order declines more rapidly than expected, China feels compelled to take on more leadership internationally, such as through Xi's statements at the Davos conference. However, China's priority remains domestic development for another two decades.
3)
FOREIGN POLICY INSIGHT: Russian Aggression, International Support and Action ...Mmedeiros_1986
1. The document summarizes the Russian aggression in Crimea and the international response. It discusses the positions of major global players, Russia's geopolitical and economic interests in Crimea, and various conspiracy theories about Russia's motivations. It also outlines restraints on Russia's actions and the information war between Russia and Maidan.
2. The document analyzes Russia's violations of international treaties and its goal of attaching Crimea to a "small security belt" of regions under its control. It explores theories that Russia aims to raise stakes in negotiations, counter US influence in Ukraine, or distract from its own economic problems.
3. The international response and NATO military superiority in the Black Sea have restrained further
The enlargement of the EU to include the ten new member states in Central and Eastern Europe and the two Mediterranean islands on 1 May 2004 and Bulgaria and Romania on 1 January 2007 was the result of a tremendous effort to reconfigure not only the frontiers of Europe, but also the concept of what Europe is. Enlargements in 2004 and 2007 did not end the debate about where Europe begins and ends, however. Rather it fuelled the discussion, as neighbouring countries continue to express interest in joining the EU. At the moment it seems that enlargement will continue in the short term to include the remaining Balkan states and Turkey. This process is expected to continue well into the second decade of this millennium. But what then? The borders of the EU have been highly unstable since its inception. The possibility, desirability or inevitability of enlargement has become part of the discourse of the EU. Certain practical and institutional problems, however, are increasingly apparent. Physically can the EU institutions cope with endless enlargement? Psychologically can we cope with a ‘Europe’ that is not constrained by any physically finite framework? Theoretically, is it possible to incorporate the inherently unstable into a constitutional framework?
Authored by: Elspeth Guild, Viktoriya Khasson, Miriam Mir
Published in 2007
After the relatively successful system transformation, some young democratic countries from Central and Eastern Europe which used to receive democratic
aid in the 1980s and 90s have engaged as new donors in assisting pro-democratic
changes in other post-communist countries. The donor-recipient relations between
two post-communist countries can be observed on the example of the development
of cooperation between Poland and Ukraine. This paper deals with Polish assistance
to new media in Ukraine in from 2007-2017 as a part of supporting democracy in
Ukraine under the Polish Cooperation Development Program. Firstly, this work examines whether the Polish government’s support of Ukrainian media as part of cooperation development will be sustained regardless of changes in the Polish government.
Secondly, the paper explores whether Polish NGOs tailor their projects, financed
by the Polish MFA, to the recipients’ respective needs and the current situation in
Ukraine. By examining Polish media assistance, the authors aim to explain the efforts
of the new donor in developing media in a partner country, emphasizing the relation
between the involvement of external actors and the presence of independent media
which play an important role in democratization processes.
This document provides a weekly intelligence report on activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) based on Chinese language sources controlled by the CCP. The report discusses Xi Jinping's visit to the Czech Republic to advance China-Czech cooperation. It also covers continued CCP efforts against pornography and Xi's meeting with Obama emphasizing common interests between China and the US. The report provides summaries of CCP propaganda work, united front work disciplining cadres, and international meetings and personnel appointments from March 28 to April 3, 2016.
The key persons – Politburo 2.0 members - do not fall out of the Putin orbit. These people remain as the key decision makers in the Government. There is staff turnover in the Government so as in the regions but the Politburo 2.0 holds levers of control tightly.
Tras el desvanecimiento del orden surgido de la Segunda Guerra mundial, y de los poderes que de ella emergieron, hoy nuevos actores emergen, en los que democracia liberal es cuestionada por otros tipos de organización política.
Analytical note on the results of the first wave of the nationwide survey «Le...DonbassFullAccess
Analytical note on the results of the first wave of the nationwide survey «Leadership of Ukraine in the Minsk process» attitude of the citizens towards the first steps of reintegration
Civil society under Russia’s threat: building resilience in Ukraine, Belarus ...DonbassFullAccess
This document summarizes a research paper on civil society resilience in Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova in response to threats from Russia. It finds the top three vulnerabilities for each country are:
For Ukraine - high insecurity from the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine; turbulence in its predatory and fractured political environment; and susceptibility to Russian disinformation.
For Belarus - its structural dependence on Russia economically, in energy, geopolitically and socio-culturally; issues with national identity and the Russian language; exposure to Russian information warfare.
For Moldova - strong linkages between politics, media and the Orthodox Church that allow Russian propaganda to dominate; low trust in institutions due to this undermining
Weekly intelligence report on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP focuses on building legal protections in order to foster innovation. The Party also keeps up pressure on Taiwan's incoming president and strengthens its strategic partnership with Russia.
Islamic State the Product of a Bridging Between Regional Competitions and Isl...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The Islamic state that was formed in 2006 in territories outside the control of two war-torn countries, with the capture of the city of Mosul in 2014 was world famous and be of interest to all news circles across the globe. This state used extremely cruel methods in relation to its prisoners of war, which is not a venue to discuss in this paper, came more than ever to fill the headlines of newspapers and online media. After a period of relative silence news, now with fighting to retake the city of Mosul, the "Islamic state" is once again under the focus of the news circles. This paper intends to review primarily on the formation of the "Islamic State" and introduce a summary of the main factors involved in forming this state with a slightly different perspective than the views have been described earlier.
MSt of Diplomatic Studies 2015 - Final DissertationWilson Ang
This dissertation explores the roles of non-state actors in the global convergence process. The literature review discusses the concept of global convergence across political, economic, and cultural domains. Politically, national policies are becoming more similar due to globalization, though there is debate around whether regulations will increase or decrease. Economically, gaps between rich and poor nations are shrinking. Culturally, values are homogenizing through increased connectivity. Non-state actors from business and civil society play supportive roles in the convergence, such as trust-building politically and asset management economically. The case studies will examine their functions in climate negotiations and ASEAN.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It discusses propaganda work, United Front work, Party discipline, the Central Military Commission, and other topics. The report is produced by David Gitter and aims to provide context and analysis on China through the lens of the CCP using Chinese language sources. It covers various meetings, appointments, and directives issued by the CCP and its related organizations during the period from April 25th to May 1st, 2016.
