The document discusses the development of an automatic braking system guided by ultrasonic sensors to enhance vehicle safety by preventing accidents due to driver inattention. It covers the system's working mechanism, advantages and disadvantages, methodology for implementation, and future improvements such as enhanced obstacle detection. The project aims to provide pre-crash safety and improve the response time for braking in vehicles.

1. Automatic Braking System
UnderThe guidence of MR. PAPPU KUMAR (asst. prof .) (ME)
Team Members:-
1. Amritesh Biswas -182908451392 (ME/17/002)
2. Sudev Karua - 182908451413 (ME/17/020)
3. Jagannath Mahato -182908451399 (ME/17/009)
4. Jagdish Patra -182908451400 (ME/17/010)
5. Sourabh Pradhan -182908451412 (ME/17/019)
6. Rajkumar Archarya -182908451404 (ME/17/014)
7. Hemant Mahato -182908451398 (ME/17/008)
8. Sanat Mahato -182908451406 (ME/17/016)

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 WORKING FUNCTION
 APPLICATIONS
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 OBJECTIVE
 METHODOLOGY
 CONCLUSION
 FUTURE SCOPE
 LIMITATIONS
 REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
 Nowadays, the number of accident is so high and
uncertain. Accident will occur everytime and everywhere
and cause worst damage, serious injury and death.This
accident are mostly caused by delay of the driver to hit
the brake or due to careless of the driver (sleeping, using
mobile, etc.)
 This Project is designed to develop a new system that
can solve this problem where drivers may not brake
manually but the vehicles can stop automatically due to
obstacles. Using Ultrasonic as a ranging sensor its
function based on ultrasonic sensor. After transmission
by transmitor , the wave can reflect when obstacles
detected and received by reciever.

4. WORKING FUNCTION
VEHICLE
START
SENSOR
RECEICVER
BRAKING CIRCUIT
VEHICLE
BRAKE
YES
NO
NORMAL
DRIVE
REFLECT
WAVE
Flow Diagram of Automatic
Braking System

5. Application
 Controlling Automobiles
 Automated GuidedVehicles in Industries
 Production Line
 Military Spy Service
 In the LIFT

6. ADVANTAGES
 In this System the ultrasonic sensor used, is not effected
from dust, dirt or high moisture.
 It is applicable in all weather conditions.
 Highly adaptable to every surface.
 Faster reaction to situation because of completely
electronic and computer control.
 It is more helpful for new, inexperienced drivers.

7. Disadvantages
 Requires regular checkup
maintainance of sensors and
valves and brake fluid.
 Maintaince and repair cost is high.
 Delicate system easy harm and
damage.

8. Literature Review
Fundamental of Sensors:-
A sensor is an object whose purpose is to
detect even or changes in its environment
then provide a corresponding output. Sensors
are used in everyday object such as the touch
sensitive elevator button and lamps which
dim or brighten by touching the base.
Application include manufacturing and
machinery, airplanes and aerospace, car,
medicines and robotics.

9. 1.1 Ultrasonic Sensor
 It is designed to measure the distance of any object by
using an ultrasonic transducer.
 Ultrasonic Means of distance measurement is a
convinent method compare to traditional one using
measurement scale.
 This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to
inaccessible areas where traditional means cannot be
implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones
etc.

10. 1.2 Ultrasonic Sensing and Control
Ultrasonic signals are like audible sound
waves, except the frequecies are much higher
our ultrasonic transducer piezoelectric
crystals which resonate to a desired
frequency and concovert electric energy into
acoustic energy and vice versa.

11. 1.2.1 Adavantage & Disadvantage
 Advantage:-
1. Measure and dectect distances to moving
objects.
2. Solid state units have vertually unlimited,
maintainence free lifespan.
3. Detects small objects over long operating
distance.
 Disadvantage:-
The amount of ultra sound reflected depends
on acoustic mismatch.

12. Objective
 To develop a safety automobie braking
system using ultrasonic sensor.
 To design a vehicle with less harm attention
to the driving.
 To design the automatic braking system in
order to avoid the accident.

13. Methodology
i.Take a plywood as a frame. Cut it along as calculated.Take
measurement by calculations according to the wheels. Just keep
front wheel space more as we will design steering so calculate by
moving wheels.
ii. Fix the wheel and Rubber stoppers to the chassis. Fix the motor
with gear hub. Fix the holes with screw.
iii. Attach two gear motors at the backside of the plywood.
iv. Place two wheels at the rear of the vehicle.Two Smart Robot Car
Tyres Wheels For ArduinoTT Gear Motor Chassis has used here.
One non-tire wheel attach at the front side of the car.
v. Now Arduino UNO has mounted at the middle of the base and
screw has been used to tighten them up.Wires has connected
with the Arduino.
vi. Sensor holder placed at the top front side of the vehicle and
Ultrasonic sensor device is placed upon this. Sensor wire is
connected with microcontroller.

14. vii. Wire ends are connected with Arduino in the
following manner:
Positive to +5v
GND to GND
Trig to A0
Echo to A1.
Viii .Two 9v rechargeable battery mounted at the
backside of the car and the wire that are attached
with the battery are made connection with
microcontroller.
ix. Program code to run the car inputted in the micro
controller device and now the car can run through with
or without help of the auxiliary device and work as a
plug and play device

15. LIMITATIONS
 Obstacle and vehicle breaking
distance is too close.
 Initial High cost.

16. FUTURE SCOPE
 Obstacle detection while turning.
 Capable of driving at all environment
condition.
 Minimum backward collision.

17. CONCLUSION
 It warns the driver or automatically brakes to
avoid a crash.
 This braking system provide pre-crash safety
for vehicle.
 As well as this system improve the response
time of vehicle braking to keep safe distance
in the middle of two vehicles.
 By using this system we control the speed of
vehicle in small distance.

18. REFRENCES
 David Epsillon, An embedded software
premier, Person education, 1999.
 http://www.aalcar.com/this website contains
technical articles, books and manuals that
help us to find what’s wrong with our vehicle
and what needed to fix it.