The document is a study guide for the Human Rights Council that discusses two topics: the right to privacy in the digital age and addressing the increase in domestic violence. For topic A on the right to privacy, the summary provides background on worldwide surveillance programs like the Five Eyes alliance and how digital technology has impacted privacy. It outlines different bloc positions, with China and Russia expressing concerns about privacy violations and data collection, while the UK and US take different regulatory approaches. The timeline highlights key events in surveillance programs and social media privacy issues.
The oppression of Uighur Muslims in China is a serious issue that the Security Council must address. Over a million Uighurs have been detained in camps in Xinjiang, where they face human rights violations including restrictions on religious and cultural practices. While China claims the camps provide vocational training, leaked documents show the camps are tightly controlled detention centers. The issue is complex as China is a permanent Security Council member with significant global influence, but many countries and human rights groups have condemned China's actions. The Security Council must determine the best way to resolve this issue and protect the rights of the Uighur people.
DIPLOMACY: THE ACADEMIC SPEAKING TRUTH TO POWER ELLIPSES, CHOICE and PERSONAL...paulussilas
Interview
PAS: Why diplomacy and international relations?
EH: In fact, when I sat the University Entrance Exam, international relations as a field was my first and only choice. I was so determined to study in that department…From the very beginning I knew that I was interested more in social sciences although many around me were thinking that I may be also very successful studying pure science…I insisted on social sciences…
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It discusses propaganda work, United Front work, Party discipline, the Central Military Commission, and other topics. The report is produced by David Gitter and aims to provide context and analysis on China through the lens of the CCP using Chinese language sources. It covers various meetings, appointments, and directives issued by the CCP and its related organizations during the period from April 25th to May 1st, 2016.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It discusses the establishment of an innovation partnership between China and Switzerland, meetings between Chinese and Nigerian leaders, and the Chinese State Council's report on U.S. human rights issues. It also covers United Front work to manage diverse intellectuals, Party discipline rules, a CMC vice chairman's visit to the Spratly Islands, and Xi Jinping's comments on protecting cultural relics during economic development.
This document is a weekly intelligence report from Party Watch focusing on activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It provides summaries of CCP propaganda efforts, United Front work, disciplinary actions, and other topics. Key points included Xi Jinping meeting with Prince Andrew and emphasizing environmental protection, guidelines to regulate China's cultural market and protect ideological security, and a former CMC vice chairman confessing to taking bribes. The report aims to provide context on China through the lens of the CCP.
. Introduction
The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
The Nation-State System
Evolution of International Society
II. Theories and Approaches
The Classical Approaches-Realism and idealism
The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
III. International Political Security.
Conceptualization of security in the twenty-first century
Power. Elements of National Power
Balance of Power
Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision making and analysis
Sovereignty
National Interest
IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.
War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, civil war,
Guerilla war
Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to Nuclear India and
Pakistan
V. International Political Economy.
Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and neo- Marxism
Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence
VI. International political community.
Nationalism
Internationalism
Globalization
94
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Approaches to Peace
Diplomacy
International Law
Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime
VIII. International Political Institution
United Nations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
International Court of Justice
Final facebook in assam megaphone for hate - compressed (1)sabrangsabrang
The document discusses hate speech and disinformation spread on Facebook during Assam's citizenship verification process. It finds that Bengali Muslims facing extraordinary online abuse, with hate speech targeting minorities and inciting violence. While some hate targets Bengali Hindus, most targets Muslims. It warns this dangerous speech could influence policies stripping citizenship from 1.9 million excluded people. The UN had warned of tensions from the process and raised concerns about rising online hate against minorities in Assam. The findings show deeply troubling hate speech being shared on Facebook in Assam during this period of uncertainty.
This document provides an overview of political science as an academic subject. It defines political science and politics, provides quotes about politics from prominent figures, and discusses why students choose to study political science. It also outlines some of the career opportunities available to political science graduates and lists various political science courses offered at Okanagan College.
The oppression of Uighur Muslims in China is a serious issue that the Security Council must address. Over a million Uighurs have been detained in camps in Xinjiang, where they face human rights violations including restrictions on religious and cultural practices. While China claims the camps provide vocational training, leaked documents show the camps are tightly controlled detention centers. The issue is complex as China is a permanent Security Council member with significant global influence, but many countries and human rights groups have condemned China's actions. The Security Council must determine the best way to resolve this issue and protect the rights of the Uighur people.
DIPLOMACY: THE ACADEMIC SPEAKING TRUTH TO POWER ELLIPSES, CHOICE and PERSONAL...paulussilas
Interview
PAS: Why diplomacy and international relations?
EH: In fact, when I sat the University Entrance Exam, international relations as a field was my first and only choice. I was so determined to study in that department…From the very beginning I knew that I was interested more in social sciences although many around me were thinking that I may be also very successful studying pure science…I insisted on social sciences…
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It discusses propaganda work, United Front work, Party discipline, the Central Military Commission, and other topics. The report is produced by David Gitter and aims to provide context and analysis on China through the lens of the CCP using Chinese language sources. It covers various meetings, appointments, and directives issued by the CCP and its related organizations during the period from April 25th to May 1st, 2016.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It discusses the establishment of an innovation partnership between China and Switzerland, meetings between Chinese and Nigerian leaders, and the Chinese State Council's report on U.S. human rights issues. It also covers United Front work to manage diverse intellectuals, Party discipline rules, a CMC vice chairman's visit to the Spratly Islands, and Xi Jinping's comments on protecting cultural relics during economic development.
This document is a weekly intelligence report from Party Watch focusing on activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It provides summaries of CCP propaganda efforts, United Front work, disciplinary actions, and other topics. Key points included Xi Jinping meeting with Prince Andrew and emphasizing environmental protection, guidelines to regulate China's cultural market and protect ideological security, and a former CMC vice chairman confessing to taking bribes. The report aims to provide context on China through the lens of the CCP.
. Introduction
The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
The Nation-State System
Evolution of International Society
II. Theories and Approaches
The Classical Approaches-Realism and idealism
The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
III. International Political Security.
Conceptualization of security in the twenty-first century
Power. Elements of National Power
Balance of Power
Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision making and analysis
Sovereignty
National Interest
IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.
War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, civil war,
Guerilla war
Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to Nuclear India and
Pakistan
V. International Political Economy.
Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and neo- Marxism
Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence
VI. International political community.
Nationalism
Internationalism
Globalization
94
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Approaches to Peace
Diplomacy
International Law
Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime
VIII. International Political Institution
United Nations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
International Court of Justice
Final facebook in assam megaphone for hate - compressed (1)sabrangsabrang
The document discusses hate speech and disinformation spread on Facebook during Assam's citizenship verification process. It finds that Bengali Muslims facing extraordinary online abuse, with hate speech targeting minorities and inciting violence. While some hate targets Bengali Hindus, most targets Muslims. It warns this dangerous speech could influence policies stripping citizenship from 1.9 million excluded people. The UN had warned of tensions from the process and raised concerns about rising online hate against minorities in Assam. The findings show deeply troubling hate speech being shared on Facebook in Assam during this period of uncertainty.
This document provides an overview of political science as an academic subject. It defines political science and politics, provides quotes about politics from prominent figures, and discusses why students choose to study political science. It also outlines some of the career opportunities available to political science graduates and lists various political science courses offered at Okanagan College.
The document is a study guide for the Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Committee (SOCHUM) at the LGSMUN 2013 conference. It provides background information on SOCHUM's mandate to address various social, cultural and humanitarian issues at the UN. It outlines the committee's agenda for the conference, which includes discussing the balance between religious defamation laws and freedom of expression, and examining the treatment of women and children during the Arab Spring uprisings. The guide gives an overview of the topics, relevant history and issues to consider in the committee's deliberations.
Harvard MUN India '14: Press Corps - Al Jazeera Position PaperChanakya Varma
For the Harvard Model United Nations, correspondents of the Press Corps had to submit a pre-committee report entailing a background into the journalistic inclinations of their agency, the committees they would prefer to report in, and what they expected from the committee proceedings.
Following is the position paper of the correspondent of Al Jazeera, who was later awarded the Best Delegate award.
Sornnimul Khut's Master Thesis-A Case Study of Cambodian Crowdfunding Framing...Sornnimul Khut
This document provides background context on crowdfunding in Cambodia and presents a case study of TosFUND, the first Cambodian crowdfunding platform. It discusses how TosFUND aims to be a viable option to complement diminishing donations from traditional donors to NGOs and social enterprises in Cambodia. The study examines TosFUND through analysis of interviews with project managers and content analysis of projects on the platform. Key findings include that TosFUND could be a viable option if it achieves regulation/mechanisms, accountability/transparency, and builds trust through effective project framing and use of Buddhism's giving concepts.
INTERNATIONAL IMPARTIAL AND INDEPENDENT MECHANISM FOR MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
The UN established an Independent Investigative Mechanism (IIM) for Myanmar to gather and preserve evidence of crimes against humanity and human rights violations committed since 2011. The IIM aims to support prosecutions in national or international courts. This follows other evidence-gathering bodies like the IIIM for Syria which supports domestic prosecutions. A standing UN investigative body could help operationalize the principle of complementarity and promote comprehensive accountability for international crimes where the ICC lacks jurisdiction. By coordinating with different actors, such a mechanism could play a key role in the global pursuit of justice.
A. If you had the opportunity, what actions would you demand of the united na...Gonzalo Gimeno Casanova
The document outlines actions the UN Secretary General should take in various areas such as preventing conflict and violence, promoting economic growth and trade, combating climate change and terrorism, and advancing development and gender equality. Specific demands include mediating ongoing conflicts like in Ukraine and Syria, regulating financial institutions, curbing greenhouse gas emissions, and strengthening education programs for women and girls. The document provides supporting data on issues related to each area to emphasize the ongoing challenges and importance of the Secretary General taking action.
