This document provides a framework for innovating rural tourism business models. It first proposes a business model framework for rural tourism consisting of 6 components: value proposition, target customers, customer interface, partnership network, cost structure, and revenue model. It then provides a comprehensive framework for rural tourism business model innovation, consisting of steps for entrepreneurs starting new businesses and steps for existing organizations innovating incumbent business models. The goal is to help rural tourism managers benefit from competitive advantages through business model innovation.
India services - job hopping, careers, skillsAl James
The last two decades have seen a profound shift in how labour is spatially conceptualized and understood within economic geography, based on a recognition of workers’ abilities to fashion the geography of capitalism to suit their own needs.
However, the bulk of work in labour geography fails to examine worker agency beyond a narrow focus on the trade union movement, largely divorces workers’ activities from the
sphere of social reproduction, and rarely looks beyond the ‘core’ capitalist economies of the Global North. In response, this article presents findings from a regional labour mobility survey of 439 call centre workers in India’s National Capital Region (May 2007). Here, previous work has heavily criticized the ‘dead-end’ nature of call centre jobs offshored to India from the Global North, yet has done so based on an intra-firm
focus of analysis. By taking an alternative cross-firm worker agency approach, our analysis documents for the first time some Indian call centre agents’ abilities to circumvent a lack of internal job ladders and achieve career progression through lateral ‘career staircases’, as they job hop between firms in pursuit of better pay, improved working conditions and more complex job roles. In the absence of widespread
unionization within this sector, the article also discusses the productive and social reproductive factors that underpin these patterns of Indian call centre worker agency, and their mediation by a complex nexus of labour market intermediaries beyond the
firm. In so doing, the article ‘theorizes back’ (Yeung, 2007) on ‘mainstream’ (Western) theories of the limits to call centre worker agency and career advancement.
Using Granger Causality to Examine the Relationship Between Economic Growth a...inventionjournals
This study refers to Okun's Law on the economy in North Sumatera Province. Difference with previous studies, in this study the data used is not aggregate data but the data of each economic sector. In addition, the unemployment variable is proxy with the absorption of labor rate. The data analysis was tested by Granger Causality to determine the direction of the relationship between variables for growth of each economic sectors and absorption of labor. By using the Granger Causality Test analysis we concluded that the agricultural sector has a two-way direction relationship between economic growth and absorption of labor. Mining and Quarrying sector, construction sector, transport and communication sector and services sector only have one-way direction relationship from absorption of labor to economic growth. Electricity, gas and water supply have one-way direction relationship from economic growth to absorption of labor. Three other sectors are sectors manufacturing industry sector; trade, hotel and restaurant sector and finance, real estate and business service have no relationship at all between economic growth and absorption of labor.
Impact Of Usd Credit Interest Rates, Libor Rates, Net Sales, Turkey’s Tourism...inventionjournals
Tourism sector is mostly important for all potential countries. In this study tourism firms in Turkey were studied aspect of total liabilities as the focus subject during 14 years period in 2001-2014.The firms were quoted in Borsa İstanbul in same years.As a result of two type of panel data analysis/study: total liabilities of analysed companies are in inverse relation with USD loan rates and Libor interest rates. In other words, it was determined that a reduction in USD loan rates and Libor interest rates would reflect positively on total liabilities. According to this, it can be said that companies would prefer to go into debt in case of a reduction in loan and libor interest rates.A positive relation between these companies’―total liabilities‖ amount and ―net sales‖ amount has been determined. The effect of an increase in one of them should be an increase on the other as well.These companies interaction with Turkey's tourism income must be positive, as it is with their net sales.In other words, borrowing decisions of these companies are affected by a reduction in interest rates or Libor rates being low and their net sales amount.
Policyholders Satisfaction of Life Insurance Products with Reference to Coimb...inventionjournals
The insurance sector opened up and new players entered the space before 15 years. At present the industry has 24 life insurance companies, 28 general insurance companies and 1 reinsurance company. Satisfaction is an important milestone in insurance products, especially at a time when the industry's reputation has been spoiled by mis-selling and improper disclosures of returns by agents. In that LIC holds majority market share in life insurance industry. The objective of the study is to understand the policyholder’s satisfaction and the various factors contributing to the satisfaction level. The primary data was collected by using the structured questionnaire and secondary data was collected by using journals, newspapers and the internet. The study area was limited to Coimbatore District. The reason to conduct the study in Coimbatore district is previously no researcher had done the satisfaction study in life insurance and IRDAI regulatory body had insisted all the insurance companied to disclose the lapsation of the policies. The population is not clear and it is infinite. Hence the sample size selected is 300 for the study.
Discourse and Dis-course: Revisiting Black Identity through Milkman’s Quest i...inventionjournals
: The quest for identity has been of concern to Black people in America since slavery. Oppressed and gagged, their history has always been distorted. That distortion denied Blacks’ identity and dignity. The fight they undertook had as goal to reject misconceptions and destroy stereotyped images ascribed to them. The restoring of their history in its veracity shows that Blacks have a valuable culture enabling them to analyze and understand social events that happen in their new living environment. Blacks’ culture gives a real meaning to their existence and endows them with an identity that brings them dignity and pride allowing them to express American citizenship and assert themselves
Opportunities and Challenges Inherent In Technical and Vocational Schools; Co...inventionjournals
Present study is to evaluate quality and quantity of technical and vocational courses to study the present status and improve activities regarding centers' manager and employers' thoughts in Alborz province. Considering the fact that centers' manager at commence and employers at the end deal with probationers; their needs analysis and adaptation of training policies with their need is one of the important aspect of evaluation and their comments regarding students' knowledge level, acquired skill and capability in assigned tasks is important. This research has evaluated the quality and quantity of technical and vocational courses in Alborz province and girl students and graduated students success in these courses as an unofficial training system. Method of this research is qualitative and quantitative (mixed) and population for this study is technical and vocational training centers' manager and employers. Instrument of study includes a questionnaire that it is provided with Servqual model by researcher. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics, coding and SPSS software were used. Findings showed that the mean of physical services, validity, accountability, reassurance and empathy in girl technical and vocational training centers are in optimal level in centers' manager thought and whereas employers' thought different
A Study on Socio-Economic Status and Social Contact of the Elderly Muslims of...inventionjournals
The present researcher intends to carry out social gerontological studies among the Muslim elderly living in rural areas of a particular district Purba Medinipur of West Bengal in India. Objective of the present study is to get an idea about socio-economic characteristics and living arrangement of the elderly rural Muslims under study. For the purpose of the present study, 10 villages were selected randomly, from each selected village 10 male and 10 female Muslims of age 60 years & above were considered respectively. The data was collected by adopting pre-tested structured schedule. The study shows that majority of the elderly are belong to the young old age group (60-69 years), are illiterate, married, marginal worker, and majority have no agricultural land property. When considering their living arrangement it is revealed that most of the respondents are live in joint family system with average family size 4 to 6 members, mostly living with their sons and spouse, proximity is more with sons and during any illness, care has been received from their respective spouse
India services - job hopping, careers, skillsAl James
The last two decades have seen a profound shift in how labour is spatially conceptualized and understood within economic geography, based on a recognition of workers’ abilities to fashion the geography of capitalism to suit their own needs.