The document is a study guide for the Human Rights Council that discusses two topics: the right to privacy in the digital age and addressing the increase in domestic violence. For topic A on the right to privacy, the summary provides background on worldwide surveillance programs like the Five Eyes alliance and how digital technology has impacted privacy. It outlines different bloc positions, with China and Russia expressing concerns about privacy violations and data collection, while the UK and US take different regulatory approaches. The timeline highlights key events in surveillance programs and social media privacy issues.
This document is a weekly intelligence report from Party Watch focusing on activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It provides summaries of CCP propaganda efforts, United Front work, disciplinary actions, and other topics. Key points included Xi Jinping meeting with Prince Andrew and emphasizing environmental protection, guidelines to regulate China's cultural market and protect ideological security, and a former CMC vice chairman confessing to taking bribes. The report aims to provide context on China through the lens of the CCP.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It discusses the establishment of an innovation partnership between China and Switzerland, meetings between Chinese and Nigerian leaders, and the Chinese State Council's report on U.S. human rights issues. It also covers United Front work to manage diverse intellectuals, Party discipline rules, a CMC vice chairman's visit to the Spratly Islands, and Xi Jinping's comments on protecting cultural relics during economic development.
An Appraisal of the Current State of Affairs in Nigerian Party Politicsinventionjournals
Nigeria, like many other African countries, has had its fair share of democratic challenges, but it has also recorded some achievement over the years. There have already been calls across the country for some adjustments and improvements on the way political parties are run and managed, in the years to come. This paper sets out to analytically x-ray some of the challenges currently bedevilling the structure and workings of the political parties in Nigeria with a view to repositioning the ideological root and value system that these political parties are driven by. Using the secondary data where information is gathered and the content of same analysed the paper tends to showcase the salient strength and weaknesses inherent in the Nigeria political party system. It concludes that the political parties in Nigeria have always had to grapple with challenges owing to the fact that the formation of the parties are built along faulty lines, chiefly among which is the lack of a clear cut ideology and proposes amongst others that party members begin to imbibe the spirit of sportsmanship by displaying some sense of direction towards establishing a robust party manifesto.
The oppression of Uighur Muslims in China is a serious issue that the Security Council must address. Over a million Uighurs have been detained in camps in Xinjiang, where they face human rights violations including restrictions on religious and cultural practices. While China claims the camps provide vocational training, leaked documents show the camps are tightly controlled detention centers. The issue is complex as China is a permanent Security Council member with significant global influence, but many countries and human rights groups have condemned China's actions. The Security Council must determine the best way to resolve this issue and protect the rights of the Uighur people.
Politburo 2.0 works as a network structure. It is an informal agency and there is no formalization of its functions such as general meetings.
Sectoral branches are distributed among its members and they offer their management schemes within their competence.
This document discusses U.S. foreign policy towards Russia from 2000-2012. It examines the significance of foreign policy and outlines the key areas of study as U.S.-Russia relations and efforts to promote democracy in Russia. The main argument is that while Russia has become more democratic since the fall of the Soviet Union, relations remain tense and U.S. policy has not significantly changed. The document then outlines Russia's principal foreign policy interests in global order, security, and economic growth as well as U.S. interests in international security, the world economy, and global order.
This document summarizes and analyzes the rise of China in three paragraphs:
1) The 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party marks the beginning of the "Xi Jinping era" and the third revolutionary epoch in China, after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. However, China sees itself as a "reluctant giant" that is still working to address domestic issues like poverty and inequality before assuming global leadership.
2) As the American-led global order declines more rapidly than expected, China feels compelled to take on more leadership internationally, such as through Xi's statements at the Davos conference. However, China's priority remains domestic development for another two decades.
3)
FOREIGN POLICY INSIGHT: Russian Aggression, International Support and Action ...Mmedeiros_1986
1. The document summarizes the Russian aggression in Crimea and the international response. It discusses the positions of major global players, Russia's geopolitical and economic interests in Crimea, and various conspiracy theories about Russia's motivations. It also outlines restraints on Russia's actions and the information war between Russia and Maidan.
2. The document analyzes Russia's violations of international treaties and its goal of attaching Crimea to a "small security belt" of regions under its control. It explores theories that Russia aims to raise stakes in negotiations, counter US influence in Ukraine, or distract from its own economic problems.
3. The international response and NATO military superiority in the Black Sea have restrained further
The enlargement of the EU to include the ten new member states in Central and Eastern Europe and the two Mediterranean islands on 1 May 2004 and Bulgaria and Romania on 1 January 2007 was the result of a tremendous effort to reconfigure not only the frontiers of Europe, but also the concept of what Europe is. Enlargements in 2004 and 2007 did not end the debate about where Europe begins and ends, however. Rather it fuelled the discussion, as neighbouring countries continue to express interest in joining the EU. At the moment it seems that enlargement will continue in the short term to include the remaining Balkan states and Turkey. This process is expected to continue well into the second decade of this millennium. But what then? The borders of the EU have been highly unstable since its inception. The possibility, desirability or inevitability of enlargement has become part of the discourse of the EU. Certain practical and institutional problems, however, are increasingly apparent. Physically can the EU institutions cope with endless enlargement? Psychologically can we cope with a ‘Europe’ that is not constrained by any physically finite framework? Theoretically, is it possible to incorporate the inherently unstable into a constitutional framework?
Authored by: Elspeth Guild, Viktoriya Khasson, Miriam Mir
Published in 2007
After the relatively successful system transformation, some young democratic countries from Central and Eastern Europe which used to receive democratic
aid in the 1980s and 90s have engaged as new donors in assisting pro-democratic
changes in other post-communist countries. The donor-recipient relations between
two post-communist countries can be observed on the example of the development
of cooperation between Poland and Ukraine. This paper deals with Polish assistance
to new media in Ukraine in from 2007-2017 as a part of supporting democracy in
Ukraine under the Polish Cooperation Development Program. Firstly, this work examines whether the Polish government’s support of Ukrainian media as part of cooperation development will be sustained regardless of changes in the Polish government.
Secondly, the paper explores whether Polish NGOs tailor their projects, financed
by the Polish MFA, to the recipients’ respective needs and the current situation in
Ukraine. By examining Polish media assistance, the authors aim to explain the efforts
of the new donor in developing media in a partner country, emphasizing the relation
between the involvement of external actors and the presence of independent media
which play an important role in democratization processes.