Uniting 4 Development The United Nations Inter-agency Network on Youth Develo...Dr Lendy Spires
The document provides information about the United Nations Inter-agency Network on Youth Development (IANYD). It discusses the history and goals of the IANYD, including growing cooperation between UN agencies on youth issues and establishing regional and thematic working groups. It also describes the System-wide Action Plan on Youth (SWAP), which aims to coordinate UN efforts on key youth development priorities. Finally, it lists the various UN agencies that are part of the IANYD and their respective roles in addressing youth development.
VR Report_Maintaining Democratic Space in the Public SphereGehan Gunatilleke
This document summarizes the work and goals of two organizations - Verité Research and the Institute for War & Peace Reporting (IWPR).
Verité Research aims to be a leader in Asia in providing information and analysis for negotiations and policymaking, while also promoting social development through dialogue and education. The organization conducts research and provides services in areas like economics, sociology, politics, law and media.
IWPR is an independent nonprofit that works with media and civil society to promote positive change in conflict zones, closed societies, and countries in transition. It works on the ground in over 30 challenging environments, with offices in the US, Netherlands and London. IWPR aims to strengthen local independent voices to drive democratic
The document summarizes the National Gender and Equality Commission's participation in the 58th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women in New York from March 10-22, 2014. It provides an overview of the various panel discussions and side events focused on topics like women's empowerment, gender equality, and addressing issues like violence against women and girls. It also outlines Kenya's presentation on its progress toward targets on women's empowerment and the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals.
Digital Breadcrumbs- Investigating Internet Crime with Open Source Intellige...Nicholas Tancredi
This document discusses how open source intelligence (OSINT) tools and techniques can help law enforcement investigate internet crimes. It provides examples of how social media analysis and dark web investigations have helped identify suspects and combat issues like child pornography. The document also references statistics and studies on topics like drug markets on the dark web and how social media is exploited for criminal activities. It advocates for law enforcement to make use of social media searches and data mining frameworks to facilitate cybercrime investigations and intelligence gathering.
Digital Breadcrums: Investigating Internet Crime with Open Source Intelligenc...Nicholas Tancredi
Capstone project for a 12-week online course with the International Association of Crime Analysts. My topic was on how crime and intelligence analysts are using open source intelligence (OSINT) to investigate Internet crime.
This interview summarizes the work of UN Global Pulse, an initiative that explores how big data and real-time analytics can help with sustainable development efforts. The director, Robert Kirkpatrick, discusses Global Pulse's mission to accelerate the use of data science to protect populations from shocks. They derive data from sources like social media, mobile phone metadata, and other digital traces to gain insights into issues like food security, public health, and economic trends. Kirkpatrick highlights challenges like building analytical capacity, maintaining responsible data partnerships, and addressing issues of data access and privacy at scale. He provides examples of projects in Indonesia that use social media to study food prices and vulnerabilities.
MS 113 Some key concepts that you need to know to navigate th.docxssuserf9c51d
MS 113: Some key concepts that you need to know to navigate through
the key reading – I will keep updating these
1.democracy
2.citizenship
3.public sphere
5. Nation and nationalism, nation-state, government, sovereignty
4. oligarchy (polyarchy, plutocracy, aristocracy and so on)
4.capitalism
5.liberalism, neoliberalism
6.civic republicanism
7.socialism
8.authoritarianism
9.populism
10. fascism
11. Marxism -ideological, hegemonic, discursive
12.globalization
13.transnational media spheres
14. consumerism, neoliberal consumer democracy
15. social movements
16. identity politics
17. recognition and redistribution debate
18. political power
19. the notion of common good
20. the digital divide
21: digital public sphere
22. communitarianism
23. social construction of culture
24. poststructuralism
25. postmodern
26. modernity
27. civil society
28. civil disobedience
29. civic engagement
30. structure and agency
31. pluralism and multiracialism, multiculturalism
A NEW FRONTIER
SOCIAL MEDIA / NETWORKS
DISINFORMATION AND
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
IN THE CONTEXT OF
ELECTION
OBSERVATION
by Michael Meyer-Resende
Democracy Reporting International (DRI) operates on the conviction that democratic,
participatory governance is a human right and governments should be accountable to
their citizens. DRI supports democratic governance around the world with a focus on
institutions of democracy, such as constitutions, elections, parliaments and rules of
democracy grounded in international law. Through careful assessments based on field
research with partners, DRI convenes diverse stakeholders to promote policies that
strengthen democratic institutions. A non-profit company, DRI is based in Berlin and has
offices in Tunisia, Lebanon, Ukraine, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
Michael Meyer-Resende is a lawyer with twenty years of experience in political
transitions and democratisation. Works in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. His
professional experience includes two years legal practice in Berlin, four years with the
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) of the OSCE (Warsaw),
three years with the election team of the European Commission in Brussels and
journalistic experience with the BBC. In 2006 he co-founded DRI and serves as Executive
Director since then. He publishes it regularly in newspapers like The New York Times,
The Guardian, Politico, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and think tank publications.
This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union.
Its contents are the sole responsibility of Michael Meyer-Resende and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the European Union.
Graphic and layout design: Giorgio Grasso for Democracy Essentials
Cover photo: Ezequiel Scagnetti
Interior photos: Victor Idrogo (pp. 3, 6-7, 17); Ezequiel Scagnetti (p. 22)
CREDITS
3
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
I. SUMMARY
II. BACKGROUND
III. INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND NATIONAL LA.
UK Report - Disinformation and Fake News - St Lucia ImplicatedTHINK FORWARD
The following election and referenda campaigns were mentioned by Mr. Turnbull and Mr. Nix, over the course of the Channel 4 meetings: Kenya ... Ex-SCL employees have also mentioned: ... St. Lucia; and Trinidad and Tobago.
The document discusses the debate between individual privacy rights and government surveillance efforts aimed at national security. It notes that while increased surveillance can help protect citizens from security threats like terrorism, it may infringe on citizens' privacy rights. The debate centers around finding a balance between these competing interests. The document also mentions how technology has led to more personal information being stored digitally, making it accessible to authorities, and how this issue deeply affects many people given modern technology usage.
This is an invited talk I presented at the University of Zurich, speakers' series 2.10.2017. The presentation is based on the following paper: Brandtzaeg, P. B., & Følstad, A. (2017). Trust and distrust in online fact-checking services. Communications of the ACM. 60(9): 65-71
State-sponsored trolling refers to governments using targeted online harassment campaigns to silence critics. The authors studied this phenomenon in multiple countries over 18 months. They define key terms and propose a framework to attribute trolling attacks to states based on the level of state involvement. Case studies from 7 countries show how governments execute, direct, incite, or leverage trolling. The paper concludes with policy recommendations, including for technology companies to curb abuse and respect human rights.
Experimenting with Big Data and AI to Support Peace and SecurityUN Global Pulse
UN Global Pulse is working with partners to explore how data from social media and radio shows can inform peace and security efforts in Africa. The methodology, case studies, and tools developed as part of these efforts are detailed in this report.
The document provides information about the World Ethical Data Forum, which examines ethical issues around data use and technology. It discusses the forum's goals of encouraging dialogue between different stakeholders and exploring topics like privacy, surveillance, and artificial intelligence. The summary highlights some key details:
1) The World Ethical Data Forum addresses ethical concerns around data use and encourages collaboration between technology, business, government, and advocacy groups to discuss the implications of data and AI.
2) The first forum was held in Barcelona in 2018 and covered issues like data analytics, privacy, commercial data use, and government surveillance. It featured prominent speakers like Julian Assange.
3) The next conference will be held in London in July 2020 and
(Lim Jun Hao) G8 Individual Essay for BGSJun Hao Lim
The key issues at the crux of the Snowden affair are government surveillance and its impact on citizens' privacy and democracy. The main stakeholders are governments who conduct surveillance in the name of national security, citizens whose data is being collected, and large corporations that assist with data collection. Citizens should be concerned because ubiquitous surveillance could threaten democratic ideals and turn countries into police states, especially if data falls into the wrong hands. While surveillance may be necessary to combat terrorism, current methods have flaws and do not respect citizens' right to privacy or representation.
Communication rights ten years after the world summit on the information soci...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes the key findings of a survey and interviews conducted to understand civil society perceptions of changes to communication rights in the decade since the 2003 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).
The survey received 197 responses from organizations in regions around the world. Interviews were also conducted with 15 stakeholders who participated in the WSIS process.
The findings suggest that while the WSIS declarations had little direct impact on national policy, they brought coherence to advocacy areas and established common goals. However, rights are still not uniformly prioritized in policy and laws can breach international standards. Some rights like women's and media freedoms have seen more progress than others, but continued efforts are still needed to fully implement a people-
This document provides a summary of a capstone project proposal for developing a social media plan for the Nevada Emergency Alert System (EAS). Key points:
- Social media has become an important tool for emergency communication during disasters due to its immediacy and ability to share information in real-time.
- The proposal recommends Nevada EAS develop a social media plan and presence to effectively utilize social media for mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery efforts.
- If implemented properly with training and practice, a social media plan could help Nevada EAS become a leader in using social media to communicate with the public during emergencies.
MASINT (Measurement and Signature Intelligence) uses scientific and technical methods to collect strategic and tactical intelligence. It builds models to aid decision-making but can be complicated to apply quickly. In 2004, President Bush established the Commission on Intelligence Capabilities to review intelligence functions after 9/11. The commission found 74 areas needing reform, and 71 were addressed in the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. This act established a director of national intelligence and improved information sharing. MASINT now plays a role in countering global terrorism by tracking networks and using enemies' own technology against them.
The document is a study guide for the Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Committee (SOCHUM) at the LGSMUN 2013 conference. It provides background information on SOCHUM's mandate to address various social, cultural and humanitarian issues at the UN. It outlines the committee's agenda for the conference, which includes discussing the balance between religious defamation laws and freedom of expression, and examining the treatment of women and children during the Arab Spring uprisings. The guide gives an overview of the topics, relevant history and issues to consider in the committee's deliberations.