However, the bulk of work in labour geography fails to examine worker agency beyond a narrow focus on the trade union movement, largely divorces workers’ activities from the
sphere of social reproduction, and rarely looks beyond the ‘core’ capitalist economies of the Global North. In response, this article presents findings from a regional labour mobility survey of 439 call centre workers in India’s National Capital Region (May 2007). Here, previous work has heavily criticized the ‘dead-end’ nature of call centre jobs offshored to India from the Global North, yet has done so based on an intra-firm
focus of analysis. By taking an alternative cross-firm worker agency approach, our analysis documents for the first time some Indian call centre agents’ abilities to circumvent a lack of internal job ladders and achieve career progression through lateral ‘career staircases’, as they job hop between firms in pursuit of better pay, improved working conditions and more complex job roles. In the absence of widespread
unionization within this sector, the article also discusses the productive and social reproductive factors that underpin these patterns of Indian call centre worker agency, and their mediation by a complex nexus of labour market intermediaries beyond the
firm. In so doing, the article ‘theorizes back’ (Yeung, 2007) on ‘mainstream’ (Western) theories of the limits to call centre worker agency and career advancement.
Using Granger Causality to Examine the Relationship Between Economic Growth a...inventionjournals
This study refers to Okun's Law on the economy in North Sumatera Province. Difference with previous studies, in this study the data used is not aggregate data but the data of each economic sector. In addition, the unemployment variable is proxy with the absorption of labor rate. The data analysis was tested by Granger Causality to determine the direction of the relationship between variables for growth of each economic sectors and absorption of labor. By using the Granger Causality Test analysis we concluded that the agricultural sector has a two-way direction relationship between economic growth and absorption of labor. Mining and Quarrying sector, construction sector, transport and communication sector and services sector only have one-way direction relationship from absorption of labor to economic growth. Electricity, gas and water supply have one-way direction relationship from economic growth to absorption of labor. Three other sectors are sectors manufacturing industry sector; trade, hotel and restaurant sector and finance, real estate and business service have no relationship at all between economic growth and absorption of labor.
Impact Of Usd Credit Interest Rates, Libor Rates, Net Sales, Turkey’s Tourism...inventionjournals
Tourism sector is mostly important for all potential countries. In this study tourism firms in Turkey were studied aspect of total liabilities as the focus subject during 14 years period in 2001-2014.The firms were quoted in Borsa İstanbul in same years.As a result of two type of panel data analysis/study: total liabilities of analysed companies are in inverse relation with USD loan rates and Libor interest rates. In other words, it was determined that a reduction in USD loan rates and Libor interest rates would reflect positively on total liabilities. According to this, it can be said that companies would prefer to go into debt in case of a reduction in loan and libor interest rates.A positive relation between these companies’―total liabilities‖ amount and ―net sales‖ amount has been determined. The effect of an increase in one of them should be an increase on the other as well.These companies interaction with Turkey's tourism income must be positive, as it is with their net sales.In other words, borrowing decisions of these companies are affected by a reduction in interest rates or Libor rates being low and their net sales amount.
Policyholders Satisfaction of Life Insurance Products with Reference to Coimb...inventionjournals
The insurance sector opened up and new players entered the space before 15 years. At present the industry has 24 life insurance companies, 28 general insurance companies and 1 reinsurance company. Satisfaction is an important milestone in insurance products, especially at a time when the industry's reputation has been spoiled by mis-selling and improper disclosures of returns by agents. In that LIC holds majority market share in life insurance industry. The objective of the study is to understand the policyholder’s satisfaction and the various factors contributing to the satisfaction level. The primary data was collected by using the structured questionnaire and secondary data was collected by using journals, newspapers and the internet. The study area was limited to Coimbatore District. The reason to conduct the study in Coimbatore district is previously no researcher had done the satisfaction study in life insurance and IRDAI regulatory body had insisted all the insurance companied to disclose the lapsation of the policies. The population is not clear and it is infinite. Hence the sample size selected is 300 for the study.