This document provides a weekly intelligence report on activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) based on Chinese language sources controlled by the CCP. The report discusses Xi Jinping's visit to the Czech Republic to advance China-Czech cooperation. It also covers continued CCP efforts against pornography and Xi's meeting with Obama emphasizing common interests between China and the US. The report provides summaries of CCP propaganda work, united front work disciplining cadres, and international meetings and personnel appointments from March 28 to April 3, 2016.
The key persons – Politburo 2.0 members - do not fall out of the Putin orbit. These people remain as the key decision makers in the Government. There is staff turnover in the Government so as in the regions but the Politburo 2.0 holds levers of control tightly.
Tras el desvanecimiento del orden surgido de la Segunda Guerra mundial, y de los poderes que de ella emergieron, hoy nuevos actores emergen, en los que democracia liberal es cuestionada por otros tipos de organización política.
Realism is one of the main theories in international relations that views all actors as acting in their own self-interest to gain power. This essay discusses the usefulness and limitations of realism in analyzing world affairs. It outlines how realism focuses on security and power in an anarchic system without central authority. However, critics argue it is too pessimistic and state-centric, failing to account for other factors like norms and international institutions. Overall, realism provides a useful perspective but a single theory cannot fully explain the complexities of international relations.
A Brief Insight into Evolution of International Relations as an Independent D...DigitalBelieversIas
In modern times while nations and people have come to understand the importance of International Relations as an activity among nations, there is not much awareness about the evolution of International Relations as an academic discipline. In this blog let us look into it
The Norwich Model United Nations Conference 2017 will be a one-day conference in March 2017 that gives high school students in the Norwich area an opportunity to participate in debates on global politics and development. Students in years 10-12 will represent countries and debate current issues under UN procedures. The UEA Model UN Society will provide training and resources to prepare students. The conference aims to strengthen relationships between the university and local schools and educate youth about international affairs. It will allow students to understand the UN and different countries' perspectives, while developing skills in public speaking, critical thinking, and negotiation.
This report presents an analysis of people's thinking as they deliberated together in public forums about Americans' Role in the World. The analysis is based on forums held in 37 states, on moderator interviews representing forums in 22 locations, observations of six forums, videotape of four forums, and on the results of two online forums. The report is also based on the analysis of 1,486 post-forum questionnaires that were returned between April 2003 and April 2004.
International relations as a practice of interaction among states, and among state and non-state actors are thousands of years old
However, International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline studying these relations emerged as a specialized field after WW1.
Like every other academic discipline, International Relations (IR) has developed its own distinctive subject matter since its emergence
This presentation explains the scope and the subject matter of IR with the help of its five pillars- Aim, Actors, Agenda, Arena, and Actions
This document provides an agenda and background information for a symposium held on September 13, 2012 at George Mason University's School of Public Policy titled "Intelligence, Policy, and Politics: The DCI, the White House, and Congress". The symposium featured panels and presentations from former Directors of Central Intelligence and other intelligence experts on the history and role of the Director of Central Intelligence. It included an overview of the DCI position from 1946 to 2005, as well as more detailed examinations of certain DCIs' tenures and the development of the intelligence community and relationship with the White House and Congress over time.
This document discusses India's international relationships and their impact on the country's economic growth. It provides context on the history of international relations and outlines key determinants of foreign policy. India maintains relationships with many countries around the world, and its national security relies on both internal strength and its ability to exist and develop within the international environment. Bilateral relationships, regional and global groups, and the policies of other nations can all affect India's interests. Examining these dynamics and China's growing global influence is important for understanding India's current international policies and their role in economic development.
The document provides sample responses to exam questions on various topics in international relations:
1. It summarizes the timeline of the Cold War and notes that while there was no direct fighting between the US and Soviet Union, there was ideological conflict between the two superpowers.
2. It compares the main features of realism, liberalism, and idealism in international relations studies, noting their different perspectives on achieving international compatibility.
3. It states that leading scholars correctly predicted the formation of a new world order following the Cold War that would establish common identification criteria and increase international agreements between nations.
A Short Paper Assignment allows you, early in the course, to demonst.docxmehek4
A Short Paper Assignment allows you, early in the course, to demonstrate your research skills to your instructor and to receive feedback that will benefit you when you write your research paper. With this assignment, you will learn how to do proper and adequate research and write a short paper and prepare you for writing the research paper.
This short paper is at least three double-spaced pages of text (Times New Roman, font size 12) and you must consult a minimum of two academically credible sources. Bibliographies and citations will be in the Chicago Manual of Style format.
The short paper needs to be turned in through the assignment section for grading. If you use any of the information from your sources word-for-word, you must cite the source by using endnotes or footnotes. If you read the information and write it in your own words and it is not common knowledge, then you must cite the source because you are paraphrasing someone's information.
The short paper must include a cover page with your name, course number and course title, instructor's name, and date. You must also include a bibliography at the end of your paper. While composing your paper, use proper English. Do not use abbreviations, contractions, passive voice, or first/ second person (I, you, we, our, etc)
I need a 3 page paper written on one of the following topics.
TOPICS:
1. Analyze the impact of technology on the development of human civilizations. In particular, examine the difference between the adjustment of details of life and genuine technological change. Explore the impetus for each, and the effects of each.
2. Ancient Mesopotamian civilization produced a number of remarkable contributions to civilization. Explore the reasons why so many groundbreaking advancements came from one civilization, and trace the effects of that contribution.
3. Describe the characteristics and the accomplishments of the reign of Chandragupta Maurya.
4. Investigate the similarities between the pre-Aryan Indus valley civilization and other contemporary civilizations, such as the Babylonian or Egyptian.
5. Discuss the ways in which classical Chinese thought is a product of the realities of its time. Compare this with classical Greek, Roman, Indian, or Egyptian thought.
6. Investigate the origins of agriculture in China, and explore the impact of the development of agriculture on Chinese civilization.
7. Egypt and Mesopotamia. Describe each of these civilizations in terms of its political structure, religion, society, and culture.
8. Comparing the two great empires—Assyrian and Persian—that emerged after the thirteenth century B.C.E. How were they created? How were they ruled? How do historians explain the differences and similarities between them?