Harvard MUN India '14: Press Corps - Al Jazeera Position PaperChanakya Varma
For the Harvard Model United Nations, correspondents of the Press Corps had to submit a pre-committee report entailing a background into the journalistic inclinations of their agency, the committees they would prefer to report in, and what they expected from the committee proceedings.
Following is the position paper of the correspondent of Al Jazeera, who was later awarded the Best Delegate award.
Sornnimul Khut's Master Thesis-A Case Study of Cambodian Crowdfunding Framing...Sornnimul Khut
This document provides background context on crowdfunding in Cambodia and presents a case study of TosFUND, the first Cambodian crowdfunding platform. It discusses how TosFUND aims to be a viable option to complement diminishing donations from traditional donors to NGOs and social enterprises in Cambodia. The study examines TosFUND through analysis of interviews with project managers and content analysis of projects on the platform. Key findings include that TosFUND could be a viable option if it achieves regulation/mechanisms, accountability/transparency, and builds trust through effective project framing and use of Buddhism's giving concepts.
INTERNATIONAL IMPARTIAL AND INDEPENDENT MECHANISM FOR MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
The UN established an Independent Investigative Mechanism (IIM) for Myanmar to gather and preserve evidence of crimes against humanity and human rights violations committed since 2011. The IIM aims to support prosecutions in national or international courts. This follows other evidence-gathering bodies like the IIIM for Syria which supports domestic prosecutions. A standing UN investigative body could help operationalize the principle of complementarity and promote comprehensive accountability for international crimes where the ICC lacks jurisdiction. By coordinating with different actors, such a mechanism could play a key role in the global pursuit of justice.
A. If you had the opportunity, what actions would you demand of the united na...Gonzalo Gimeno Casanova
The document outlines actions the UN Secretary General should take in various areas such as preventing conflict and violence, promoting economic growth and trade, combating climate change and terrorism, and advancing development and gender equality. Specific demands include mediating ongoing conflicts like in Ukraine and Syria, regulating financial institutions, curbing greenhouse gas emissions, and strengthening education programs for women and girls. The document provides supporting data on issues related to each area to emphasize the ongoing challenges and importance of the Secretary General taking action.
Uniting 4 Development The United Nations Inter-agency Network on Youth Develo...Dr Lendy Spires
The document provides information about the United Nations Inter-agency Network on Youth Development (IANYD). It discusses the history and goals of the IANYD, including growing cooperation between UN agencies on youth issues and establishing regional and thematic working groups. It also describes the System-wide Action Plan on Youth (SWAP), which aims to coordinate UN efforts on key youth development priorities. Finally, it lists the various UN agencies that are part of the IANYD and their respective roles in addressing youth development.
VR Report_Maintaining Democratic Space in the Public SphereGehan Gunatilleke
This document summarizes the work and goals of two organizations - Verité Research and the Institute for War & Peace Reporting (IWPR).
Verité Research aims to be a leader in Asia in providing information and analysis for negotiations and policymaking, while also promoting social development through dialogue and education. The organization conducts research and provides services in areas like economics, sociology, politics, law and media.
IWPR is an independent nonprofit that works with media and civil society to promote positive change in conflict zones, closed societies, and countries in transition. It works on the ground in over 30 challenging environments, with offices in the US, Netherlands and London. IWPR aims to strengthen local independent voices to drive democratic
The document summarizes the National Gender and Equality Commission's participation in the 58th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women in New York from March 10-22, 2014. It provides an overview of the various panel discussions and side events focused on topics like women's empowerment, gender equality, and addressing issues like violence against women and girls. It also outlines Kenya's presentation on its progress toward targets on women's empowerment and the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals.
Digital Breadcrumbs- Investigating Internet Crime with Open Source Intellige...Nicholas Tancredi
This document discusses how open source intelligence (OSINT) tools and techniques can help law enforcement investigate internet crimes. It provides examples of how social media analysis and dark web investigations have helped identify suspects and combat issues like child pornography. The document also references statistics and studies on topics like drug markets on the dark web and how social media is exploited for criminal activities. It advocates for law enforcement to make use of social media searches and data mining frameworks to facilitate cybercrime investigations and intelligence gathering.
Digital Breadcrums: Investigating Internet Crime with Open Source Intelligenc...Nicholas Tancredi
Capstone project for a 12-week online course with the International Association of Crime Analysts. My topic was on how crime and intelligence analysts are using open source intelligence (OSINT) to investigate Internet crime.
This interview summarizes the work of UN Global Pulse, an initiative that explores how big data and real-time analytics can help with sustainable development efforts. The director, Robert Kirkpatrick, discusses Global Pulse's mission to accelerate the use of data science to protect populations from shocks. They derive data from sources like social media, mobile phone metadata, and other digital traces to gain insights into issues like food security, public health, and economic trends. Kirkpatrick highlights challenges like building analytical capacity, maintaining responsible data partnerships, and addressing issues of data access and privacy at scale. He provides examples of projects in Indonesia that use social media to study food prices and vulnerabilities.
MS 113 Some key concepts that you need to know to navigate th.docxssuserf9c51d
MS 113: Some key concepts that you need to know to navigate through
the key reading – I will keep updating these
1.democracy
2.citizenship
3.public sphere
5. Nation and nationalism, nation-state, government, sovereignty
4. oligarchy (polyarchy, plutocracy, aristocracy and so on)
4.capitalism
5.liberalism, neoliberalism
6.civic republicanism
7.socialism
8.authoritarianism
9.populism
10. fascism
11. Marxism -ideological, hegemonic, discursive
12.globalization
13.transnational media spheres
14. consumerism, neoliberal consumer democracy
15. social movements
16. identity politics
17. recognition and redistribution debate
18. political power
19. the notion of common good
20. the digital divide
21: digital public sphere
22. communitarianism
23. social construction of culture
24. poststructuralism
25. postmodern
26. modernity
27. civil society
28. civil disobedience
29. civic engagement
30. structure and agency
31. pluralism and multiracialism, multiculturalism
A NEW FRONTIER
SOCIAL MEDIA / NETWORKS
DISINFORMATION AND
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
IN THE CONTEXT OF
ELECTION
OBSERVATION
by Michael Meyer-Resende
Democracy Reporting International (DRI) operates on the conviction that democratic,
participatory governance is a human right and governments should be accountable to
their citizens. DRI supports democratic governance around the world with a focus on
institutions of democracy, such as constitutions, elections, parliaments and rules of
democracy grounded in international law. Through careful assessments based on field
research with partners, DRI convenes diverse stakeholders to promote policies that
strengthen democratic institutions. A non-profit company, DRI is based in Berlin and has
offices in Tunisia, Lebanon, Ukraine, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
Michael Meyer-Resende is a lawyer with twenty years of experience in political
transitions and democratisation. Works in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. His
professional experience includes two years legal practice in Berlin, four years with the
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) of the OSCE (Warsaw),
three years with the election team of the European Commission in Brussels and
journalistic experience with the BBC. In 2006 he co-founded DRI and serves as Executive
Director since then. He publishes it regularly in newspapers like The New York Times,
The Guardian, Politico, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and think tank publications.
This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union.
Its contents are the sole responsibility of Michael Meyer-Resende and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the European Union.
Graphic and layout design: Giorgio Grasso for Democracy Essentials
Cover photo: Ezequiel Scagnetti
Interior photos: Victor Idrogo (pp. 3, 6-7, 17); Ezequiel Scagnetti (p. 22)
CREDITS
3
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
I. SUMMARY
II. BACKGROUND
III. INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND NATIONAL LA.
UK Report - Disinformation and Fake News - St Lucia ImplicatedTHINK FORWARD
The following election and referenda campaigns were mentioned by Mr. Turnbull and Mr. Nix, over the course of the Channel 4 meetings: Kenya ... Ex-SCL employees have also mentioned: ... St. Lucia; and Trinidad and Tobago.
The document discusses the debate between individual privacy rights and government surveillance efforts aimed at national security. It notes that while increased surveillance can help protect citizens from security threats like terrorism, it may infringe on citizens' privacy rights. The debate centers around finding a balance between these competing interests. The document also mentions how technology has led to more personal information being stored digitally, making it accessible to authorities, and how this issue deeply affects many people given modern technology usage.
This is an invited talk I presented at the University of Zurich, speakers' series 2.10.2017. The presentation is based on the following paper: Brandtzaeg, P. B., & Følstad, A. (2017). Trust and distrust in online fact-checking services. Communications of the ACM. 60(9): 65-71
State-sponsored trolling refers to governments using targeted online harassment campaigns to silence critics. The authors studied this phenomenon in multiple countries over 18 months. They define key terms and propose a framework to attribute trolling attacks to states based on the level of state involvement. Case studies from 7 countries show how governments execute, direct, incite, or leverage trolling. The paper concludes with policy recommendations, including for technology companies to curb abuse and respect human rights.
Experimenting with Big Data and AI to Support Peace and SecurityUN Global Pulse
UN Global Pulse is working with partners to explore how data from social media and radio shows can inform peace and security efforts in Africa. The methodology, case studies, and tools developed as part of these efforts are detailed in this report.
The document provides information about the World Ethical Data Forum, which examines ethical issues around data use and technology. It discusses the forum's goals of encouraging dialogue between different stakeholders and exploring topics like privacy, surveillance, and artificial intelligence. The summary highlights some key details:
1) The World Ethical Data Forum addresses ethical concerns around data use and encourages collaboration between technology, business, government, and advocacy groups to discuss the implications of data and AI.
2) The first forum was held in Barcelona in 2018 and covered issues like data analytics, privacy, commercial data use, and government surveillance. It featured prominent speakers like Julian Assange.
3) The next conference will be held in London in July 2020 and
(Lim Jun Hao) G8 Individual Essay for BGSJun Hao Lim
The key issues at the crux of the Snowden affair are government surveillance and its impact on citizens' privacy and democracy. The main stakeholders are governments who conduct surveillance in the name of national security, citizens whose data is being collected, and large corporations that assist with data collection. Citizens should be concerned because ubiquitous surveillance could threaten democratic ideals and turn countries into police states, especially if data falls into the wrong hands. While surveillance may be necessary to combat terrorism, current methods have flaws and do not respect citizens' right to privacy or representation.