Discourse and Dis-course: Revisiting Black Identity through Milkman’s Quest i...inventionjournals
: The quest for identity has been of concern to Black people in America since slavery. Oppressed and gagged, their history has always been distorted. That distortion denied Blacks’ identity and dignity. The fight they undertook had as goal to reject misconceptions and destroy stereotyped images ascribed to them. The restoring of their history in its veracity shows that Blacks have a valuable culture enabling them to analyze and understand social events that happen in their new living environment. Blacks’ culture gives a real meaning to their existence and endows them with an identity that brings them dignity and pride allowing them to express American citizenship and assert themselves
Opportunities and Challenges Inherent In Technical and Vocational Schools; Co...inventionjournals
Present study is to evaluate quality and quantity of technical and vocational courses to study the present status and improve activities regarding centers' manager and employers' thoughts in Alborz province. Considering the fact that centers' manager at commence and employers at the end deal with probationers; their needs analysis and adaptation of training policies with their need is one of the important aspect of evaluation and their comments regarding students' knowledge level, acquired skill and capability in assigned tasks is important. This research has evaluated the quality and quantity of technical and vocational courses in Alborz province and girl students and graduated students success in these courses as an unofficial training system. Method of this research is qualitative and quantitative (mixed) and population for this study is technical and vocational training centers' manager and employers. Instrument of study includes a questionnaire that it is provided with Servqual model by researcher. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics, coding and SPSS software were used. Findings showed that the mean of physical services, validity, accountability, reassurance and empathy in girl technical and vocational training centers are in optimal level in centers' manager thought and whereas employers' thought different
A Study on Socio-Economic Status and Social Contact of the Elderly Muslims of...inventionjournals
The present researcher intends to carry out social gerontological studies among the Muslim elderly living in rural areas of a particular district Purba Medinipur of West Bengal in India. Objective of the present study is to get an idea about socio-economic characteristics and living arrangement of the elderly rural Muslims under study. For the purpose of the present study, 10 villages were selected randomly, from each selected village 10 male and 10 female Muslims of age 60 years & above were considered respectively. The data was collected by adopting pre-tested structured schedule. The study shows that majority of the elderly are belong to the young old age group (60-69 years), are illiterate, married, marginal worker, and majority have no agricultural land property. When considering their living arrangement it is revealed that most of the respondents are live in joint family system with average family size 4 to 6 members, mostly living with their sons and spouse, proximity is more with sons and during any illness, care has been received from their respective spouse
Subjectivity in Coetzee's Childhood of Jesus A Zizekian Readinginventionjournals
The purpose of the present paper is to trace the elements of Zizekian subject in the main characters of Coetzee's Childhood of the Jesus. To pave the way for such an analysis, a short background about the main notions are provided in addition to a terse summary of the novel itself. Quotations and conversations are aptly chosen to analyze the main characters process of subject formation. Before going through the analysis, the three orders, imaginary, symbolic and Real are discussed in details. David, John and Ines are considered as the main characters and the researchers try to shed light on the process they are undergoing in the new land and whether they afford to be a Zizekian subject or not. So, they interaction with the Big Other through Symbolic order, their reaction toward language and the effect of Real on them are elaborated one by one. The paper concludes that among all the characters, only David affords to become a Zizekian subject through standing against the Big Other and understanding the cracks into the Symbolic orders.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
Promoting Export-Led Economic Growth in Nigeria –The Export Processing Zone O...inventionjournals
The volatility in crude oil production in Nigeria, which in recent times, have been heightened by militant attacks on critical oil installations in the Niger Delta area and the continued price spiral in international oil market has once again brought to the front burner anxieties about the future of the oil sector in the Nigerian economy. The unfolding scenario has again exposed the Nigerian economy to downside risks of volatility in oil prices with attendant consequences and multiple effects on the economy and businesses as well.. Since the third quarter of 2015, fallen prices of crude oil and fluctuations in crude oil production in Nigeria have conspired to put the country’s economy in dire straits. The oil price has fallen by more than 50 percent since June 2014, when it was $115 a barrel. It is now consistently below $50 and has been as low as $37. These developments have put the nation’s fiscal operations in quandary. The government has rightly responded by putting in place various fiscal and monetary measures to stem the tide. The federal government has adopted some austere measures to cushion the effect of the persistent drop in revenue. However, the implementation of these short-term measures to shore up revenue could be impeded by political exigencies which often times overrides economic rationality. Thus, a more comprehensive and alternative approach that will promote non-oil export will be a better option. To this end, the authors recommend the revitalization and retooling of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) Scheme in order to effectively diversify the economy away from oil to an export-led economy.
A Study of Awareness of Cultural Heritage: Sivas Sampleinventionjournals
This study analyzed the awareness of the students at Cumhuriyet University toward the cultural heritage of the city of Sivas. The study set out from the result of another study carried out previously at the exploratory level and limited number of students1 . The findings of the previous study revealed that the cultural heritage of the city was not known enough by the university students. This study followed three-stage process. In the first stage, The Scale of Cultural Heritage Awareness applied in the previous study was developed, and a survey was applied to the students at Cumhuriyet University central campus. In this stage, students’ levels of awareness for the cultural values of the city were detected, and Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H tests were conducted to determine whether there were differences between various groups. In the second stage of the study, four separate focus groups were created in order to determine the reasons of the low levels of cultural heritage awareness of the students who were reached via pollsters and surveys. The focus-group studies dwelled on the suggestions students developed in an effort to improve students’ views and awareness of the cultural heritage. In the last section of the study, a focus-group meeting was held with the tourism representatives in Sivas, the results of this meeting were shared, and solution offers were developed in order to raise awareness 1 .
Doctors of Tomorrow – A Pipeline Program for Getting a Head Start in Medicineinventionjournals
Purpose: Pipeline programs have long been embraced as a strategyto recruit students from groups underrepresented in medicine into medical careers. Despite the prevalence of these programs, we know little about why students seek out participation and even less about their perceptions of the potential long-term benefits. This study explored the motivations and expectations of pipeline program participants. Method: Twenty-three high school students participated in the Doctors of Tomorrow (DoT) program, a high school and medical school partnership pipeline program from September 2014 through March 2015. Data for this study included students’ application essays, critical incident narratives, focus group discussions and transcripts from individual interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze all narrative materials and transcripts. Results: Our analysis of all program data revealed that DoT participants were motivated to participate in the program to learn about becoming a physician, gain access to individuals in medicine and develop a competitive advantage over other students when applying to college and medical school. Conclusions: Barriers to careers in medicine for individuals from groups underrepresented in medicine is well documented. These findings suggest that students seek to participate in pipeline programs as astrategy to secure goal-oriented, experiential encounters to help improve access points and mitigate barriers to becoming physicians
Training Situation of Elders from Romania in Post-Accession Period to EUinventionjournals
The present paper presents the situation of continuous formation of elders as an important strategy of the EU and Member States, based on Romanian example. The period 2007-2014 has been for Romania a period of challenges and efforts in the field of lifelong learning and vocational education and training in order to achieve the goals set by EC and to align with other Member States. We will also compares the situation from Romania and other EU countries, underlying the disparities between them.
The Effect of Compensation to Commitment, Motivation Andperformance of Vocati...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study is to analyze and test whether compensation has effect towards commitment, motivation, and performance of teachers at vocational school in Samarinda City of East Kalimantan Province. The population of this study is teachers of vocational school in that are government employees. The sample frame is limited to vocational school situated in Samarinda city of East Kalimantan Province. Based on the collected data, the number of vocational school is 20 vocational school with 520 government employee teacher and 84 respondents as samples. The statistic hypothesis testing is conducted using path analysis by first calculating the correlation coefficient of each variables suspected has direct correlation, continued with determining each path coefficient of calculated correlation coefficient. The result shows that compensation variables has positive and significant effect towards commitment, motivation, and performance of vocational schools’ teachers, either directly or indirectly.
