This document describes an intelligent braking system that automatically applies the brakes when a vehicle is in reverse. The key components are an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles, a solenoid valve to control air flow, a pneumatic cylinder to apply the brakes, and a pneumatic braking system. When the sensor detects an obstacle behind the vehicle, it sends a signal to open the solenoid valve, allowing air to flow to the cylinder and engage the brakes. Mathematical models are presented to analyze load distribution, weight transfer, clamping force, and required deceleration. The system provides automatic and safe braking when reversing, reducing risk of collisions. Potential applications include automatic parking systems and vehicles generally.

1. INTELLIGENT BRAKINGINTELLIGENT BRAKING
SYSTEMSYSTEM
Dr. MS NarwalDr. MS Narwal
Associate ProfessorAssociate Professor
MED DCRUST MurthalMED DCRUST Murthal
Submitted By:-Submitted By:-
Ankit (Ankit (1400100400714001004007))
Pardeep Kumar (14001004026)Pardeep Kumar (14001004026)
Rakesh (Rakesh (1400100403514001004035))
Sanjay (Sanjay (1400100404814001004048))
Pawan (Pawan (1500100491115001004911))
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2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Components
Working
Design & Calculations
Conclusion
Advantages
Application
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3. INTRODUCTION
Need of Automatic Reverse Braking System
Automatically operated pneumatic braking system
Fully Automated braking
Beneficial to Customers
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4. COMPONENTS
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5. WORKING
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6. COMPONENTS
1. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
2. SOLENOID VALVE
3. DC MOTOR
4. SINGLE ACTING PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
5. PNEUMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM
6. TYRES
7. CHASIS & BODY
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7. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Specifications:-
Working Voltage DC 5 V
Working Current 15mA
Working Frequency 40Hz
Max Range 4m
Min Range 2cm
Measuring Angle 15 degree
Dimension 45*20*15mm
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8. SOLENOID VALVE
Working Medium Air, Inert Gas, & Liquid
Operating Temperature -5 to 80°C
Body Material Nylon, Engineered Plastic
Plunger & Spring Stainless Steel
Specifications:-
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9. 9

10. MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
Weight of vehicle : 30 kg
Frictional coefficient of wheel : 0.6
Frictional coefficient between disc & cylinder : 1.5
Wheel base: 0.9 Meter
C.G. of vehicle from ground: 0.15 meter.
Dia. of tyre : 0.2 m
Inner diameter of disc (Di): 50 mm
Outer dia of disc (Do): 100 mm
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11. LOAD DISTRIBUTION
ANALYSIS
 Load distribution is as follows:
•40% of total load on front 2 wheels
• 60% of total load on rear 2 wheels
 Load on each wheel:
• On front wheel: 6 Kg
• On Rear wheel: 9 Kg
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12. Static load on wheel
Fs = µf× Rn
= 0.6 × 6 × 9.81
Fs = 35.316
Dynamic weight transfer
Fd =(m × a × h)/w
=(9×0.5×9.81×0.15)/(2×0.9)
{For a = 0.5 g}
= 3.6787 N
Total load (FT)
= Fs + Fd
=39.1N 12

13. S.No Acceleration (a) Dynamic Weight Transfer
1 0.5g 3.6787N
2 1.2g 8.829N
3 2g 14.715N
4 3.7g 27.222N
S.No Acceleration (a) Total Load Torqe(T)=Ft*r
1 0.5g 39.1 3.91
2 1.2g 44.145 4.4145
3 2g 50.031 5.0031
4 3.7g 62.538 6.2538
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14. Clamp Load C = Torque/(µf × Re × n)
{ Where Re =(Ri + Ro)/2
=(25 + 50)/2
=37.5 mm }
=(3.91)/(1.5 ∗0.0375 2∗ )
= 34.75 N
S.No Acceleration (a) Clamp Load
1 0.5g 34.75N
2 1.2g 39.24N
3 2g 44.47N
4 3.7g 55.58N
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15. Dist.
Speed
S=10m S=8m S=6m S=4m
Calculations of required deceleration rate for various
allowable distances:-
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16. CONCLUSION
The whole system works only while reversing the
vehicle.When sensor senses any obstacle behind the
vehicle,its sends the signal to the control unit(solenoid
valve and flow control valve) which allows the passage
of air from the compressor to the pneumatic cylinder
which push the piston forward and just stopping the
running wheel.Thus we have an “INTELLIGENT
BRAKING SYSTEM”” which helps in understanding
how to achieve low cost automation.
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17. ADVANTAGES
Less operating force is required.
Greater safety in Reverse braking.
Automated operation.
Can be used in running as well as parking mode.
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18. APPLICATIONS
In Automatic Parking of car developed
by Volvo
Used in cars,trucks
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19. THANK YOU
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