Communication rights ten years after the world summit on the information soci...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes the key findings of a survey and interviews conducted to understand civil society perceptions of changes to communication rights in the decade since the 2003 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).
The survey received 197 responses from organizations in regions around the world. Interviews were also conducted with 15 stakeholders who participated in the WSIS process.
The findings suggest that while the WSIS declarations had little direct impact on national policy, they brought coherence to advocacy areas and established common goals. However, rights are still not uniformly prioritized in policy and laws can breach international standards. Some rights like women's and media freedoms have seen more progress than others, but continued efforts are still needed to fully implement a people-
This document provides a summary of a capstone project proposal for developing a social media plan for the Nevada Emergency Alert System (EAS). Key points:
- Social media has become an important tool for emergency communication during disasters due to its immediacy and ability to share information in real-time.
- The proposal recommends Nevada EAS develop a social media plan and presence to effectively utilize social media for mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery efforts.
- If implemented properly with training and practice, a social media plan could help Nevada EAS become a leader in using social media to communicate with the public during emergencies.
MASINT (Measurement and Signature Intelligence) uses scientific and technical methods to collect strategic and tactical intelligence. It builds models to aid decision-making but can be complicated to apply quickly. In 2004, President Bush established the Commission on Intelligence Capabilities to review intelligence functions after 9/11. The commission found 74 areas needing reform, and 71 were addressed in the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. This act established a director of national intelligence and improved information sharing. MASINT now plays a role in countering global terrorism by tracking networks and using enemies' own technology against them.
Politics 3.0 : A New Democratic Model Forged by Civil Society and Digital Tec...Sonia Eyaan
Digital technology and social media are changing how politics functions. Politicians now use tools like selfies, social media, and crowdfunding. However, many French citizens do not trust political parties and believe the system needs reform. New models are emerging that use digital tools to increase participation, transparency, and ethical practices. This involves crowdsourcing legislation, online debates, and engaging youth. Looking ahead, technologies like quantum information and artificial intelligence could enable predictive and holographic politics. Overall, the document discusses how digital media can transform democracy from Politics 2.0 to a more inclusive Politics 3.0 model.
The document discusses the impact of social media on society. It addresses three main issues: personal relationships, privacy, and community engagement. Regarding personal relationships, some studies have found social media improves mood and teaches empathy. However, privacy is a concern as data mining and oversharing of information is common. Community engagement on social media has helped organize causes and spread awareness, though disagreements can also occur. In conclusion, social media has both benefits and risks to relationships, privacy, and civic participation.
The document discusses government surveillance and its implications. It begins by noting that advancements in technology have enabled mass surveillance of populations through intricate monitoring. While surveillance has historically been used, modern technologies have made it more prevalent. There is growing concern over increased implementation of mass surveillance by governments. The rest of the document discusses surveillance in George Orwell's novel 1984, where the fictional government Party uses technology like telescreens to monitor citizens constantly and maintain control. It notes how this constant surveillance eliminates privacy and individual freedom.
Clustering analysis on news from health OSINT data regarding CORONAVIRUS-COVI...ALexandruDaia1
Our primarly goal was to detect clusters via gensim libraries in news data consisting ofinformation regarding health and threats. We identified clusters for the periodscorresponding: i) Jannuary 2006 until the end of 2019, as December 2019 is considered thefirst month in which information about CORONVIRUS COVID-19 was made public; ii)between the 1st of Jannuary 2019 and 31st December 2019; and iii) between the 31st ofDecember 2019 and the 14th of April 2020. We conducted experiments using naturallanguage on open source intelligence data offered generously by brica.de, a providerspecialized in Business Risk Intelligence & Cyberthreat Awareness.
Internet Crime And Moral ResponsibilityTracy Clark
The document discusses various types of internet crimes including phishing, child pornography, cyber stalking, computer intrusion, denial of service attacks, identity theft, and whose responsibility it is to report these crimes. It describes the agencies responsible for handling crime reports which are the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. The document concludes that users need to be informed about verifying emails and contacting companies directly to reduce personal information being gathered unlawfully.
Holocaust Essays. Revealing history ASU Now: Access, Excellence, ImpactJulie Roest
Discussing the Holocaust. - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com. The Holocaust - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com. The Holocaust or the quot;Final Solutionquot;. - GCSE History - Marked by .... The holocaust - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com. My Holocaust Story - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Who was responsible for the Holocaust? - GCSE History - Marked by .... What Can We Learn From The Holocaust? - GCSE History - Marked by .... Explain the Holocaust Era In As Much Detail As Possible. - GCSE History .... Persuasive Writing on the Holocaust - GCSE Religious Studies .... Why did the Holocaust Happen? - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com. How did the Holocaust happen, and who is responsible? - A-Level History .... The holocaust. - University Historical and Philosophical studies .... Agency and the Holocaust: Essays in Honor of Deborah Dwork English .... Facts about the Holocaust. - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com. English Holocaust Review - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. The Jewish Holocaust. - University Historical and Philosophical studies .... Jewish Responses to the Holocaust - GCSE Religious Studies Philosophy .... The Holocaust: Essays and Documents Holocaust Studies, Benz, Wolfgang .... Admitting the Holocaust: Collected Essays by Lawrence L. Langer .... The Holocaust - A Literary Inspiration? - GRIN. What Were the Origins of the Holocaust? - The New York Times. Holocaust Essay Modern History - Year 12 HSC Thinkswap. Revealing history ASU Now: Access, Excellence, Impact. Holocaust essays: the doctors of the holocaust remember. Extended essay topics on the holocaust definition. Holocaust essay. Holocaust Essay. 2022-10-24. Holocaust essay bartleby. Holocaust- research paper? - articleeducation.x.fc2.com. How to start a holocaust essay bjarw.us. Argumentative Essay About The Holocaust. Free Holocaust Essays and Papers - 123helpme. Argumentative Writing - The Holocaust Holocaust Essays Holocaust Essays. Revealing history ASU Now: Access, Excellence, Impact
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Bed Making ( Introduction, Purpose, Types, Articles, Scientific principles, N...
Human Rights Council Study Guide
1. H U M A N
R I G H T S
C O U N C I L
H E A D C H A I R
G A B R I E L A P I R E S
C H A I R
A N I T A T A U L O I S
C H A I R
V I C T O R S O U Z A
RIO DE JANEIRO MIDDLE SCHOOL
MODEL UNITED NATIONS
STUDY GUIDE
2. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N
CONTENTS
2
Letter from the Dais/Chairs ……………………………………………………………. 3
Topic A:
Background Information……………………………………………………… 5
Current Situation………………………………………………………………….. 8
Bloc Positions………………………………………………………………………. 9
Timeline of Events……………………………………………………………….. 11
Definition of Key Terms………………………………………………………. 12
Guiding Questions……………………………………………………………….. 13
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………… 13
Topic B:
Background Information…………………………………………………….. 19
Current Situation ………………………………………………………………….21
Bloc Positions……………………………………………………………………….22
Timeline of Events………………………………………………………………..24
Definition of Key Terms……………………………………………………….26
Guiding Questions………………………………………………………………..27
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..27
3. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 3
LETTER FROM DAIS
Dear delegates,
As members of this year's board of the Human Rights Council, we would like to welcome
you to the first edition of the RJMSMUN! We are honoured to be serving as your chairs
throughout the conference and committed to making our committee a comfortable and
pleasant environment for all of you. It is quite thrilling to have the opportunity of working
with such dedicated delegates; we're sure that each of you will contribute towards a juicy,
fruitful debate.
As you may know, the Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the
UN, meaning more than two governments conduct it. The Council is made up of 47
members who are elected by the UN general assembly, responsible for promoting and
protecting human rights and addressing its violations worldwide. Moreover, the Council
discusses all human rights-related situations that require attention during the year; it
meets regularly in the UNHRC headquarters located in Geneva, Switzerland.
This year, in the Human Rights Council, we will be discussing the right to privacy in the
digital age and addressing the increase in domestic violence. The aforementioned topics
are of utmost importance, and your resolutions are to suggest different approaches to, if
not solve, minimise, some of the most controversial and pressing issues of the 21st
century. This will be an excellent opportunity to expand your horizons and acquire
knowledge regarding human rights complications worldwide. We have carefully prepared
this study guide to help direct you through your research and preparation for the
conference.
If any doubts arise, please do not hesitate to contact us! We hope you make the best out
of your committee sessions, and most importantly, have fun!
Your chairs,
Gabriela Pires 2022gabrielapires@britishschool.g12.br
Anita Taulois 2022anitataulois@britishschool.g12.br
Victor Souza 2021victorsouza@britishschool.g12.br
4. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 4
TOPIC A: Discussing the right to
privacy in the digital age
“ T O D A Y , A L M O S T 3 B I L L I O N P E O P L E A R E U N D E R
S U R V E I L L A N C E B Y G O V E R N M E N T S A N D L A W
E N F O R C E M E N T , I N P A R T B E C A U S E M O N I T O R I N G
T E C H N O L O G Y I S G E T T I N G M O R E A D V A N C E D A N D
M O R E A F F O R D A B L E ” ( G I L B E R T , 2 0 1 9 ) .
5. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 5
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Overview
Digital technology has dramatically impacted human progress and has contributed to
the rapid advancement of societies as a whole (Nations, 2021). The impact of such
technology, nevertheless, has allowed for the State as well as enterprises and
businesses to easily gather one's data, increasingly be able to track, analyse and predict
users' location and go as far as manipulating people’s behaviours and feelings in prol of
their own benefits (OHCHR, 2021). It has been found that governments collect and
analyse the personal information of their population through the use of artificial
intelligence and thus utilise such data to manipulate elections on grand scales, thus
subverting the process of free democratic elections (Gilbert, 2019). Experts have stated
that such technological developments risk human dignity and human rights safeguard if
not dealt with carefully and effectively (OHCHR, 2021).