EFL Students’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Facebook as anEducational Lea...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to examine EFL students’ perceptions and attitudes towards Facebook as an educational learning tool.Participants were twenty eight undergraduate female students who experienced teaching and learning through Facebook and some classroom and face-to-face sessions. The researcher, to collect data, prepared and used two instruments; The first was face-to-face interview, while the second was Facebook Perception and Attitudes Questionnaire. Having conducted interviews, and administered the Facebook Perception and Attitudes Questionnaire, data were analyzed quantatively and qualitatively. The findings revealed that students had high and positiveperceptions of Facebook and its activities as a learning environment. Also, students had good and favourable attitudes towards using Facebook on teaching and learning.
Some arguments are briefly presented about the negative consequences of the deep global economic and financial crisis of 2008 on the economic activity and the social situation in Spain. Reformulation, sustainability and financial viability of social welfare in Spain require a new management through resource efficiency, increasing market presence and initiative of stakeholders as a whole. In this sense, the main credible argument of the welfare social in Spain depends on a new perspective on socialization and generosity of social protection system. Specifically, the solution to the crisis must come through economic growth, increased productivity, employment and competitiveness and not by the way of increasing levels of social protection.
The present study is an analysis of the differences in Life Satisfaction of Science students studying in North-Eastern Hill University. It may be mentioned that related literature supports that there are differences in Life Satisfaction amongst different group of students in universities. For the purpose of the study, necessary information was gathered through the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SwLS). The t-test was applied to find out the significant group differences. The results revealed significant differences in the groups of students. The present study contributes to the understanding of differences in Life Satisfaction of the different groups of students in the university arena.
Analysis on Market Size and Structure of Chinese Bankcard Industryinventionjournals
This paper analyzed the market size and market structure of Chinese bankcard industry, including issuing market and acceptance market. Data showed that China's banking card market structure was evolving from monopoly to oligopoly competition
Analysis Factors of Hospital Services Quality and User Satisfactioninventionjournals
This study aims to identify the factors of service quality and user satisfaction Hospital type B in East Java and constraints the government's efforts in improving the quality of hospital services. Technique of the analysis of data in this study using descriptive analysis and factor analysis and also obtained by interview to director of hospitals. The results showed that hospital users are women with the quality of hospital services is good, but there is still an effort to improve and based on that service quality established by 5 factors; clarity of procedures, employee competence, professionalism, effectiveness and competence. While user satisfaction built by 3 factors are tangible, reliability and empathy. Constraints faced by the government in improving service quality is the limited medical and paramedical personnel, facilities and infrastructure, including the availability of medical equipment, low public awareness of service and the poor public image of hospital services.
“Competitiveness Planning 3.0” explains the key strategies and operational programs that enhance the destination’s competitiveness to approach the Vision of Tourism 3.0 and ensure a sustainable development, providing inspirational guidance for creative strategists and visionaries who are designing the next generation’s destinations
Subjectivity in Coetzee's Childhood of Jesus A Zizekian Readinginventionjournals
The purpose of the present paper is to trace the elements of Zizekian subject in the main characters of Coetzee's Childhood of the Jesus. To pave the way for such an analysis, a short background about the main notions are provided in addition to a terse summary of the novel itself. Quotations and conversations are aptly chosen to analyze the main characters process of subject formation. Before going through the analysis, the three orders, imaginary, symbolic and Real are discussed in details. David, John and Ines are considered as the main characters and the researchers try to shed light on the process they are undergoing in the new land and whether they afford to be a Zizekian subject or not. So, they interaction with the Big Other through Symbolic order, their reaction toward language and the effect of Real on them are elaborated one by one. The paper concludes that among all the characters, only David affords to become a Zizekian subject through standing against the Big Other and understanding the cracks into the Symbolic orders.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
Promoting Export-Led Economic Growth in Nigeria –The Export Processing Zone O...inventionjournals
The volatility in crude oil production in Nigeria, which in recent times, have been heightened by militant attacks on critical oil installations in the Niger Delta area and the continued price spiral in international oil market has once again brought to the front burner anxieties about the future of the oil sector in the Nigerian economy. The unfolding scenario has again exposed the Nigerian economy to downside risks of volatility in oil prices with attendant consequences and multiple effects on the economy and businesses as well.. Since the third quarter of 2015, fallen prices of crude oil and fluctuations in crude oil production in Nigeria have conspired to put the country’s economy in dire straits. The oil price has fallen by more than 50 percent since June 2014, when it was $115 a barrel. It is now consistently below $50 and has been as low as $37. These developments have put the nation’s fiscal operations in quandary. The government has rightly responded by putting in place various fiscal and monetary measures to stem the tide. The federal government has adopted some austere measures to cushion the effect of the persistent drop in revenue. However, the implementation of these short-term measures to shore up revenue could be impeded by political exigencies which often times overrides economic rationality. Thus, a more comprehensive and alternative approach that will promote non-oil export will be a better option. To this end, the authors recommend the revitalization and retooling of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) Scheme in order to effectively diversify the economy away from oil to an export-led economy.
A Study of Awareness of Cultural Heritage: Sivas Sampleinventionjournals
This study analyzed the awareness of the students at Cumhuriyet University toward the cultural heritage of the city of Sivas. The study set out from the result of another study carried out previously at the exploratory level and limited number of students1 . The findings of the previous study revealed that the cultural heritage of the city was not known enough by the university students. This study followed three-stage process. In the first stage, The Scale of Cultural Heritage Awareness applied in the previous study was developed, and a survey was applied to the students at Cumhuriyet University central campus. In this stage, students’ levels of awareness for the cultural values of the city were detected, and Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H tests were conducted to determine whether there were differences between various groups. In the second stage of the study, four separate focus groups were created in order to determine the reasons of the low levels of cultural heritage awareness of the students who were reached via pollsters and surveys. The focus-group studies dwelled on the suggestions students developed in an effort to improve students’ views and awareness of the cultural heritage. In the last section of the study, a focus-group meeting was held with the tourism representatives in Sivas, the results of this meeting were shared, and solution offers were developed in order to raise awareness 1 .