9. Describe and discuss the evolution of Hebrew society. What were the benefits and costs of this evolution? How did it affect the family? How would you assess the impact social evolution had on the Jewish religion?
10.
George Elliot Clarke's poem "Blank Sonnet" explores themes of emptiness and disconnection in a broken relationship. Through atypical sonnet structure, broken sentences, metaphors, and sensory language, the poem conveys a strong sense of hollowness and darkness. It leaves the reader with a resonating feeling of emptiness, reflecting the poet's difficult communication with a lover and their broken connection.
The Ukrainian Challenge for Russia: Working paper 24/2015Russian Council
The events in Ukraine in 2013-2014 did not reveal any new, deep-rooted contradictions between Kiev and Moscow; they had existed long before, albeit not so acutely. They have, however, triggered the fiercest confrontation between the two biggest countries in the post-Soviet space, which has raised numerous questions regarding the future of Russian-Ukrainian relations, along with exposing a whole range of serious problems within the entire international security system.
Authors: A.V. Guschin, Ph.D. in History; S.M. Markedonov, Ph.D. in History; A.N. Tsibulina, Ph.D. in Economics
Tooth Fairy Letter Printable Letter From The Tooth FairSandra Long
Rhinosinusitis is commonly caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza that normally inhabit the nose and throat. Symptoms include fever, pain, nasal congestion, and thick nasal discharge. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with medications like decongestants, antihistamines, and antibiotics if symptoms persist after a week. Non-drug therapies like saline nasal irrigation and rest can also help reduce symptoms of this inflammation and infection of the nasal cavities and sinuses.
The third” united nationsc thomas g. weiss, tatiana caraojas18
This document introduces the concept of a "third United Nations" composed of non-state actors that closely engage with the UN but are not formally part of the organization. This third UN includes NGOs, academics, experts, commissions, and other individuals and groups. They help shape UN ideas, policies, priorities and practices through advocacy, research, and policy analysis. While the UN is traditionally viewed as composed of member states and the secretariat, recognizing this third sphere provides a more comprehensive understanding of the actors that influence the UN.
The document summarizes key points from the Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation and a speech by the Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov.
It outlines major trends in today's world including the formation of a multipolar world order and shift in global influence to new economic and geopolitical centers. However, some countries are resisting this change and undermining multilateralism.
The document discusses the principles of genuine multilateralism based on the UN Charter versus the "rules-based international order". It emphasizes defending the UN's role and reforming it to be more inclusive.
It also summarizes Russia's national interests in foreign policy which include sovereignty, security, and sustainable development. The priorities outlined include establishing
This working paper unites the articles prepared within the framework of Russian International Affairs Council and «Valdai» discussion forum. The author shares his view on key trends in Russia-NATO and Russia-EU relations after the NATO Summit in Warsaw and new EU Global Strategy being announced. The paper evaluates the causes of crisis in the relations as well as suggests possible measures to solve the issues in the sphere of security.
This document provides an overview of a comparative politics course on Hong Kong programs. It includes:
1) Details of the course such as title, dates, instructor contact information, and topics to be covered in the first two lectures.
2) Summaries of the key concepts and approaches that will be discussed, including functionalism, structuralism, and the historical approach taken by the course.
3) An outline of the general theoretical framework that will guide comparisons between countries, focusing on how domestic politics are shaped by global context, interests, identities, and institutions.
The KCLMUN Blue Book has been written as an intensive guide for beginners to MUN. Although it provides a good preparation for participating in any university-level MUN conference, it is designed to support the Society's weekly training sessions. Much of the MUN experience can only be understood when experienced at firsthand. Join your KCLMUN and experience it for yourself.
This document outlines the syllabus for the course "Centre-State Relations and Constitutional Governance" for the One Year LL.M. program at Panjab University, Chandigarh. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of the division of powers between the central and state governments in India under the federal structure of the Indian Constitution. The syllabus is divided into four sections that will cover topics such as Indian federalism, legislative relations between the centre and states, administrative relations, and financial relations. Assessment will consist of a theory exam worth 75 marks and a seminar worth 25 marks. Suggested readings including books and articles on issues related to centre-state relations and federalism in India are also provided.
Entire education shares up-to-date CSS economics books for upcoming CSS exams. Economics books also give you an opportunity to reveal through CSS economics past papers 2020, 2019 2016, and 2017. This book will help for CSS economics preparation to solved mcqs pdf.
This document provides an overview of philosophical methods and concepts in philosophy. It discusses the Socratic method, which involves asking questions to stimulate critical thinking and draw out ideas. It also discusses other philosophical methods like inductive, deductive, and dialectical methods. The document then covers key areas of philosophy like epistemology, ontology, ethics, and contemporary movements. It provides definitions and explanations of concepts within these areas. The overall document serves as a comprehensive introduction and guide to the field of philosophy, covering its nature, scope, methods, and various topics of inquiry.
The document provides an overview of international law, including its emergence and historical development. It discusses early influences from ancient civilizations and the formalization of concepts during the Roman Empire. Key early writers who contributed to the field include Francisco de Vitoria, Alberico Gentili, and Hugo Grotius. The document outlines the historical schools of naturalism and positivism and how they shaped international law over time. It also notes the increasing role of non-state actors and human rights in modern international law.
This document provides an overview of mass communication as a field of study. It defines mass communication as the process of rapidly transmitting identical information to large, dispersed audiences via mass media. It discusses the key components of mass communication, including professional communicators creating messages and transmitting them widely through media to influence audiences.
The document then outlines several major areas of study within mass communication: advertising, broadcasting, journalism, and public relations. For each area, it provides a brief definition and description of how it relates to the study of mass communication.
Finally, the document emphasizes the importance of reading widely from diverse topics to understand mass communication's multidisciplinary nature. It also stresses the value of creativity for students studying mass communication.
The document provides a detailed history of the United States from ancient times to the present. It discusses the earliest migrations of Paleo-Indians across Beringia over 10,000 years ago and the development of early cultures like Clovis and Folsom. It then covers the rise of major indigenous civilizations like those along the Pacific Coast and in the Eastern Woodlands between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE who engaged in practices like pottery, village settlements, and agriculture. The document is organized as a reference text with 21 sections covering topics from colonial America to modern US foreign policy and political system.
. Introduction of Islam.
Concept of Islam.