Worldwide Surveillance
During World War II, an alliance between the United States, United Kingdom and their
respective security agencies, National Security Agency (NSA) and Government
Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), was forged to decrypt Soviet intercepts and share
information about the content of such matters (Hanna, 2017). Nevertheless, the alliance
did not end with the war, yet, it prospered and acquired more countries, such as Australia,
Canada, and New Zealand. The alliance named “Five Eyes Oversight and Review Council”,
or commonly known as “Five Eyes”, aimed at collecting, sharing and analysing information
obtained by lawful or unlawful intrusion of right to privacy (Kim and Perlin, 2019). The full
extent of the Five Eyes information about one’s data is still vague. Nevertheless, Edward
Snowden's leak shed light on the depths of the problem which is mass surveillance upon
the population, leading to the understanding that online activities, phone conversations,
and many other online matters are being monitored at all times, enabling a constant fear
of surveillance upon the American citizens (Švenčionis, 2020). The Five Eyes actions are
also directed towards geopolitical, political adversaries, such as China, Russia and Iran
(Švenčionis, 2020). Nowadays, the United States, alongside the Five Eyes, spy on
approximately 193 foreign countries and their population; nevertheless, it does not spy on
the alliance countries (Fisher, 2014).
6. The Five Eyes sharing arrangements are of the utmost secrecy, thus “allowing for
arbitrary or unlawful intrusions on the right to privacy”, which circumvent domestic and
international legal restrictions on surveillance in general (Privacy International, 2019).
Many countries, which are being spied, dislike such ideas, nevertheless are unable to
“fight back” as they don’t have the means necessary for it. Furthermore, the Five eyes
alliance has grown exponentially with it ultimately having extensions such as the 9-eyes
alliance (consisting of the five eyes states, Denmark, France, Netherlands, and Norway)
and also the 14- eyes alliance (consisting of the nine eyes, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain
and Sweden).
In 2018, the Human Rights Council had once again affirmed that “the same human rights
that people have offline must be protected online”, social media companies would also
have to abide by such measures. After the discovery that Facebook was sending sensitive
data to the US, the European Union sent to court the company and thus prohibited private
information to be sent across the Atlantic, securing the privacy of the population within
the bloc (Amaro, 2020). The continued data breaches have alarmed the public in regards to
the safety of their personal data. With its headquarters in the United Kingdom, Cambridge
Analytica was discovered to have exploited over 50 million Facebook users' personal data
to influence the 2016 American Elections (Tulane University, 2020). Furthermore, the
Russian Internet Research Agency was also accused of utilising the personal information of
social media users to interfere with the US elections (Tulane University, 2020). The Russian
enterprise, alongside 3 other Russian social media companies, was charged for
“committing federal crime while seeking to interfere in the United States political system,
including the 2016 Presidential election… with the goal of spread[ing] distrust towards the
candidates and the political system in general (Department of Justice, 2018).”
HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 6
Social Media
7. In 2013, for the first time, the United Nations agreed upon the rights a person has
“offline must also be protected online” (United Nations, 2013). Crafted by Brazil, together
with Germany, the measures to deal with the right of privacy was sent to the Assembly's
Third Committee and in its content possessed a range of issues relating to “human
rights, social development and crime prevention” in the digital sphere (UN, 2013). In
addition, the United Nations, in its 2016 resolution, urged all nations to commit to the
right to privacy policies and that any state with a legitimate concern in regards to
security laws can and should address it consistently under the international human
rights laws (Brown 2016). It also recognised that data collection is increasingly being
gathered by States and industries without the individual’s explicit consent and thus
should not be permitted. It calls upon the “strengthening of protections against such
violations” (Brown 2016). It acknowledges the role of the private sector in the
commitment of abuse and violations of the right to privacy. Furthermore, it calls for the
state to prevent the private sector from continuing its violations effectively. Finally, it
notes the effects of such violations regarding women, children and vulnerable or
marginalised communities (Brown 2016).
HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 7
Past UN Actions
8. The right to privacy in the digital age has been of the utmost importance because
technology has taken a crucial role in society, as 4.66 billion people utilise the internet
daily; thus, their privacy online must be respected and protected.
At present, social media-related companies such as Facebook and Twitter have to pay
fines for the unlawful use of their user’s data and sensitive information. Due to its
constant privacy scandals worldwide, Facebook has paid nearly $5 billion in settlements
(Nuñez, 2019). To prevent more privacy breaches and scandals, Facebook has created
new policies that ensure the privacy of its users, such as: adding restrictions on the data
that apps affiliated to Facebook can access, as well as allowing users to revoke
facebook’s access to some sensitive data (Edelson, 2018). Experts state that these kinds
of data breaches and scandals are becoming more frequent (Bachelet, 2019). TikTok,
similarly, is being sued by multiple families due to recent discoveries that the app has
been unlawfully collecting information upon its users and sending it directly to servers in
China (Allyn, 2020). As a result, the former president of the US, Donald Trump,
unsuccessfully tried to ban the platform from American soil (Leskin, 2020).
Furthermore, the Five Eyes has mass surveillance upon almost every country globally
except its members, causing countries such as China to oppose such measures. In
November 2020, China stated that if nations "dared harm China's sovereignty, they
should beware that their eyes could be blinded"(CNN, 2020). The EU also dislikes the
idea of constant surveillance upon its citizens and wishes to tighten its privacy laws to
try to prevent such actions from happening (Stojanova, 2019).
HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 8
CURRENT SITUATION
9. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 9
BLOC POSITIONS
China is estimated to be the country that withholds one of the highest numbers of internet users
globally as part of its 1.4 billion people are increasingly becoming digitised (Wu, 2020).
However, throughout the years, Chinese legislation has struggled to level with such
developments. As stated by Xu Ke, a professor at the University of International Business and
Economics in Beijing, “When the law hasn’t set a definition for personal information, then a lot of
disputes are very hard to resolve because there’s no way to sue” (Wu, 2020). According to legal
experts, what strikes as the major issue in the Chinese legislations regarding privacy in the digital
age is the fact that laws fail to foist proper sanctions for companies responsible for breaching
such, in addition to the complaint of the legal system's inconsistency whilst dealing with data
privacy cases. An example of Chinese companies breaching data privacy occurred recently in
2020, a case in which a cumulation of leaked data demonstrated that a Chinese tech company
with links to intelligent networks and China's military had collected personal details of millions
globally. The company's representatives have denied the reliability of such accusations, yet
records from 250,000 people have been recovered from the leaked data of millions, including
personal information from Americans, Australians, and Britons (Hurst, Kuo, Graham-McLay,
2020).
China
Russia
On the 1st of January 2021, a new law aimed at "creating a uniform federal database" was
established in Russia. Such a federal database is expected to include the personal data of the
whole of the Russian population, taking into account education, residence permits, employment,
tax information, marital status, birth certificates and passports, in addition to changes of gender
(Zoblina, 2020). Yet, alongside the introduction of such a law, a threat to Russian individuals'
security of data and privacy rights is raised. Russia is a party of the Council of Europe’s
Convention 108+ which presents precepts related to the privacy of personal data coherent with
a Russian law that prohibits the overuse of data collected, that should be used for the specific
reason for its gathering (Zoblina, 2020). Such Council also stands for a principle that should not
make significant decisions concerning an individual with basis on automated processing data,
which its purpose is contradicted via the introduction of this new Russian database that aims to
create a golden profile that serves for the allotment of social benefits for Russian citizens
(Zoblina, 2020). Speculations regarding such new law enforcement were recently raised, as it
questioned the consideration of the Russian government in regards to the importance of privacy
in the digital age. However, in previous years Russia proved otherwise as it raised administrative
sanctions for a range of privacy violations in 2017, according to the deputy head of the legal
department, Sergey Medvedev (Medvedev, 2020).
10. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 1 0
According to data from IBM, the UK's average cost of a data breach has accounted for
approximately £2.7 million, serving as a great disservice to the country's role concerning the
right to privacy in the digital age (Computerworld UK, 2020). Before Brexit, the UK followed the
General Data Protection Regulation alongside EU nations, considered the most vigorous privacy
and security legislations globally (Wolford, 2020). The GDPR assures the data security of
individuals of the EU through the enforcement of obligations directed to any organisation in the
world if it is regarding their data privacy. As the UK has ceased to incorporate the EU GDPR, it
has developed a general protection regulation of the country, UK GDPR, with principles that
resemble those core in the EU GDPR followed by minor changes, according to the ICO (ICO,
2020). Alongside the UK GDPR, the Data Protection Act 2018 is also in place to ensure the
safety of organisation's and the government's usage of personal data belonging to UK citizens,
granting people the right to be knowledgeable of the extent of data organisations and the
government may have concerning them (GOV.UK, 2020).
United Kingdom
United States of America
The United States' approach concerning data privacy is known to be a sectoral approach,
meaning that it relies on regulation, legislation, and self-regulation instead of solely
governmental interference (HG.org, 2020). The US depends on the population's and companies'
responsibility regarding data privacy, expecting US citizens to protect their data and
organisations from investing in their consumers' security. According to Statista, at the start of
2020, 540 data breaches were reported. In the previous year of 2019, 164.68 million sensitive
records were made public, with a total of 1,473 data breaches in the United States (Statista,
2020). The sectoral approach of the country has resulted in several gaps in the enforcement of
the law, with cases causing the emergence of new laws arising when convenient. Examples of
sector-specific legislation in the US include the Gramm Leach Bliley Act, concerning the
protection of personal data shared with insurance companies, banks, and other financial
institutions, enforced since 1999 (ICLG, 2020).
11. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 1 1
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
1941
The alliance called Five Eyes was created.
1946
UKUSA agreement was signed, strengthening the
sharing of information between the US and the
UK.
1982
The alliance of the 14- eyes were created.
2007
Mark Zuckerberg apologises for selling Facebook.
users’ personal information.
2009
The alliance of the 9- eyes were created.