Doctors of Tomorrow – A Pipeline Program for Getting a Head Start in Medicineinventionjournals
Purpose: Pipeline programs have long been embraced as a strategyto recruit students from groups underrepresented in medicine into medical careers. Despite the prevalence of these programs, we know little about why students seek out participation and even less about their perceptions of the potential long-term benefits. This study explored the motivations and expectations of pipeline program participants. Method: Twenty-three high school students participated in the Doctors of Tomorrow (DoT) program, a high school and medical school partnership pipeline program from September 2014 through March 2015. Data for this study included students’ application essays, critical incident narratives, focus group discussions and transcripts from individual interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze all narrative materials and transcripts. Results: Our analysis of all program data revealed that DoT participants were motivated to participate in the program to learn about becoming a physician, gain access to individuals in medicine and develop a competitive advantage over other students when applying to college and medical school. Conclusions: Barriers to careers in medicine for individuals from groups underrepresented in medicine is well documented. These findings suggest that students seek to participate in pipeline programs as astrategy to secure goal-oriented, experiential encounters to help improve access points and mitigate barriers to becoming physicians
Training Situation of Elders from Romania in Post-Accession Period to EUinventionjournals
The present paper presents the situation of continuous formation of elders as an important strategy of the EU and Member States, based on Romanian example. The period 2007-2014 has been for Romania a period of challenges and efforts in the field of lifelong learning and vocational education and training in order to achieve the goals set by EC and to align with other Member States. We will also compares the situation from Romania and other EU countries, underlying the disparities between them.
The Effect of Compensation to Commitment, Motivation Andperformance of Vocati...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study is to analyze and test whether compensation has effect towards commitment, motivation, and performance of teachers at vocational school in Samarinda City of East Kalimantan Province. The population of this study is teachers of vocational school in that are government employees. The sample frame is limited to vocational school situated in Samarinda city of East Kalimantan Province. Based on the collected data, the number of vocational school is 20 vocational school with 520 government employee teacher and 84 respondents as samples. The statistic hypothesis testing is conducted using path analysis by first calculating the correlation coefficient of each variables suspected has direct correlation, continued with determining each path coefficient of calculated correlation coefficient. The result shows that compensation variables has positive and significant effect towards commitment, motivation, and performance of vocational schools’ teachers, either directly or indirectly.
EFL Students’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Facebook as anEducational Lea...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to examine EFL students’ perceptions and attitudes towards Facebook as an educational learning tool.Participants were twenty eight undergraduate female students who experienced teaching and learning through Facebook and some classroom and face-to-face sessions. The researcher, to collect data, prepared and used two instruments; The first was face-to-face interview, while the second was Facebook Perception and Attitudes Questionnaire. Having conducted interviews, and administered the Facebook Perception and Attitudes Questionnaire, data were analyzed quantatively and qualitatively. The findings revealed that students had high and positiveperceptions of Facebook and its activities as a learning environment. Also, students had good and favourable attitudes towards using Facebook on teaching and learning.
Some arguments are briefly presented about the negative consequences of the deep global economic and financial crisis of 2008 on the economic activity and the social situation in Spain. Reformulation, sustainability and financial viability of social welfare in Spain require a new management through resource efficiency, increasing market presence and initiative of stakeholders as a whole. In this sense, the main credible argument of the welfare social in Spain depends on a new perspective on socialization and generosity of social protection system. Specifically, the solution to the crisis must come through economic growth, increased productivity, employment and competitiveness and not by the way of increasing levels of social protection.
The present study is an analysis of the differences in Life Satisfaction of Science students studying in North-Eastern Hill University. It may be mentioned that related literature supports that there are differences in Life Satisfaction amongst different group of students in universities. For the purpose of the study, necessary information was gathered through the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SwLS). The t-test was applied to find out the significant group differences. The results revealed significant differences in the groups of students. The present study contributes to the understanding of differences in Life Satisfaction of the different groups of students in the university arena.
Analysis on Market Size and Structure of Chinese Bankcard Industryinventionjournals
This paper analyzed the market size and market structure of Chinese bankcard industry, including issuing market and acceptance market. Data showed that China's banking card market structure was evolving from monopoly to oligopoly competition
Analysis Factors of Hospital Services Quality and User Satisfactioninventionjournals
This study aims to identify the factors of service quality and user satisfaction Hospital type B in East Java and constraints the government's efforts in improving the quality of hospital services. Technique of the analysis of data in this study using descriptive analysis and factor analysis and also obtained by interview to director of hospitals. The results showed that hospital users are women with the quality of hospital services is good, but there is still an effort to improve and based on that service quality established by 5 factors; clarity of procedures, employee competence, professionalism, effectiveness and competence. While user satisfaction built by 3 factors are tangible, reliability and empathy. Constraints faced by the government in improving service quality is the limited medical and paramedical personnel, facilities and infrastructure, including the availability of medical equipment, low public awareness of service and the poor public image of hospital services.
“Competitiveness Planning 3.0” explains the key strategies and operational programs that enhance the destination’s competitiveness to approach the Vision of Tourism 3.0 and ensure a sustainable development, providing inspirational guidance for creative strategists and visionaries who are designing the next generation’s destinations
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Business Guidelines for the Non-Economic Valuation of Cultural Ecosystem Services.
These Business Guidelines for the Non-Economic Valuation of Cultural Ecosystem Services (DESEC, its Portuguese acronym) present a proposal for the diagnosis of cultural ecosystem services (CES) in the territory as a support for business decision-making. The work is a result of the joint efforts of the Trends in Ecosystem Services (TeSE) and Local Development and Large Enterprises (IDLocal) initiatives during 2015, in partnership with member companies, with the TEEB R-L Project and invited experts.
GVces - Center for Sustainability Studies
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Tourism sector is the fastest growing industry which contributes a great extent in global economic development. Read this sample to know about various tasks involved in tourism development planning.
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In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Innovations in Rural Tourism Business Model
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 4 || April. 2016 || PP—60-66
www.ijbmi.org 60 | Page
Innovations in Rural Tourism Business Model
Saeed Nosratabadi 1
, Rolandas Drejeris 2
1
Business Management Department, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran,
2
Rolandas Drejeris, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Kaunas, Lithuania
Abstract : Since rural tourism is one of most competitive industries, so it seems necessary to find
possibilities for competitive advantage. One of the ways to achieve competitive advantages is
implementation new business models into business activity. Nowadays innovations in business models
become more interesting for the managers rather than innovations in products or the technologies.