Importance of Deen in Human Life.
Difference between Deen and Religion.
Distinctive Aspects of Islam.
Islamic Beliefs & its Impact on Individual & Society and the Fundamental of Islam
Islamic Worships: Spiritual, Moral and Social Impact.
II. Study of Seerah of Prophet Mohammad (PBAH) as Role Model for:- Individual
Diplomat
Educator
Military Strategist
Peace Maker
III. Human Rights & Status of Woman in Islam.
Human Rights and Status of Woman in Islam
Dignity of Men and Women
IV. Islamic Civilization and Culture:
Meanings and the Vital Elements
Role of Civilization in Development of Human Personality and Communities
Distinctions of Islamic Civilization (Tauheed, Spiritualism, Dignity of Man, Equality,
Social Justice, Moral Values, Tolerance, Rule of Law)
V. Islam and World.
Impact of Islamic Civilization on the West and Vice Versa
The Role of Islam in the Modern World.
Muslim World and the Contemporary Challenges.
Rise of Extremism.
VI. Public Administration and Governance in Islam
Concept of Public Administration in Islam
Quranic Guidance on Good Governance
Concept of Governance and its Applications in the light of Quran, Sunnah and Fiqh.
Governance Structure in Islam i.e. (Shura, Legislation, Sources of Islamic Law)
Governance under Pious Khelifat
Particular letters of Hazrat Umar (R.A) and Hazrat Ali (R.A) to different Authority.
Responsibilities of Civil Servants
System of Accountability in Islam
VII. Islamic Code of Life.
Salient Features of Islamic Systems, Social System, Political System, Economic
System, Judicial System, Administrative System,
Procedure of Ijmah and Ijtehad
Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics
will be given.
Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research based knowledge on a
selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of
English Essay writing will be examined
Key Management Functions elucidates concepts of Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling. These key management functions leads to cordial and constructive relations among organization. Student evaluates detail concept from
<a>Top Ten Learning</a> with detail post description.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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4. 4
Table of Content
I. International Relation between two Wars……………………………………..…259
• Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War…………………………………………………………………….………………..315
• Decolonization in Asia and Africa……………………………………………………....317
• Rise of United States and Soviet Union,…………………………………………..….320
• Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
• End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
• League of Nation………………………………………………………………….….…384
• United Nations……………………………………………………………………..…….393
• Regional Organizations.. ………………………………………………………..………429
• EU………………………………………………………………………………..………..431
• ASEAN.. ………………………………………………………………………..…….…434
• NAFTA.. …………………………………………………………………………..…….…436
• SAARC………………………………………………………………………………….…440
• SCO…………………………………………………………………………….…………..444
• OIC.. …………………………………………………………………………..……………451
•
ECO………………………………………………………………………..…………..……45
7
• WTO…………………………………………………………………………………….…….4
63
• Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the
IMF………………………………468
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries……………………………………………480
• USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia……………………………………………………………………………630
• Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan…………………………………………………………………………….630
5. 5
• India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society…………………………………………..642
• Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process-
Withdrawal………………………………………………………..694
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons…………………………………………………….719
• Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
• Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban
Treaty;………746
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty……………….759
• Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime…………………..…764
• The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
• Militarization and Weaponization of Space………………………………………...782
VIII. Contemporary Issues….……………………………………………………………….793
• Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
• Kashmir Issue………………………………………………………………….804
• Palestine
Issue……………………………………………………………………………..839
6. 6
International Relation between two
Wars:
International relations, the study of the relations of states with each other and with
international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies, political
parties, and interest groups). It is related to a number of other academic disciplines,
including political science, geography, history, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and
philosophy.
Historical development:
The field of international relations emerged at the beginning of the 20th century largely in the
West and in particular in the United States as that country grew in power and influence.
Whereas the study of international relations in the newly founded Soviet Union and later in
communist China was stultified by officially imposed Marxist ideology, in the West the field
flourished as the result of a number of factors: a growing demand to find less-dangerous and
more-effective means of conducting relations between peoples, societies, governments, and
economies; a surge of writing and research inspired by the belief that systematic observation
and inquiry could dispel ignorance and serve human betterment; and the popularization of
political affairs, including foreign affairs. The traditional view that foreign and military matters
should remain the exclusive preserve of rulers and other elites yielded to the belief that such
matters constituted an important concern and responsibility of all citizens. This increasing
popularization of international relations reinforced the idea that general education should
include instruction in foreign affairs and that knowledge should be advanced in the interests
of greater public control and oversight of foreign and military policy.
This new perspective was articulated by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (1913–21) in his
program for relations between the Great Powers following a settlement of World War I. The
first of his Fourteen Points, as his program came to be known, was a call for “open
covenants of peace, openly arrived at” in place of the secret treaties that were believed to
have contributed to the outbreak of the war. The extreme devastation caused by the war
strengthened the conviction among political leaders that not enough was known about
7. 7
international relations and that universities should promote research and teaching on issues
related to international cooperation and war and peace.
International relations scholarship prior to World War I was conducted primarily in two
loosely organized branches of learning: diplomatic history and international law. Involving
meticulous archival and other primary-source research, diplomatic history emphasized the
uniqueness of international events and the methods of diplomacy as it was actually
conducted. International law—especially the law of war—had a long history in international
relations and was viewed as the source of fundamental normative standards of international
conduct. The emergence of international relations was to broaden the scope of international
law beyond this traditional focal point.
Between the two world wars
During the 1920s new centres, institutes, schools, and university departments devoted to
teaching and research in international relations were created in Europe and North America.
In addition, private organizations promoting the study of international relations were formed,
and substantial philanthropic grants were made to support scholarly journals, to sponsor
training institutes, conferences, and seminars, and to stimulate university research.
Three subject areas initially commanded the most attention, each having its roots in World
War I. During the revolutionary upheavals at the end of the war, major portions of the
government archives of imperial Russia and imperial Germany were opened, making
possible some impressive scholarly work in diplomatic history that pieced together the
unknown history of prewar alliances, secret diplomacy, and military planning. These
materials were integrated to provide detailed explanations of the origins of World War I.