2011
Facebook privacy scandals.
2013
Edward Snowden leaked highly classified
information about the Five eyes revealing to the
world the depths of their surveillance.
2013
Brazil and Germany introduce a resolution about
the right to privacy in the UN General Assembly's
digital age.
12. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 1 2
2014
Mood-manipulation experiment on thousands of
Facebook users.
2015
The European Court of Justice ruled that personal
data from its citizens should not be shared with
non-European countries.
2016
Russian interference in the United States’ election
through social media and the user’s data.
2018
Cambridge Analytica was discovered to have
collected the personal information of Facebook
users and interfered with the US elections.
2018
The Belgium Court told Facebook to stop tracking
people across the entire internet.
2019
Over 5 million Google user's data were
compromised.
2020
China threatens Five Eyes.
2020
Trump tries to ban TikTok.
13. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 1 3
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
GDPR
General Data Protection Regulation. The GDPR is the European regulatory agency that protects
the online data and privacy of the citizens within the European Union.
Five Eyes
Five Eyes Oversight and Review Council. The Five Eyes is an alliance created by the United States
and the United Kingdom during the First World War to spy and share all information obtained
regarding countries outside of the alliance.
NSA
National Security Agency. The NSA is an American agency that is responsible for communication,
intelligence and security.
GCHQ
Government Communications Headquarters. The GCHQ is the United Kingdom’s intelligence and
security organisation responsible for providing information to the UK armed forces.
14. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 1 4
GUIDING QUESTIONS
Should the media, including television, radio and film, be
restricted? If so, in what ways? If not, why not?
What are your country's regulations regarding the right to
privacy in the digital age?
What can the UN Human Rights Council do to ensure digital
freedom and their right to privacy?
Why is it important to raise awareness about privacy in the
digital world?
Which data should be private and which data shouldn't?
Which countries contain the most media censorship, and which
ones doesn't?
15. Bibliography
OVERVIEW
Nations, U., 2021. The Impact of Digital Technologies | United Nations. [online] United
Nations. Available at:
<https://www.un.org/en/un75/impact-digital-technologies#:~:text=Digital%20techno
logies%20have%20advanced%20more,can%20be%20a%20great%20equaliser.>
[Accessed 16 February 2021].
Ohchr.org. 2021. OHCHR | OHCHR and privacy in the digital age. [online] Available at:
<https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/digitalage/pages/digitalageindex.aspx>
[Accessed 19 February 2021].
Worldwide Surveillance
Hanna, J., 2017. What is the Five Eyes intelligence pact?. [online] CNN. Available at:
<https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/25/world/uk-us-five-eyes-intelligence-explainer/in
dex.html>[Accessed 18 February 2021].
Kim, S. and Perlin, P., 2019. Newly Disclosed NSA Documents Shed Further Light on
Five Eyes Alliance. [online] Lawfare. Available at:
<https://www.lawfareblog.com/newly-disclosed-nsa-documents-shed-further-light-fiv
e-eyes-alliance> [Accessed 18 February 2021].
Švenčionis, T., 2020. 5-Eyes, 9-Eyes, And 14-Eyes Agreement Explained | CyberNews.
[online] CyberNews. Available at:
<https://cybernews.com/resources/5-eyes-9-eyes-14-eyes-countries/>[Accessed 18
February 2021].
Fisher, M., 2014. This map shows every country the NSA spies on. [online] Vox.
Available at:
<https://www.vox.com/2014/7/1/5860484/map-the-193-foreign-countries-the-nsa-s
pies-on-and-the-4-it-doesnt> [Accessed 16 February 2021].
Privacy International.org. 2019. Five Eyes. [online] Available at:
<https://privacyinternational.org/learn/five-eyes> [Accessed 6 March 2021].
1
16. Social Media
Amaro, S., 2020. EU court voids data-sharing pact with the U.S. in Facebook privacy
case. [online] CNBC. Available at:
<https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/16/european-court-rules-on-facebook-vs-schrems-
case.html>[Accessed 16 February 2021]
Sopa.tulane.edu. 2020. Social Media Privacy Issues for 2020: Threats & Risks. [online]
Available at:
<https://sopa.tulane.edu/blog/key-social-media-privacy-issues-2020> [Accessed 18
February 2021].
Justice.gov. 2018. Grand Jury Indicts Thirteen Russian Individuals and Three
Russian Companies for Scheme to Interfere in the United States Political System.
[online] Available at:
<https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/grand-jury-indicts-thirteen-russian-individuals-and-thr
ee-russian-companies-scheme-interfere> [Accessed 6 March 2021].
Past United Nations Actions
UN News. 2013. The General Assembly backs the right to privacy in the digital age.
[online] Available at:
<https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/12/458232-general-assembly-backs-right-privac
y-digital-age#:~:text=Deeply%20concerned%20that%20electronic%20surveillance,tak
e%20measures%20to%20end%20activities> [Accessed 17 February 2021].
Brown, D., 2016. New UN resolution on the right to privacy in the digital age: crucial
and timely. [online] Internet Policy Review. Available at:
<https://policyreview.info/articles/news/new-un-resolution-right-privacy-digital-age-c
rucial-and-timely/436> [Accessed 16 February 2021].
Un.org. 2016. United Nations Official Document. [online] Available at:
<https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/C.3/71/L.39/Rev.1>
[Accessed 19 February 2021].
Current Situation
Nuñez, M., 2019. FTC Slaps Facebook With $5 Billion Fine, Forces New Privacy
Controls. [online] Forbes. Available at:
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/mnunez/2019/07/24/ftcs-unprecedented-slap-fines-
2
17. facebook-5-billion-forces-new-privacy-controls/?sh=d2ae5e55668a> [Accessed 18
February 2021].
BBC News. 2020. Hong Kong: 'Five Eyes could be blinded,' China warns West. [online]
Available at: <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54995227> [Accessed
19 February 2021].
Stojanova, I., 2019. EU to Oppose the "Five Eyes" Weakening of Encrypted
Communication. [online] CCSI. Available at:
<https://www.ccsinet.com/blog/eu-oppose-five-eyes-encryption/> [Accessed 18
February 2021].
Allyn, B., 2020. NPR Cookie Consent and Choices. [online] Npr.org. Available at:
<https://www.npr.org/2020/08/04/898836158/class-action-lawsuit-claims-tiktok-steals
-kids-data-and-sends-it-to-china> [Accessed 6 March 2021].
Leskin, P., 2020. Trump's push to ban TikTok, explained in 30 seconds.
[online] Business Insider. Available at:
<https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-tiktok-ban-us-china-explained
-in-30-seconds-2020-8> [Accessed 6 March 2021].
Timeline
BBC News. 2020. Hong Kong: 'Five Eyes could be blinded,' China warns West. [online]
Available at: <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54995227> [Accessed
19 February 2021].
BBC News. 2020. Twitter apologises for a business data breach. [online] Available at:
<https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53150157> [Accessed 16 February 2021].
Election Watch for the Digital Age. 2021. Election Watch for the Digital Age. [online]
Available at: <https://freedomhouse.org/report/election-watch-digital-age
[Accessed 17 February 2021].
Privacy International.org. n.d. Five Eyes | Privacy International. [online] Available at:
<https://privacyinternational.org/learn/five-eyes> [Accessed 19 February 2021].
Newcomb, A., 2018. A timeline of Facebook’s privacy issues — and its responses.
[online] NBC News. Available at:
<https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/timeline-facebook-s-privacy-issues-its-
responses-n859651>[Accessed 6 March 2021].
3
18. Lindsey, N., 2019. Twitter Privacy Breach Served up Targeted Ads to Users. [online]
CPO Magazine. Available at:
<https://www.cpomagazine.com/data-privacy/twitter-privacy-breach-served-up-target
ed-ads-to-users/> [Accessed 6 March 2021].