Therefore, this study is conducted to provide managers, who are engaged rural tourism industry, a
comprehensive framework illustrating guidelines and steps for innovating the business and helping them to
benefit from a competitive advantage. Hence, it is tried, first of all, to propose a business model framework
which is suitable with rural tourism industry. As the components of this model are value proposition,
target Customer, customer interface, Partnership network, cost structure, and finally revenue model. After
that, it is tried to be provided a comprehensive framework for rural tourism business model innovation.
This model consists of two parts. The first part presents steps for entrepreneurs are going to run
businesses in rural tourism industry. And the second part provides steps should be taken in rural tourism
business model innovation for an existence organization and an incumbent business model.
Keywords: business model; business model innovation; rural tourism; rural tourism business
model.
I. Introduction
Rural tourism by offering and keeping the natural and cultural heritage such as natural attractions,
traditions, and customs not only is considered as a sustainable development activity, but also it has been
counting as a reliable income source for the economy of many countries. For example, the Rural
Development Program for Lithuania 2007–2013 (Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania,
2007) allocated 204 million Lt (US$76.7 million) in rural tourism development. Since rural tourism is one
of the most important industries having a significant role in the Europe countries economy (Sharpley,
2002), the competition in this industry is increasingly on the rise (Wilson, et al. 2001). In this competitive
market, having a strategic competitive advantage can be considered a guarantee for the survival and
profitability. Nevertheless tourism can affect and be harmful for the culture, the social, and the
environment of the destination (²Sharpley, 2002). These harms sharply decrease the demand for tourism in
an area and consequently, an interesting economy source is ignored.
On the other hand, innovation has always had, in imply, investing lots of money on research and
development, laboratories, and technologies in not too long past (Mitchell, Bruckner, 2004). Nowadays,
the nature of innovation is also has changed and innovation in business model is more interesting for the
decision makers due to the fabulous results have gained from changing in business model without
incurring the costs on new technologies (Chesbrough, 2007).
Innovation and reconsidering the business model not only has always counted a strategic competitive
advantage (⁴Mitchell, Bruckner, 2004; Giesen et al. 2007), but also in practice it is able to prevent such
effects. Thus, the goal of the study is to provide a comprehensive framework for implementation of rural
tourism business model innovation.
For this purpose the wide literature of rural tourism, business model, and business model innovation is
studied. Then were selected necessary actions for properly activity of tourism business, information was
systematized and assessed by possibilities of practical application for rural area, then established the
sequence of determined actions and according identified date the procedural model was presented.
Eventually, this study provides a framework for managers and decision makers in rural tourism industry
who would like to innovate business model both for whom are interested in starting a business or for
whom are in charge of an existing business.
II. Essence of rural tourism
Rural tourism activity has been including all tourism activities and tourism services offering in rural
destinations (Polucha, Žukovskis, 2010). Baležentis et al. (2012) argue that rural tourism is a sustainable
activity as it presents a fundamental for sustainable energy promotion. And they also state that rural
2. Innovations in Rural Tourism Business…
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tourism is attractive activity in both urban residents who have land in the village and the villagers who
seek to have their own business. Such tendencies are inherent in the Baltic countries and Central Europe.
Reasons like nature, culture, tradition, foods, climate, and customs cause a desire to spend time in the
village (Fleischer, Pizam, 1997). As Polucha, Žukovskis⁵ (2010) believe that rural tourism are
distinguished by traits such as small-scale residency, a pleasant climate closing to the nature, and finally
host community. Hence, the region that benefits from these features, it can hope for its own development.
Because of the tourists are so beneficial for the local communities and rural development (²Sharpley, 2002)
specially, so most of businesses engaging in rural tourism are owned by the local entrepreneurs and
families.
III. Business model
Although use of business model concept in management and organization research spread since 1990s
(Lambert, Davidson, 2013), there is not a consensus on a definition for this concept. In general terms a
business model attempts to elucidate value, the path in which value is creating in, source of value creation,
and the ways which are chosen by the business to make benefit from this value (vom Brocke, et al. 2014;
Mosleh, Nosratabadi, 2015a).
The concept of business model explains the logic of a special business (Mosleh, et. al., 2015; Drejeris et
al., 2013). A business model tries to elaborate the key areas are vital for a business as the survival of the
business is quite depend on these area (Mosleh, Nosratabadi, 2015b). ¹⁶Osterwalder et al. (2005) discuss
the identification of this area is the main step to keep in state of art and to make timely changes. In other
word, analyzing the areas are covered by a business model not only doses help managers to identify the
current situation of each these areas, but also it help to track the trends and respond dynamically to the
transitions. And one more step, it can also be led to the innovation in each area.
Rural tourism business model
According to rural tourism and business model definitions, rural tourism business model should be able to
elaborate what value has been creating in rural activity, to whom this value is created, how this value is
offering, what sources are required in value creation and value offering processes, what costs has been
imposed, and finally, how like the revenue way are.
The wide literature of business model, tourism, and rural tourism was studied and was found only
fragments of necessity processes. Hence, regarding the business model literature and the nature of rural
tourism requirements, this study suggests the following components as rural tourism business model:
1) Value proposition, 2) Determining Target Customers 3) achievement Customers interface 4) and
Partnership network 5) choice appropriate cost structure 6) creating permanent revenue model. This
suggested model is shown in figure 1.
Fig1. Rural tourism business model of this study
As it is mentioned above, this rural tourism business model is proposed to answer the main questions the
business model concept is worry about. Questions are about the value creating and value offering
processes and the financial aspect of the rural tourism. Thus, these components are defined as follow:
1) Value proposition: is an extensive opinion about products and services an organization offers (Ye, et al.,
2011; Weiner, Weisbecker, 2011; Jupesta et al., 2011; Storbacka, Nenonen, 2010; ¹⁶Osterwalder et al.
2005),
2) Target Customer: illustrates that to what market segments the company offers value (²⁰Storbacka,
Nenonen 2010; McCarthy, 2008; ¹⁶Osterwalder et al. 2005; Pateli, Giaglis, 2003),
3. Innovations in Rural Tourism Business…
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3) Customer interface: clarifies how a company is linked with its different market segments,
(¹⁶Osterwalder et al. 2005). This component is especially important and expresses peculiarities of rural
tourism business.