Among such works several are particularly noteworthy, including Sidney Bradshaw Fay’s
meticulous The Origins of the World War (1928), which explored prewar diplomacy and
alliance systems; Bernadotte E. Schmitt’s The Coming of the War, 1914 (1930) and Triple
Alliance and Triple Entente (1934); Pierre Renouvin’s The Immediate Origins of the War
(1928); Winston Churchill’s The World Crisis (1923–29); and Arnold J. Toynbee’s The World
After the Peace Conference (1925). There also were extensive memoirs and volumes of
published documents that provided much material for diplomatic historians and other
international relations scholars.
The newly created League of Nations, which ushered in the hope and expectation that a new
and peaceful world order was at hand, was a second subject that captured significant
attention. Some of the international relations schools that were founded in the interwar
period were explicitly created to prepare civil servants for what was expected to be the
dawning age of international government. Accordingly, intensive study was devoted to the
genesis and organization of the league, the history of earlier plans for international
federations, and the analysis of the problems and procedures of international organization
and international law.
The third focal point of international relations scholarship during the early part of the interwar
period was an offshoot of the peace movement and was concerned primarily with
understanding the causes and costs of war, as well as its political, sociological, economic,
8. 8
and psychological dimensions. Interest in the question “Why war?” also brought a host of
social scientists, including economists, sociologists, psychologists, and even
mathematicians—all of whom were pioneers in the intellectual movement known as
behaviourism—into active participation in international studies for the first time.
In the 1930s the breakdown of the League of Nations, the rise of aggressive dictatorships in
Italy, Germany, and Japan, and the onset of World War II produced a strong reaction against
international government and against peace-inspired topics in the study of international
relations. The moral idealism inherent in these topics was criticized as unrealistic and
impractical, and the academic study of international relations came to be regarded as the
handiwork of starry-eyed peace visionaries who ignored the hard facts of international
politics. In particular, scholars of international relations were criticized for suggesting
standards of international conduct that bore little resemblance to the real behaviour of
nations up to that time. As the desired world of peaceful conflict resolution and adherence to
international law grew more distant from the existing world of aggressive dictatorships, a new
approach to the study of international relations, known as realism, increasingly dominated
the field. Nevertheless, the scholarly work on world affairs of the early interwar period,
despite the decline in its reputation and influence, was extensive and sound, encompassing
the collection and organization of large amounts of important data and the development of
some fundamental concepts.
Some topics of study in international relations that are still considered novel or of recent
origin were already being vigorously explored in the interwar period. Indeed, a brief review of
these topics tends to undermine the image of the interwar period as one dominated by
moralistic ideas. The topics include the causes of wars; the relationship between
international affairs and the problems of racial and ethnic minorities; the effects of population
change on foreign policies; the effects of nationalism, imperialism, and colonialism; the
strategic aspects of international relations, including the importance of geographic location
and spatial relationships (geopolitics) for military power and the influence on governments of
what later was called the “military-industrial complex”; the implications of economic
inequalities between countries; and the role of public opinion, national differences, and
cultural orientation in world affairs. Although these earlier studies tended to be somewhat
short on theory and long on description, most of the topics examined remain relevant in the
21st century.
The scholarly contributions of some individuals in the 1930s were particularly noteworthy
because they foreshadowed the development of international relations studies after World
War II. Harold D. Lasswell, for example, explored the relationships between world politics and
the psychological realm of symbols, perceptions, and images; Abram Kardiner and his
associates laid the groundwork for an approach, based on a branch of anthropology known
as culture-and-personality studies, that later became a popular but short-lived theory of
international relations; Frederick L. Schuman, setting a style that is still followed by
interpreters of foreign policy and by journalists, synthesized analytic commentary with
accounts of current international events; Quincy Wright investigated numerous aspects of
international behaviour and war as head of one of the first team research projects in
international relations; and E.H. Carr, Brooks Emeny, Carl J. Friedrich, Schuman, Harold
9. 9
Sprout, Nicholas Spykman, and others developed the main lines of what became the
“power-politics” explanation of international relations, also known as realism. In 1937 the
Spanish poet, historian, philosopher, and diplomat Salvador de Madariaga, founder of the
College of Europe, relied upon his experience in working with the League of Nations
Secretariat in Geneva to describe the gap between what was being said or written about
international relations and what was actually happening.
The broadened definition and scope of the study of international relations were among the
fundamental contributions of scholars of the interwar period. Many of these innovators were
enlisted by governments during World War II for work in intelligence and propaganda, as well
as other aspects of wartime planning. In this respect the war stimulated systematic social-
scientific investigations of international phenomena. It also led to important technological
advances—notably the computer—that would later have a major impact on the study of
international relations.
In other ways World War II was a divide for academic international relations. The war itself
brought about a drastic change in the agenda of world politics, and the postwar intellectual
climate was characterized by a marked shift away from many earlier interests, emphases,
and problems. In the early postwar years there was a quest for analyses that would cut
through the details of studies of myriad international topics to produce a general
understanding of common elements and a clear view of the fundamental nature of
international politics. There was also a growing interest in developing theories that could help
to explain the major issues of the changing international scene. New security issues
emerged, including the issue of nuclear weapons, which led to extensive writings on
deterrence as a basis of strategic stability. Bernard Brodie’s treatise on nuclear deterrence
was highly influential, as was the work of Herman Kahn, Glenn Snyder, Thomas C. Schelling,
Henry A. Kissinger, and Albert Wohlstetter. Other issues that were addressed in the vast
literature of international relations include international, and especially European, integration;
alliances and alignment, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); ideologies;
foreign-policy decision making; theories about conflict and war; the study of low-intensity
conflict; crisis management; international organizations; and the foreign policies of the
increasing number of states that became part of the international system in the mid- to late
20th century.
Russian Revolution:
The Russian Revolution took place in 1917, during the final phase of World War I. It removed
Russia from the war and brought about the transformation of the Russian Empire into the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), replacing Russia’s traditional monarchy with the
world’s first Communist state. The revolution happened in stages through two separate
coups, one in February and one in October. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin,
would solidify its power only after three years of civil war, which ended in 1920.
