The document discusses the anatomy and features of plant stems. It describes how stems are surrounded by a thin epidermis that may contain trichomes, which can secrete juices to deter insects or entangle them. It also discusses the arrangement of vascular bundles in monocots, dicots, and gymnosperms, and describes how these bundles are associated with fibers and surrounded by ground tissues like cortex or pith for storage.

1. By: Ivan Jeremy V. Guerrero

2.  Stems are surrounded by a transparent
epidermis that is usually one cell thick and
often bears trichomes.
 Trichomes of tomato plant secrete an
irritating juice that deters hungry
insects, while hooked-shaped trichomes
often entangle insects and prevent them
from feeding while they struggle to free
themselves.

3.  Vascular bundles are often
enclosed by or associated with
schlerenchyma fibers that
differentiate after the internode
has finished elongating.

4.  Vascular bundles are as follows:
 monocots have vascular bundles
embedded s throughout in the ground
tissue.
 Dicots have vascular bundles embedded
in a single ring in ground tissue.
 Gymnosperms and some dicots have
concentric cylindrical vascular bundles:
the phloem surrounds the xylem.

5.  Between the epidermis and the vascular
tissue is the cortex. Most cortical cells
are parenchyma; also, some are
photosynthetic.
 In dicots, parenchymatous ground tissue
in the center of the stem is called the
pith. These pith are lignified & specified
for storage.

6.  Monocot vascular tissue are
found throughout the stem, so
ground tissue in monocots are
not discernable as pith or cortex.
 Parenchyma in monocots are
simply called ground tissue.