4) Partnership network: Outlines how partnership with other companies helps a company to effectively
offer and commercialize value (¹⁶Osterwalder e al. 2005),
5) Cost structure: Depicts what costs have been incurred to the company in value offering process (ˡ⁷Ye, et
al., 2011; ¹⁸Weiner, Weisbecker, 2011; Hacklin, Wallnöfer, 2011; ²⁰Storbacka & Nenonen, 2010;
²¹McCarthy, 2008; ˡ⁶Osterwalder et. al. 2005),
6) Revenue model: is representation of the way a company makes money (ˡ⁷Ye, et al., 2011; ¹⁸Weiner,
Weisbecker, 2011; ²³Hacklin, Wallnöfer, 2011; ²⁰Storbacka, Nenonen, 2010; ²¹McCarthy, 2008;
¹⁶Osterwalder et al. 2005).
Each business has an individual business model which is, almost consciously and in some cases
unconsciously, chosen by the decision makers (Hu, 2014). As described above, the rural tourism business
model considering this study contains six components. The interesting part is there, in practice, many
options for each of these six elements which make distinguish between the businesses and makes the
business models individually. Each combination of these options creates a specific business model
(¹³Mosleh, et al. 2015).
Rural tourism business model is able to demonstrate well what is happening in rural tourism practically.
Therefore, seeing what is happening through business model framework provides critical information can
help the managers and the decision makers to choose the best options based on their resource and expected
profits.
In practice when a tourist goes to a village, he/she needs transportation, accommodation, catering, and
other possible services such as having a leader and staffs like that. He/she is, more than likely, ready to pay
for the local foods, local cloths, taking part in customs and tradition events, agricultural products,
handicrafts, and the other similar things. But, from the rural tourism business model perspective,
transportation, accommodation, catering, tour leader, local cloths, customs and tradition events,
agricultural products, and handicrafts are the value can be offered to the customers and all of them has
been categorizing in value proposition component.
It is a two-way approach to decide about the target market, the second rural tourism business model
component. In other word, based on the resources, the company’s competencies, and the abilities it has
been deciding what type/s of these values can be offered. Accordingly, the target customers will be simply
illustrated. But sometimes the customers are the determinants. It means, in some cases, the customers’
features and consequently their requirements are very limited; in some areas as a result, the values can be
offered are limited in some areas also.
The third rural tourism business model component is customer interface. This element, according to its
definition, refers to the ways a business engaged in rural tourism is connected with its customers. It is
known that 5 times more expensive to find a new customer than to keep existing. Determination some
problems can challenge new suggestions for improving business activity. Of course, in this industry this
connection is face to face and most of the services are offering in this industry are delivered in person.
Hence, the decision makers should be careful about service delivering and have to planning for this issue.
In addition, they also can keep in touch before and after of service delivering through the website, email,
and telephone.
When a tourist goes to a village he/she certainly has multiple-needs as it is mentioned above. Hence, the
existence of a cooperation between different businesses are engaged in rural tourism can offer a
comprehensive package to the customer (the tourist) which subsequently leads to improve the profitably
(Liang, et al. 2005). For instance, the most popular collaboration between the transporter and the host
offering accommodation service increases the chance of accessing the customers.
The two last rural tourism business model components are cost structure and revenue model which are
identified as financial aspect by ¹⁶Osterwalder et al. (2005). Depending on the kind of the mentioned
services and products are offering, the cost structure and the revenue model are different. For example, the
cost structure for accommodation is more focused on cleaning and maintenance. On the other hand,
income model or the way money has been making will be different. The different strategies are taken for
income model. In some collaboration, the tourist is not charged for the transportations and he/she just pay
for the accommodation. As another example, although the tour leader is quite free, the tour leader takes
tourists to certain areas which he/she has a contract with. Generally, the income ways depend on the value
proposition and the services the business is offering (Zott, Amit, 2010; ˡ⁴Drejeris et al. 2013.).
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IV. How to innovate rural tourism business model
This chapter will explain directs for rural tourism business model innovations. As in previous chapter it
will be made by systematical approach: from the general to the itemized.
4.1 Business models innovation
Innovation in a business model is not simply equal to innovation in services/products or technology
(⁴Mitchell, Bruckner, 2004; Lindgardt et al., 2009; Massa, Tucci, 2013). ²⁶Lindgardt et al. (2009) believe
that when innovation in business model is happened that at least two components of business model are
reinvented and innovation in just product/service does not count as a business model innovation. They also
believe that a business model contains two main parts which are value proposition model and operating
model. Value proposition model includes three components i.e. target segment, products/services offering,
and revenue model; and operating model comprises value chain, cost model, and organization. ²⁶Lindgardt
et al. (2009) discuss that since a business model is a multidimensional system changing in more than two
of its components leads to changing the whole of the model and it is business model innovation. Whiles,
⁴Mitchell, Bruckner (2004) argue that innovation in at least four business model components leads to
business model innovation which enables the company to offer new products/service to new segments of
the market.
Massa and Tucci (2013) believe that there are two kinds of business model innovation which are
innovation business model design and innovation in business model reconfiguration. They demonstrate
that business model design is associated with innovation in designing a business model which is so critical
for entrepreneurial activities. In other words, ²⁷Massa and Tucci (2013) consider innovation in business
model design as the first step in business model designing when the entrepreneurs are thinking about
running a business. They argue that innovation in business model designing phase is a process containing
the following steps: 1) recognition of internal and external opportunities, 2) organization creation, 3)
market interface, 4) determine organizational boundaries (²⁷Massa & Tucci, 2013).
According to ²⁷Massa and Tucci (2013) the second type of business model innovation is related to business
model reconfiguration. In other words, when the decision makers are thinking about innovate an
incumbent business model for an existence organization, they have to reconfiguration the business model
and to reconsider interrelations among the business model components. They continue that in this kind of
innovation the organization must cope with serious challenges such as organizational inertia, business
process management, and organizational learning. Hence, they recommend that a sophisticated change
management should be done and this innovation process should be highly supported by the manager. In
accordance with ²⁷Massa and Tucci (2013) this kind of innovation may have also disadvantages. First of
all, the uncertainty is always along with the innovation. Secondly, lack of the adequate resources and
finally, lack of legitimacy (²⁷Massa & Tucci, 2013). Nevertheless, innovation in business model has been
always recommended, due to the sustainable competitive advantage is created in business model
innovation (⁴Mitchell, Bruckner, 2004; ⁶Giesen et al., 2007).