Although the events of the Russian Revolution happened abruptly, the causes may be traced
back nearly a century. Prior to the revolution, the Russian monarchy had become
10. 10
progressively weaker and increasingly aware of its own vulnerability (and therefore more
reactionary). Nicholas II—the tsar who led Russia in the years leading up to the revolution—
had personally witnessed revolutionary terrorists assassinate his grandfather and,
subsequently, his own father respond to the assassination through brutal oppression of the
Russian people. When Nicholas II himself became tsar in 1894, he used similarly severe
measures to subdue resistance movements, which were becoming bolder and more
widespread every year. As Nicholas’s newly imposed oppressions in turn incited still more
unrest, he was forced to make concessions after each incident: it was in this manner that
Russia’s first constitution was created, as was its first parliament. These concessions
continued gradually until Nicholas II’s grip on power became very tenuous.
As Nicholas II grew weaker, Vladimir Lenin rose to prominence as the most powerful figure in
Russia. Although this famous leader of the October Revolution was not even in Russia for the
February Revolution—he had lived in self-imposed exile in Europe since 1900 and returned
to Russia only in April 1917—he nonetheless exerted tremendous influence. Whatever
history’s judgment of him, few other Russian revolutionaries possessed Lenin’s decisiveness
and strength of vision for Russia’s future. Born in 1870 in the provincial town of Simbirsk as
Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, the young Lenin was profoundly affected by his older brother
Alexander’s 1887 execution for being involved in a plot to assassinate the tsar. As a young
adult, Vladimir joined the resistance movement himself and took the pseudonym Lenin but
swore that he would never engage in the sort of “adventurism” that had ended his brother’s
life. Nevertheless, his actions would one day become very adventurous indeed.
The revolution that Lenin led marked one of the most radical turning points in Russia’s 1,300-
year history: it affected economics, social structure, culture, international relations, industrial
development, and most any other benchmark by which one might measure a revolution.
Although the new government would prove to be at least as repressive as the one it
replaced, the country’s new rulers were drawn largely from the intellectual and working
classes rather than from the aristocracy—which meant a considerable change in direction
for Russia.
The revolution opened the door for Russia to fully enter the industrial age. Prior to 1917,
Russia was a mostly agrarian nation that had dabbled in industrial development only to a
limited degree. By 1917, Russia’s European neighbors had embraced industrialization for
more than half a century, making technological advancements such as widespread
electrification, which Russia had yet to achieve. After the revolution, new urban-industrial
regions appeared quickly in Russia and became increasingly important to the country’s
development. The population was drawn to the cities in huge numbers. Education also took a
major upswing, and illiteracy was almost entirely eradicated.
The Russian Revolution also had considerable international consequences. Lenin’s
government immediately pulled Russia out of World War I, changing the balance of forces for
the remaining participants. During the ensuing civil war in Russia, several nations, including
the United States, sent troops to Russia in hopes of keeping the chaos from spreading
beyond Russia’s boundaries. Over the next several decades, the Soviet Union actively
sponsored and assisted Communist movements and revolutions around the world in an effort
11. 11
to broaden its sphere of influence. The country also played a fundamental role in the defeat
of Nazi Germany during World War II.
Threatened by the possibility of revolutions in their own lands, the governments of many
Western nations viewed Communism as a spreading threat and moved to isolate the Soviet
Union as much as possible. Following World War II and the advent of the nuclear age, a
confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States took center stage. As this
Cold War got under way, the two countries emerged as superpowers with much of the rest
of the world falling in behind one or the other. A protracted nuclear arms race between the
United States and Soviet Union would last until the USSR finally collapsed in 1991
Fascism:
Fascism is highly controversial mindset that has explored many questions to be answered.
The geographical and chronological mindsets are consistently fighting against each other
since its rise in 1919. It is very hard to pin down the exact way in which most inferior party
can be extract out. Hostile situation has created for both liberal democracy and Marxism.
(Roberts, 2013)
The liberal democracy did not feel any relieve in such circumstances and Marxism was still
not in good condition. The strong state is only agenda. There was no realization that what
would be outcome of fascism and how it can achieve it realistically. Strong state means that
how can every affair of state is matter of debate. (Roberts, 2013)
There was less ideas more illusion about future of strong and required state. The agenda has
come again and it has shown that Mussolini’s government in 1922 was first supporter of
fascism. The Mussolini government was not ended at that time. It was continued. For
example, In Germany, National Socialism was come up with same myth as Mussolini’s
government had in 1922. Adolf Hitler was person who endorsed it but never show it
explicitly. (Roberts, 2013)
Scholars of that time saw both persons in one threat. Another way of Fascism was adopted
by Italian case because they want to see what they are and how they react with each aspect.
The general fascism was thought by such Italian and German cases. The German Nazism
and Italian Fascism are different in their actions and their direct implementation at mass
level. Someone can think that because Fascism is entirely different from authoritarian, than it
can be called as totalitarian. (Roberts, 2013)
Since establishment of Fascism, it has mild touch of authoritarian that was considered as no
evil before Fascism. Further, when Soviet Union was under government of Joseph Stalin in
early 1919 it was clear that Fascism needs boasted way to be contributed as required. In his
age of authority, government was moving towards political innovation and government
creativity. (Roberts, 2013)
The idea was fully flawed after WWII and scholars, political thinkers and politicians,
practically did not see anything to apply Fascism with its zeal and zest. The entire
12. 12
applicability was considered flawed because political phenomenon was in serious danger
and finally adopted New-Fascism. The new political platform was being developed through
ideas of Neo- Fascism. Studies has endorsed and will endorse generic fascism and its
implication even beyond Germany and Italy case only. (Roberts, 2013)
Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism[1][2] that came to
prominence in early 20th-century Europe, influenced by national syndicalism. Fascism
originated in Italy during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism.
Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.[3][4]
Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes in the nature of war,
society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of
society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military
citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during
the war.[5][6] The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing
millions of people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics
to support them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of
citizens.[5][6]
Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete, and they regard the complete
mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-party state as necessary to prepare a nation
for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties.[7] Such a state is led by
a strong leader — such as a dictator and a martial government composed of the members of
the governing fascist party — to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly
society.[7] Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and
views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national
rejuvenation.[8][9][10][11] Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the principal goal of
achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies.
Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as
fascist, and the term is instead now usually used pejoratively by political opponents. The
descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe
parties of the far right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist
movements.
Tenets:
Nationalism:
Nationalism is the main foundation of fascism.
