environmental factors kidney

2.  Major three causal
factors:
1) Fixed factors
2) Behavioral factors
3) Biomedical factors
AFFECTING FACTORS

3. 1) Fixed factors:
 Family history and
genetic,
 Increasing age,
 Previous kidney damage,
 Low birth weight
 Male sex

4. 2) Behavioral factors:
Tobacco smoking,
physical inactivity a
 poor nutrition
3) Biomedical factors:
Diabetes
 High blood pressure
 Cardiovascular disease
 Over weight and obesity

6. What are the risk factors for kidney
cancer?
A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of
getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have
different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, can
be changed. Others, like your age or family history, can’t
be changed.
But having a risk factor, or even several risk factors,
does not mean that you will get the disease. And some
people who get the disease may have few or no known
risk factors. Even if a person with kidney cancer has a risk
factor, it is often very hard to know how much that risk
factor contributed to the cancer.
Scientists have found several risk factors that could

7. Lifestyle-related and job-related risk factors:
 Smoking
Smoking increases the risk of developing renal cell
carcinoma (RCC). The increased risk seems to be related
to how much you smoke. The risk drops if you stop
smoking, but it takes many years to get to the risk level of
someone who never smoked.
 Obesity
People who are very overweight have a higher risk of
developing RCC. Obesity may cause changes in certain
hormones that can lead to RCC.
 Workplace exposures
Many studies have suggested that workplace exposure to
certain substances increases the risk for RCC. Some of
these substances are cadmium (a type of metal), some

8. Genetic and hereditary risk factors:
Some people inherit a tendency to develop certain
types of cancer. The DNA in each of your cells that you
inherit from your parents may have certain changes that
give you this tendency. Some rare inherited conditions
can cause kidney cancer. It is important that people who
have hereditary causes of RCC see their doctors often,
particularly if they have already been diagnosed with
RCC. Some doctors recommend regular imaging tests
(such as CT scans) to look for new kidney tumors in
these people.
People who have the conditions listed here have a
much higher risk for getting kidney cancer, although
they account for only a small portion of cases overall.

9. FOR EXAMPLE:
1) Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
2) Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma
3) Hereditary leiomyoma-renal cell carcinoma
4) Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome
5) Familial renal cancer
6) Hereditary renal oncocytoma

10. Other risk factors:
 Family history of kidney cancer
People with a strong family history of renal cell cancer
(without one of the known inherited conditions listed
previously) have a higher chance of developing this cancer.
This risk is highest in brothers or sisters of those with the
cancer. It’s not clear whether this is due to shared genes,
something that both people were exposed to in the
environment, or both.
 High blood pressure
The risk of kidney cancer is higher in people with high blood
pressure. Some studies have suggested that certain
medicines used to treat high blood pressure may raise the
risk of kidney cancer, but it is hard to tell if it’s the condition
or the medicine (or both) that may be the cause of the
increased risk.

11. Definition
CKD is a progressive loss of renal function over a
period of months or years. The symptoms of
worsening kidney function are unspecific, and might
include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a
reduced appetite.
WHAT IS CKDu

12.  Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal
disease, is damage to or disease of a Kidney.
 Nephritis is inflammatory kidney disease.
 Nephrosis is non-inflammatory nephropathy. Kidney disease
usually causes kidney failure (renal failure ) to more or less
degree, with the amount depending on the type of disease.
Inprecise usage
, disease denotes the structural and etiologic disease
entity whereas failure denotes the dysfunction (lack of working
well, that is, impaired renal function ); but in common usage
these meanings overlap;
o for example, the terms chronic kidney
disease and chronic renal failure are usually
considered synonymous . Acute kidney disease has often been
called acute renal failure, although nephrologists now often tend
to call it acute kidney injury .

13. Causes:
Causes of kidney disease include deposition of the IgA antibodies
in the glomerulus, administration of analgesics, xanthine oxidase
deficiency, toxicity of chemotherapy agents, and long-term
exposure to lead or its salts. Chronic conditions that can produce
nephropathy include systemic lupus erythematosus , diabetes
mellitus and high blood pressure (hypertension), which lead
to diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephropathy,
respectively.
 Analgesics ( Analgesic nephropathy):
One cause of nephropathy is the long term usage of pain
medications known as analgesics . The pain medicines which can
cause kidney problems include aspirin, acetaminophen,
and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This form of
nephropathy is "chronic analgesic nephritis," a chronic

14.  Diabetes( Diabetic nephropathy):
Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused
by angiopathy of the capillaries in the glomeruli. It is characterized
by nephrotic syndrome and diffuse scarring of the glomeruli. It is
particularly associated with poorly managed diabetes mellitus and
is a primary reason for dialysis in many developed countries. It is
classified as a small blood vessel complication of diabetes.
 IgA nephropathy( IgA nephropathy):
IgA nephropathy is the most
common glomerulonephritis throughout the world .Primary IgA
nephropathy is characterized by deposition of the IgA antibody in
the glomerulus. The classic presentation (in 40-50% of the cases)
is episodic frank hematuria which usually starts within a day or
two of a non-specific upper respiratory tract
infection (hence synpharyngitic) as opposed topost-streptococcal
glomerulonephritis which occurs some time (weeks) after initial
infection. Less commonly gastrointestinal or urinary infection can

15.  Iodinated contrast media( Iodinated contrast
media):
Kidney disease induced by iodinated contrast media (ICM) is
called CIN (= contrast induced nephropathy) or contrast-
indueced AKI (= Acute kidney injury). Currently, the
underlying mechanisms are unclear. But there is a body of
evidence that several factors including apoptosis-induction
seem to play a role.
 Xanthine oxidase deficiency( Xanthine
oxidase deficiency):
Another possible cause of Kidney disease is due to
decreased function of xanthine oxidase in
the purine degradation pathway. Xanthine oxidase will
degrade hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid.
Xanthine is not very soluble in water; therefore, an increase in
xanthine forms crystals (which can lead to kidney stones) and

16.  Polycystic Disease of the Kidneys( Polycystic kidney
disease):
Additional possible cause of nephropathy is due to the
formation of cysts or pockets containing fluid within the kidneys.
These cysts become enlarged with the progression of aging
causing renal failure. Cysts may also form in other organs
including the liver, brain and ovaries. Polycystic Kidney
Disease is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the PKD1,
PKD2, and PKHD1 genes. This disease affects about half a
million people in the US. Polycystic kidneys are susceptible to
infections and cancer.

17. Blood test – creatinine
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Urine analysis- Protein or red blood cells
Renal biopsy - removing a small sample of kidn
tissue