Business model innovation in existence organizations is categorized in three categories by ⁶Giesen et al.
(2007): 1) industry model innovation, 2) revenue model innovation, and 3) enterprise model innovation.
According to ⁶Giesen et al. (2007) industry model innovation includes innovation in generating a new
industry, redefining the industry, and finally moving into a new industry. But revenue model innovation
means innovation in the ways the money and incomes are made; for instance, reinventing the new pricing
model. Eventually, ⁶Giesen et al. (2007) define enterprise model innovation as changing the company’s
role in the value chain which may be led to changing the products, customers, suppliers and other things.
²⁷Massa, Tucci (2013) also argue that business model innovation consists innovation in content, structure
and governance. Amit and Zott (2012) discuss that innovating a business model is usually taking place in
three ways: set up a new activity, connecting the activities in new ways, and changing the parties carry out
an activity. They need to dynamically trace the trends and to have a proper change management to be able
response on time to these changes (⁴Mitchell, Bruckner, 2004). We will try to follow the opinion of the
latter mentioned authors.
4.2 Rural tourism business model innovation
Since, the rural tourism businesses are approximately owned and managed by the locals, the business
models has been rarely analyzing so as to optimize the profitability. Hence, the first step in rural tourism
business model innovation is the businesses are engaged in rural tourism need to create processes are so
sensitive about changes and trends in their business model components. As it mentioned above, rural
tourism business model proposed in this study, provide managers and decision makers key points are very
critical for the survival of the business. Tracking and analyzing trends and changes of each rural tourism
5. Innovations in Rural Tourism Business…
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business model components present this opportunity to the manager keep up-to-date their business model
and ensures that by being in state of art their profitability will be guaranteed.
Although having a flexible business model, which is able to respond the environment changes, is required
flexible resources and a strong change management (Doz, Kosonen, 2010), it will lead to the sustainable
competitive advantage and profitability (⁴Mitchell, Bruckner, 2004, 2004; ⁶Giesen et al. 2007).
According the literature and what mentioned above, this study provides a comprehensive framework for
innovation in rural tourism business model for both businesses are going to start a business in rural tourism
and for existing organization. This framework is shown in fig. 2.
As fig. 2 shows, depending on whether a business is going to start or it has already started its activities,
two quite different paths are considered. As it mentioned, for innovation in business model of a business
which is going to start its activities in rural tourism industry the innovation in business model designing
should be tracking. Regarding the proposed model of this study, the managers should perform the
entrepreneurial activities such as identification of the opportunities of both internal and external
environments, organization creation, defining the market segments and communication channels with
customers, and finally determine organizational boundaries.
In return, business model innovation in incumbent organizations follows the other path i.e. business model
reconfiguration. In this path, the managers need to, first of all, identify in what level they would like to
innovate their business model. In this step, they should decide whether they want to innovate their industry
model or revenue model or enterprise model. Innovating in their industry model can mean they want to get
out of rural tourism industry and as it is clarified in this model there are three options in front of the
managers to innovate their industry: moving into a new industry, redefine the industry and creating a new
industry.
Innovation in revenue model level just means that the managers reinvent and rethink of the ways they
make money through. When an innovation in a business model is happened, at least two of the business
model components are reinvented. Therefore, innovation in the value proposition which is led to new
customers can considered as an innovation which can be considered as innovation in revenue model as
well. On the other hand, new strategies in pricing also have been acknowledged as innovation in revenue
model.
If the managers decide to innovate the enterprise model, it means they are changing the role of the
organization in value chain in the rural tourism industry. In this case, value proposition, customers,
partners and the relationships will change. For instance, a firm used to shoulder the tourists transportation
has decided to run a local restaurant. It is not changing the industry, because as it is mentioned changing
the industry means the new business does not have any role in the rural tourism value chain. It is just
changing the role of the firm in the rural tourism value chain by new value proposition, new customers,
new partner, new connections and new revenue model. It is worth mentioning that regardless the type of
innovation (business model design or business model reconfiguration) innovation must be happened in the
content, structure, and governance of at least two rural tourism business model components.
Fig.2 The proposed rural tourism business model innovation framework of this study
6. Innovations in Rural Tourism Business…
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Application of the model will allow both novice businessmen and professionals better understand the
tourist business properties and thereby achieve better results. The model adapted for 2 business situations.
V. Conclusions
Regarding the importance of rural tourism role in economic developments in the Europe countries, the
development of this industry is interesting for these countries. As a result, competition in this industry is
continuously rising. Having a competitive advantage can guarantee the profitability in this competitive
market.
Nowadays, innovation in business model is more interesting for the managers than innovation in products
or the technologies. Therefore, this study, due to the lack of a guidelines for business model innovation in
rural tourism industry, tried to provide a comprehensive framework to managers are engaged in rural
tourism industry to innovate their business model to benefit form of competitive advantage. For the
mentioned purpose, this study, firstly, attempts introduce a rural tourism business model. Due to lack such
model in the literature, a wide literature were studied and a six-component model suggested as rural
tourism business model. As value proposition, target Customer, customer interface, Partnership network,
cost structure, and finally revenue model are the components of this model.
In the next stage a framework, based on the literature, is proposed for rural tourism business model. This
model provides guidelines and steps that the managers should take for innovate their business. This model
includes two parts which have their own path for different activities. The first path is named innovation in
business model design which comprises the guidelines for the entrepreneurs are going to run businesses in
rural tourism industry. Against, the other path provides steps should be taken in rural tourism business
model innovation for an existence organization and an incumbent business model.
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Authors' information
Saeed Nosratabadi
(master in business administration)
He is an honorary faculty member in Mobin Cultural Institute, Tehran, Iran; and
has been editorial board member of the first International Conferences on
Management, Tehran, Iran, 2014.
Research interests are: Business Models, Strategic Management and
Organizational Behavior, Service Quality, Intellectual Capital. He interested in
football, admired by detective stories
Rolandas Drejeris (pHd, assoc. professor of Stulginskis university, Lithuania)
He is an author and co-author of 5 textbooks and monograph; published more than
30 papers about innovations development; he is scientific board member of
international and domestic conferences and of the Journal of business law and
ethics. Research interests are: service business strategy, quantitative research of
business environment, solutions of innovations development, service marketing.