CHINA
Wu, Huizhong. 26/05/2020, "In land of big data, China sets individual privacy rights",
Reuters, Online, Accessed 10/02/2021.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-lawmaking-privacy-idUSKBN23
20EF
Hurst, Daniel & Kuo, Lily & Graham-McLay, Charlotte. 14/09/2020, "Zhenhua Data
leak: personal details of millions around world gathered by China tech company", The
guardian, Online, Accessed 11/02/2021
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/14/zhenhua-data-full-list-leak-databa
se-personal-details-millions-china-tech-company
RUSSIA
Mendev. Sergey. 24/11/2020, "Russian Federation: Data Protection & Privacy Laws
2020", Mondaq, Online, Accessed 11/02/2021
https://www.mondaq.com/russianfederation/privacy-protection/1008846/data-prote
ction-privacy-laws-2020
Zoblina, Anastasiia. 26/05/2020, "New Database Threatens Right to Privacy in
Russia", Human Rights Watch, Online, Accessed 11/02/2021
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/26/new-database-threatens-right-privacy-russia
UK
Computer World UK. 06/03/2020, "The most significant data breaches in the UK”
Computerworld, Online, Accessed 12/02/2021
https://www.computerworld.com/article/3412255/the-most-significant-data-breache
s-in-the-uk.html
Information Commissioner's Office. 2020, "Information rights at the end of the
transition period - Frequently Asked Questions'', ICO, Online, Accessed 12/02/2021
https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/dp-at-the-end-of-the-transition-period/informatio
n-rights-at-the-end-of-the-transition-period-frequently-asked-questions/
4
19. GDPR.EU. 2020, "What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law?", GDPR.EU, Online,
Accessed 12/02/2021
https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/
GOV.UK. 2020, "Data Protection", GOV.UK, Online, Accessed 12/02/2021
https://www.gov.uk/data-protection
US
ICLG. 06/07/2020, "USA: Data Protection Law and Regulations 2020", ICLG, Online,
Accessed 14/02/2021
https://iclg.com/practice-areas/data-protection-laws-and-regulations/usa
Statista. 2020, "Annual number of data breaches and exposed records in the United
States from 2005 to 1st half 2020", Statista, Online, Accessed 14/02/2021
https://www.statista.com/statistics/273550/data-breaches-recorded-in-the-united-st
ates-by-number-of-breaches-and-records-exposed/
Hg.org. 2020, "Data Protection Law", Hg.org, Online, Accessed 14/02/2021
https://www.hg.org/data-protection.html
Bibliography
US
Huecker, Martin R & Smock, William. 15/10/2020, "Domestic Violence", NCBI, Online,
Accessed 16/02/2021
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499891/
United States Department of Justice. 26/05/2020, "Federal Domestic Violence Laws",
United States Department of Justice, Online, Accessed 16/02/2021
https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdtn/victim-witness-program/federal-domestic-violen
ce-law
SPAIN
5
20. (Burgen, Stephen. 28/04/ 2020, "Women killed in Spain as coronavirus lockdown sees
rise in domestic violence", The Guardian, Online, Accessed 16/02/2021
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/28/three-women-killed-
in-spain-as-coronavirus-lockdown-sees-rise-in-domestic-violence
Taub, Amanda. 06/04/2020, "A New Covid-19 Crisis: Domestic Abuse Rises
Worldwide", NY Times, Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/world/coronavirus-domestic-violence.html
Martinez, Marta & Cereceda, Rafael. 13/06/2019, "These are the names of the 999
female victims of domestic violence in Spain", Euronews, Online, Accessed
17/02/2021
https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/13/these-are-the-names-of-the-999-female-vict
ims-of-domestic-violence-in-spain
BRAZIL
Glória. 2020, "Dados de violência", Glória, Online, Accessed 17/02/2020
https://www.eusouagloria.com.br/dados
Instituto Maria da Penha. 2020, "Resumo da Lei", Instituto Maria da Penha, Online,
Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/quem-e-maria-da-penha.html
Oliveira, Sheila. 10/10/2020, "Uma mulher é morta a cada nove horas durante a
pandemia no Brasil", Brasil de Fato, Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2020/10/10/uma-mulher-e-morta-a-cada-nove-hora
s-durante-a-pandemia-no-brasil
Cunha, Carolina. 2020, "Feminicídio - Brasil é o 5º país em morte violentas de
mulheres no mundo", UOL, Online, Accessed in 17/02/2021
https://vestibular.uol.com.br/resumo-das-disciplinas/atualidades/feminicidio-brasil-
e-o-5-pais-em-morte-violentas-de-mulheres-no-mundo.htm?cmpid=copiaecola
Correa, Fabricio. 2014, "Lei maria da penha não é eficaz segundo ipea", Jusbrasil,
Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://fabriciocorrea.jusbrasil.com.br/artigos/121941706/lei-maria-da-penha-nao-e-
eficaz-segundo-ipea
6
21. RUSSIA
Library of Congress. 30/12/2020, "Russia: Decriminalization of Domestic Violence",
Library of Congress, Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/domestic-violence/russia.php
Chatham House. 20/07/2020, "Domestic Violence in Russia: The Impact of the
COVID-19 Pandemic", Chatham House, Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/07/domestic-violence-russia-impact-covid-19-
pandemic
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Medicine Net. "Domestic Violence", Medicine Net, Online, Accessed 15/02/21
https://www.medicinenet.com/domestic_violence/article.htm#what_is_domestic_vi
olence_what_are_the_types_of_domestic_violence
CURRENT SITUATION
https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/sexual-assault-and-rape/s
exual-assault
https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-an
d-figures
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/conflict-related-sexual-violence
https://www.nsvrc.org/statistics
TIMELINE
Oregon Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence. "Historical timeline", Oregon
Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence, Online, Accessed 16/02/21
https://www.ocadsv.org/about-us/historical-timeline
LSE (London School of Economics), "Tackling Violence Against Women", LSE (London
School of Economics), Online, Accessed 16/02/21
https://lsedesignunit.com/VAW_timeline/
7
22. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 2 2
TOPIC B: Addressing the issue of
domestic violence
D O M E S T I C V I O L E N C E I S T H E L E A D I N G C A U S E O F I N J U R Y
T O W O M E N - M O R E T H A N C A R A C C I D E N T S , M U G G I N G S ,
A N D R A P E S C O M B I N E D . A P P R O X I M A T E L Y ½ O F A L L
H O M E L E S S W O M E N A N D C H I L D R E N I N T H E U . S A R E
F L E E I N G F R O M D O M E S T I C V I O L E N C E . E V E R Y 9 S E C O N D S
I N T H E U . S , A W O M A N I S A S S A U L T E D O R B E A T E N .
23. Domestic violence can be defined as a pattern of intentionally violent or controlling
behaviour used by a person against a family member or intimate partner to gain and
maintain power and control over that person during and/or after the relationship.
Therefore, it affects men, women, teen girls and boys, whether married or unmarried, in
a casual relationship. Intimate partner violence includes various forms, such as but not
limited to psychological, sexual, physical, economic, stalking and cyberstalking abuse.
Domestic violence affects millions of people worldwide and often results in
physical/emotional injuries or even death. Violence has no age or gender; anyone can be
subjected to it anywhere. The media reporting of celebrities' cases of domestic violence
supports this claim.
Statistics about those affected by intimate partner violence are staggering; domestic abuse
affects 3-5% of current adult relationships in the United States, including more than 2
million women. Nearly ⅓ of women can expect to be the victim of intimate power violence
sometime in their lifetime.
Despite the issue disproportionately affecting women, the myth that men do not suffer is
untrue; 800,000 men are victims of intimate partner abuse. About 25% of gay, lesbian,
bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals are victims of intimate partner abuse, just as
often as are heterosexual women. Research into deaths that result from intimate partner
abuse in the United States and Austria indicate that 50% of women murdered are the
result of domestic violence, most often using a gun.
HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 2 3
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Overview
Statistics
The Vicious Cycle:
24. There tends to be an addictive cycle in abusive relationships, which initiates with a
tension-building stage, in which the abuser tends to engage in lower-level abuse
characterised by insulting, pushing and escalating demands for control. Simultaneously,
the victim tries to appease the abuser to avoid worsening the situation. Acts of abuse
escalate to a severe level during the explosive stage, manifesting as the most overt and
severe abuse such as punching, slapping, rape or other forms of sexual violence. In the
end, the abuser seems remorseful and apologetic, promising vaguely that the episode
will never happen again and showering the victim with affection. This traps the victim
into the never-ending cycle, as they develop an emotional dependency on his/her
partner.
The consequences of domestic abuse are significant public health ramifications. Between
25-50% of homeless families have lost their homes due to intimate partner violence; this is
also associated with almost $6 billion in health care costs and lost work productivity per
year. Furthermore, such victims are subjected to a higher risk of facing discrimination in
securing any form of insurance, including health, life, disability and property insurances.
They are also more likely to experience trouble raising their children and suffer family
disruption, besides being vulnerable to developing depression, anxiety and substance
abuse disorders.
HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 2 4
Consequences
25. The recent controversy in Hollywood regarding domestic violence, sexual assault and
sexual harassment has raised alarms worldwide. Although the United States is
attempting to pass legislation to fix these problems, other nations such as France focus
on improving its current policy. Marital rape and domestic violence laws across the
world typically provide women with less legal security, while rape provides the best legal
protection worldwide, according to a 2018 study by the Washington Post.
Moreover, according to the UN, rapists are excluded from punishment in 37 countries,
whether married to or marry after the survivor. In terms of total legal security, Europe
and North America were the best, while Western Asia and particularly the Middle East
were the world's weakest area for legal protection in this respect, owing in part to the
lack of regulations against marital rape.
Many European countries such as Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands regard
rape as a legal problem rather than a criminal act, enabling the perpetrator to prevent
prosecution by admitting responsibility and understanding the victim. Rape and
domestic violence are legal in many other Asian nations like China and India; the
aggressor may even avoid punishment if he is married or marries the victim.
In 2006, Tarana Burke launched "me too" with young black women and girls from low-
wealth backgrounds to help domestic violence and sexual assault survivors find routes
to justice, encouraging them to tell their experiences by their free will. Her inspiration
originated from a 13-year-old girl who trusted Tarana to warn her that she had been
sexually assaulted. Not knowing then what to respond to comfort the girl, she replied,
"me too". Actress Alyssa Milano popularised the world in October 2017. She asked
women to use the hashtag #MeToo to "give people a sense of the scale of the problem"
on social media.
Over 40 women, including many celebrities from Hollywood, increased in popularity and
used the hashtag as an accusation towards film producer Harvey Weinstein of sexual
assault, sexual harassment, domestic violence, and rape. Weinstein consequently lost
his partner as his wife divorced him, withdrew from the public eye and later went to
rehab to treat alleged sex addiction. The hashtag attracted so much attention that
virtually half of the actors attending the 2018 Golden globe awards wore black costumes
to honour the "me too" campaign and sexual harassment victims.
HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 2 5
CURRENT SITUATION
26. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 2 6
BLOC POSITIONS
Every year, 10 million people in the United States are expected to suffer from domestic violence
(Huecker & Smock, 2020. Therefore, it is evident that such issue is of great significance and
occurrence in the United States, also known for being very difficult to be uncovered, resulting in
several unreported domestic violence cases yearly. Accordingly, it is estimated that forty per cent
of domestic violence cases in the US are not reported to professionals (Huecker & Smock, 2020).
Regardless of such lack of communication in cases, the United States currently has two very
significant acts to minimise domestic violence occurrence and condemn it. These include the
Violence Against Women Act ("VAWA"), which highlights the fact that domestic violence is a
national crime and protects victims through the provision of help services and the assistance of
federal laws regardless of their gender, and modifications in the Gun Control Act condemning
the possession of guns in the case of domestic violence abusers a as federal crime (United States
Department of Justice, 2020). According to the NCBI, virtually all healthcare system
professionals will eventually encounter a domestic violence victim to be treated, having the
national economic cost of family and domestic violence in the US accounting for more than 12
billion dollars per year (Huecker & Smock, 2020).