The fascist view of a nation is of a single organic entity that binds people together by their
ancestry, and is a natural unifying force of people.[155] Fascism seeks to solve economic,
political, and social problems by achieving a millenarian national rebirth, exalting the nation
or race above all else, and promoting cults of unity, strength, and
purity.[32][156][157][158][159] European fascist movements typically espouse a racist
conception of non-Europeans being inferior to Europeans.[160] Beyond this, fascists in
Europe have not held a unified set of racial views.[160] Historically, most fascists promoted
13. 13
imperialism, although there have been several fascist movements that were uninterested in
the pursuit of new imperial ambitions.
Totalitarianism
Fascism promotes the establishment of a totalitarian state. It opposes liberal democracy,
rejects multi-party systems, and supports a one-party state. The Doctrine of Fascism states,
"The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual
values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the
Fascist State—a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and
potentiates the whole life of a people."[162] In The Legal Basis of the Total State, Nazi
political theorist Carl Schmitt described the Nazi intention to form a "strong state which
guarantees a totality of political unity transcending all diversity" in order to avoid a
"disastrous pluralism tearing the German people apart".
Fascist states pursued policies of social indoctrination through propaganda in education and
the media and regulation of the production of educational and media materials.[164][165]
Education was designed to glorify the fascist movement and inform students of its historical
and political importance to the nation. It attempted to purge ideas that were not consistent
with the beliefs of the fascist movement and to teach students to be obedient to the state.
Economy:
Fascism presented itself as a viable alternative to the two other major existing economic
systems – liberal capitalism and Marxist socialism.[167] Italian Fascism regarded itself as an
heir to the Sorelian syndicalist socialism but outside of fascism it regarded socialism in
general to have succumbed to the anti-national and materialist tendencies of Marxism, and
opposed such socialism.
Fascist governments advocated resolution of domestic class conflict within a nation in order
to secure national solidarity.[169] This would be done through the state mediating relations
between the classes (contrary to the views of classical liberal-inspired capitalists).[170] While
fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it was held that bourgeois-proletarian
conflict existed primarily in national conflict between proletarian nations versus bourgeois
nations.[171] Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it
associated as the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as materialism,
crassness, cowardice, inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and
associations with liberalism, individualism, and parliamentarianism.[172] In 1918, Mussolini
defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and
the same with producers, a productivist perspective that associated all people deemed
productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers, and soldiers as being
proletarian.[173] He acknowledged the historical existence of both bourgeois and proletarian
producers, but declared the need for bourgeois producers to merge with proletarian
producers.
While fascism denounced the mainstream internationalist and Marxist socialisms, it claimed
to economically represent a type of nationalist productivist socialism that while condemning
parasitical capitalism, was willing to accommodate productivist capitalism within it.[174] This
14. 14
was derived from Henri de Saint Simon, whose ideas inspired the creation of utopian
socialism and influenced other ideologies, that stressed solidarity rather than class war and
whose conception of productive people in the economy included both productive workers
and productive bosses to challenge the influence of the aristocracy and unproductive
financial speculators.[175] Saint Simon's vision combined the traditionalist right-wing
criticisms of the French Revolution combined with a left-wing belief in the need for
association or collaboration of productive people in society.[175] Whereas Marxism
condemned capitalism as a system of exploitative property relations, fascism saw the nature
of the control of credit and money in the contemporary capitalist system as abusive.[174]
Unlike Marxism, fascism did not see class conflict between the Marxist-defined proletariat
and the bourgeoisie as a given or as an engine of historical materialism.[174] Instead, it
viewed workers and productive capitalists in common as productive people who were in
conflict with parasitic elements in society including: corrupt political parties, corrupt financial
capital, and feeble people.[174] Fascist leaders such as Mussolini and Hitler spoke of the
need to create a new managerial elite led by engineers and captains of industry—but free
from the parasitic leadership of industries.[174] Hitler stated that the Nazi Party supported
bodenständigen Kapitalismus (productive capitalism) that was based upon profit earned from
one's own labour, but condemned unproductive capitalism or loan capitalism, which derived
profit from speculation.[176]
Fascist economics supported a state-controlled economy that accepted a mix of private and
public ownership over the means of production.[177] Economic planning was applied to both
the public and private sector, and the prosperity of private enterprise depended on its
acceptance of synchronizing itself with the economic goals of the state.[178] Fascist
economic ideology supported the profit motive, but emphasized that industries must uphold
the national interest as superior to private profit.
While fascism accepted the importance of material wealth and power, it condemned
materialism, which it identified as being present in both communism and capitalism, and
criticized materialism for lacking acknowledgement of the role of the spirit.[179] In particular,
fascists criticized capitalism not because of its competitive nature nor support of private
property, which fascists supported—but due to its materialism, individualism, alleged
bourgeois decadence, and alleged indifference to the nation.[180] Fascism denounced
Marxism for its advocacy of materialist internationalist class identity, which fascists regarded
as an attack upon the emotional and spiritual bonds of the nation and a threat to the
achievement of genuine national solidarity.
Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.
In discussing the spread of fascism beyond Italy, historian Philip Morgan states
Since the Depression was a crisis of laissez-faire capitalism and its political counterpart,
parliamentary democracy, fascism could pose as the 'third-way' alternative between
capitalism and Bolshevism, the model of a new European 'civilization'. As Mussolini typically
put it in early 1934, "from 1929...fascism has become a universal phenomenon... The
dominant forces of the 19th century, democracy, socialism, liberalism have been
15. 15
exhausted...the new political and economic forms of the twentieth-century are
fascist'(Mussolini 1935: 32).
Fascists promoted social welfare to ameliorate economic conditions affecting their nation or
race as a whole, but they did not support social welfare for egalitarian reasons. Fascists
criticized egalitarianism as preserving the weak. They instead promoted social Darwinist
views.
Action:
Fascism emphasizes direct action, including supporting the legitimacy of political violence, as
a core part of its politics.[10][185] Fascism views violent action as a necessity in politics that
fascism identifies as being an "endless struggle".[186] This emphasis on the use of political
violence means that most fascist parties have also created their own private militias (e.g. the
Nazi Party's Brown shirts and Fascist Italy's Blackshirts).
The basis of fascism's support of violent action in politics is connected to social
Darwinism.[186] Fascist movements have commonly held social Darwinist views of nations,
races, and societies.[187] They say that nations and races must purge themselves of socially
and biologically weak or degenerate people, while simultaneously promoting the creation of
strong people, in order to survive in a world defined by perpetual national and racial conflict.
.
16. 16
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