International migration from Mexico to the United States has been driven by both push and pull factors. Push factors in Mexico included lack of economic opportunities, poverty, and lack of access to education and healthcare. Pull factors in the United States included abundant job opportunities, higher wages, and better access to services. The Bracero program initially brought Mexican workers to the US as guest workers to address labor shortages, but many overstayed their visas and became undocumented immigrants. While US businesses benefited from cheaper labor, American workers opposed immigration due to fears over jobs and cultural issues. Over time, undocumented immigration from Mexico significantly increased despite various reforms and policies.

1. International Migration
Mexico to USA

2. 1846 to 1847 Mexico- US war
US won and invaded northern territory of
Mexico, mostly arable land.

3. Its our story…..The story of
Bracaros
How the guest workers later
turned to be illegal migrants.

4. Push factor 1

6. Push factors
 Lack of school and higher education facilities.
 High unemployment rate .
 Lack of Medical facilities.
 Poverty.
 Lack of agricultural production. [Bad Weather and rough
surface make it non arable.
 Low GDP rate.
 Wages are low.

7. Pull factors
 Vivid job opportunities. Skilled and unskilled
 Better Education facilities
 Higher wages
 Better Medical facilities.
 Remittance back home.
 Learn New technology and skills.
 Better living conditions.

8. 1917 & 1945 World war
times
 During the world war times, America was facing
problems of getting farm workers.
 The American government allowed the recruitment of
Mexican workers as guest workers.
 Young Mexican working group { Braceros}

9. Internal issues raised against
immigration.
 The Mexican workers worked for lower wages so the native
Americans were totally against immigration.
 Trade unions and religions groups were against the Bracero
programme.
 Bracero programme was relaxed due to Internal Dissatisfaction by
Americans Citizens.
 The Americans feared that Mexican kids and family will need to be
given Medical and Educational Facilities that would lead to bigger
constrain on services and resources.
 Funds allowed for American citizens shouldn't be parted for aliens
Welfare.
 Cultural and language issues.. Spanish….

12. Maquiladoras Estd.
 Maquiladoras is Mexican factories developed near the American border
for easy access to American market.
 As the number of factories grew, Mexicans migrated internally to
American border challenging the Returning braceros for jobs.
 The returning Bracerous couldn’t find much jobs in factories as majority
of work has been taken up by women workers.

13.  1960, 1970’s many Mexican workers stills still dependent on US
Employments.
 1980’s a considerable amount of Mexicans worked illegally for US
citizens, no penalties were put on the American employer for who
knowingly hired illegal migrants.
 At this juncture more illegal Mexicans spread-out in USA than ever
taking up Jobs in Agriculture, construction, various manufacturing
industries and in low paid services jobs.

14. American attitude 1986
 Attitude towards illegal Aliens workers hardened as the US Congress
passed the immigration reform and control act {IRCA}.
 Main objective of the reform was to discourage illegal migration.
 Heavy penalties were imposed on employers who knowingly took illegal
migrants .
 The formation of NAFTA North American Free trade zone between the
three countries of Canada , US and Mexico, lowered barriers to trade
and investment potential grew between the countries.
 This couldn't, lower the flow of illegal migrants to US in the late 90’s.

18. Year 2000 and beyond
 US census found an estimate of 8.4 illegal migrants and majority
were MEXICANS.
 The then elected president of America granted permission to cater
more Mexican workers to Migrate, the president of Mexico asked
for granting the illegal Mexicans to be legalized in US.
 All this have been done, but still, the rush to the border and that
illegal migration has its creative beauty.

25. We have reached the objective 1:- Understanding the need of
Mexican to attempt US migration.
Objective 2.
Now take your textbook Page no. 143 – 147 . Read through the
entire International migration part. 10 minutes.
You are given a pre planned 4 page sheet to work on
International migration case study essay.
Start working on the essay, do not forget to club Lee’s
Migration Theory along with the essay, it gives added value .
Essay question: Discuss and evaluate the causes and effects of
an international Migration you have studied.