United States of America
Spain
Gender violence shares a strong and influential relationship with domestic abuse. According to
Maria Angeles Carmona, the president of the government agency that holds the responsibility of
tackling gender violence in Spain, "Spain is a pioneer in the fight against gender violence”, being
the first country to introduce gender violence-based laws back in 2004, with the full support of
all parliamentary parties in 2017 (Burgen, 2020). Maria Angeles Carmona, alongside her
department, established an online guide with advice for those who require physiological and
legal assistance, call for emergency and immediate support for dangerous situations. Domestic
violence casualties in Spain have accounted for the death of 999 women since the government
began to make a note of cases in 2003, according to the Euro News in 2019 (Martinez &
Cereceda, 2019). The primary legislation to condemn domestic violence in the country currently
includes the Act on Integrated Protection Measures against Gender Violence, enforced in 2004.
It is significant to note that the lockdown due to the COVID-19 outbreak has also led to a great
increase in domestic violence cases, mainly due to a loss of victim's of traditional escape routes.
In the first two weeks of lockdown in Spain, there were 18% more calls than in the same period
a month earlier (Taub, 2020). Furthermore, the number of women entering contact with help
services has increased by 700%, according to data collected by the Guardian (Burgen, 2020).
27. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 2 7
Brazil is a country that occupies 5th place in the world ranking of femicide (Cunha, 2020). Every
1.4 seconds, a woman in Brazil is subjected to harassment, hence making a clear understanding
that violence is a very present issue in Brazilian societies nowadays (Gloria, 2021). A very
significant Brazilian figure that plays a big role protecting women from domestic violence is
Maria da Penha, a victim of domestic violence that stood up to defend such a cause in Brazilian
societies. She introduced, on the 7th of August of 2006, with the support of President Luiz
Inacio Lula da Silva the Lei da Maria da Penha, enforcing 46 articles striving to curb violence
against women in Brazil (Instituto Maria da Penha, 2021). However, the effectiveness of such
legislation has been recently placed in question as a subtle increase in homicide cases committed
against women occurred between 2001-2011, cases in which, in a thesis, the lei da Maria da
Penha should have been applied (Correa, 2014). However, such an increase still does not serve
as enough evidence to diminish the influence of such law in Brazilian society, as it has raised
awareness of the relevant issue of domestic violence being discussed.
Brazil
Russia
Russia has no legal definition of domestic violence since it was decriminalized in July of 2016
and made an administrative offence punished by fine or detention (Library of Congress, 2020).
Hence, currently, Russia presents fragile protective measures against domestic violence, which
has been seen as incompatible with its obligations within the Human Rights Council. Russia has
also decriminalised battery among household members for first-time offences in 2017 (Chatham
House, 2020), taking another step towards reducing the protection of Russian citizens from
domestic violence. Individuals in powerful positions in the Russian society, such as the head of
the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, commented on a case that a young woman whom her
husband allegedly killed should have granted more effort to keep her marriage and that the
occurrence of a man beating his wife "happens" (Chatham House, 2020). The Russian state has
also opted to ignore the current rise in domestic violence cases in Russia and use it as an excuse
to delay the deliberation on introducing a federal law of domestic violence, presented by the
Duma in 2019. The Chairwoman of the Federation Council, Valentina Matvienko, shared her
belief that instead of increasing domestic violence in households, the pandemic has actually
"brought families together", showing apparent negligence to the issue at hand (Chatham House,
2020). With such positions being taken by influential individuals in Russia, the protection of their
citizens regarding domestic violence is threatened and may serve as a justification for the actions
of abusers.
28. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 2 8
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
1967
The United Nations General Assembly accepts the
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination
against Women and demanding states take steps
to eliminate harmful beliefs about the inferiority
of women.
1974
At the 25th Session of the Commission on the
Status of Women, a new commitment is made to
preparing an internationally binding instrument to
eliminate discrimination against women
(Resolution 1(XXV)).
1977
Oregon became the first state to enact domestic
violence mandatory arrest laws.
1978
Oregon defined marital rape as crime.
1979
An international bill of rights for women is
created: the Convention on the Elimination of all
Forms of Discrimination against Women.
1981
OCADSV was founded
1986
Created by the 1985 General Assembly
Resolution on domestic violence, an Expert Group
Meeting on Violence in the Family is formed
29. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 2 9
1989
General Recommendation No.12: The Committee
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women requires States Parties to report
on their efforts to eliminate violence against
women.
1993
The Vienna World Conference on Human Rights
formally recognises violence against women is a
human rights violation.
The UN General Assembly adopts the Declaration
on the Elimination of Violence against Women
(Resolution 48/104).
1997
Four high-level conferences are held to examine
violence against women as a "male problem",
"male culture" and the impact such violence has
on both men and society.
2000
The blueprint for women, peace and security: the
landmark UN Security Council Resolution 1325 is
adopted.
2001
Landmark cases on VAW: Maria de Penha
v.Brazil.
2006
UN Secretary-General's In-Depth Study on All
Forms of Violence against Women is released. It
is the first comprehensive report from the UN
Secretary-General on the issue.
30. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 3 0
2008
UN Security Council Resolution 1820
2013
The Declaration on the Elimination of VAW and
Children in the ASEAN Region is adopted.
The WHO (World Health Organization) releases a
report that finds that 1 in 3 women will
experience physical or sexual violence in their
lifetime.
2017
Global women's march: women marched in over
20 countries protesting against Donald Trump,
sexism and violence.
31. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 3 1
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
Marital Rape
The act of sexual intercourse with one's spouse without the spouse's consent.
OCADSV
Oregon Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence. The OCADSV promotes equity and
social change to end violence for all communities. They seek to transform society by engaging
diverse voices, supporting survivors' self-determination, and providing leadership for advocacy
efforts.
VAW
Violence Against Women.
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations. An international organisation established by the
governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand in 1967 to
accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development to promote peace and
security in Southeast Asia.
Femicide
The killing of a woman or girl, particularly by a man and on account of her gender.
32. HRC STUDY GUIDE
R J M S M U N 3 2
GUIDING QUESTIONS
What are your country's laws and legislations regarding sexual
assault and domestic violence?
Why does domestic violence and rape specially target women,
and why did it gain so much attention in the media recently?
How do countries determine what is considered sexual assault,
and what is not?
Why do LEDCs face so much conflict-related domestic
violence?
Should domestic violence and rape be considered a crime of
equal severity to murder?
Should there be a specific set of laws regarding sexual assault
created by the UN that all countries must follow?
33. Bibliography
US
Huecker, Martin R & Smock, William. 15/10/2020, "Domestic Violence", NCBI, Online,
Accessed 16/02/2021
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499891/
United States Department of Justice. 26/05/2020, "Federal Domestic Violence Laws",
United States Department of Justice, Online, Accessed 16/02/2021
https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdtn/victim-witness-program/federal-domestic-violen
ce-law
SPAIN
(Burgen, Stephen. 28/04/ 2020, "Women killed in Spain as coronavirus lockdown sees
rise in domestic violence", The Guardian, Online, Accessed 16/02/2021
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/28/three-women-killed-
in-spain-as-coronavirus-lockdown-sees-rise-in-domestic-violence
Taub, Amanda. 06/04/2020, "A New Covid-19 Crisis: Domestic Abuse Rises
Worldwide", NY Times, Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/world/coronavirus-domestic-violence.html
Martinez, Marta & Cereceda, Rafael. 13/06/2019, "These are the names of the 999
female victims of domestic violence in Spain", Euronews, Online, Accessed
17/02/2021
https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/13/these-are-the-names-of-the-999-female-vict
ims-of-domestic-violence-in-spain
BRAZIL
Glória. 2020, "Dados de violência", Glória, Online, Accessed 17/02/2020
https://www.eusouagloria.com.br/dados
Instituto Maria da Penha. 2020, "Resumo da Lei", Instituto Maria da Penha, Online,
Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.institutomariadapenha.org.br/quem-e-maria-da-penha.html
1
34. Oliveira, Sheila. 10/10/2020, "Uma mulher é morta a cada nove horas durante a
pandemia no Brasil", Brasil de Fato, Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2020/10/10/uma-mulher-e-morta-a-cada-nove-hora
s-durante-a-pandemia-no-brasil
Cunha, Carolina. 2020, "Feminicídio - Brasil é o 5º país em morte violentas de
mulheres no mundo", UOL, Online, Accessed in 17/02/2021
https://vestibular.uol.com.br/resumo-das-disciplinas/atualidades/feminicidio-brasil-
e-o-5-pais-em-morte-violentas-de-mulheres-no-mundo.htm?cmpid=copiaecola
Correa, Fabricio. 2014, "Lei maria da penha não é eficaz segundo ipea", Jusbrasil,
Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://fabriciocorrea.jusbrasil.com.br/artigos/121941706/lei-maria-da-penha-nao-e-
eficaz-segundo-ipea
RUSSIA
Library of Congress. 30/12/2020, "Russia: Decriminalization of Domestic Violence",
Library of Congress, Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/domestic-violence/russia.php
Chatham House. 20/07/2020, "Domestic Violence in Russia: The Impact of the
COVID-19 Pandemic", Chatham House, Online, Accessed 17/02/2021
https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/07/domestic-violence-russia-impact-covid-19-
pandemic
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Medicine Net. "Domestic Violence", Medicine Net, Online, Accessed 15/02/21
https://www.medicinenet.com/domestic_violence/article.htm#what_is_domestic_vi
olence_what_are_the_types_of_domestic_violence
CURRENT SITUATION
https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/sexual-assault-and-rape/s
exual-assault
https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-an
d-figures
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/conflict-related-sexual-violence
https://www.nsvrc.org/statistics
2
35. TIMELINE
Oregon Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence. "Historical timeline", Oregon
Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence, Online, Accessed 16/02/21
https://www.ocadsv.org/about-us/historical-timeline
LSE (London School of Economics), "Tackling Violence Against Women", LSE (London
School of Economics), Online, Accessed 16/02/21
https://lsedesignunit.com/VAW_timeline/
3