(1) The document discusses different concepts related to participation in informing landscapes, including information, communication, expertise, and participation. It questions whose information is being communicated and for what goals. (2) It examines different types of participation and power dynamics, from systems created just by professionals for their own uses, to empowering others to create their own systems. This includes a discussion of "ladders of participation". (3) The document poses whether participation relates to landscape research, decision making, or both. It provides examples of different categories of systems from only professional-driven to co-developed between professionals and others. The conclusion is that participation needs a two-way approach rather than just informing people.

1. Informing in Participation: A one- ortwo-waystreet? Session ‘IN-FORM-LAND’ PECSRL, August 23-28 2010, Riga J. Sophie Visser LandZij/Utrecht University

2. Background M.Sc. Chemistry (includingInformatics) + 20 yearsCareer in InformationSystems (IS), Modeling & Management 2006 M.A. (Historical) Geography, Utrecht University (Dr. Hans Renes) Start PhDResearch on Information & CommunicationonCultural/Historical landscapes

4. Information: complex relations with data and knowledge Sharma, 2008: More common: Data Information Knowledge Basic (meaningful) Meaningful Reasoning, inferring, etc. ‘facts’ (related) data Disciplinary & personal: e.g. geologist, ecologist, landscape architect, citizen, ………. From: Scientific research, experience, impressions,

6. Information/knowledge types  information technology (2) Knowledge type  representationRepresentation technology Non-IT ‘tools’ (‘media, representationdevices’) tacit/ Implicit (‘embodied’) Explicit (‘narrative’) IT tools Formal (‘abstract’) Internet codable Geospatial tools Present in IS Present in GIS GIS tools Data Bases Notrepresented in technology Informationsystemscanhold a lot of information, but ……

7. Expertise(s) ‘know what you are talking about’ => mix of expertise and experience (Collins & Evans, 2007) Expertise : Ubiquitous tacit knowledge  Specialist tacit knowledge Beer-mat =>popular => primary => interactional => contributory knowledge understanding source knowl. expertise expertise Judging : From external  Internal (relative to the expertise) ubiquitous => local => technical => downward => referred discrimination idem connaisseur discrimination expertise Based on : credentials experience track record

8. Expertises and judgements ‘know what you are talking about’ => mix of expertise and experience (Collins & Evans, 2007) Expertise : Ubiquitous tacit knowledge  Specialist tacit knowledge Beer-mat =>popular => primary => interactional => contributory knowledge understanding source knowl. expertise expertise Judging : From external  Internal (relative to the expertise) ubiquitous => local => technical => downward => referred discrimination idem connaisseur discrimination expertise Based on : credentials experience track record Makingaware, ---------------- Participation ----------------- Professionals ‘education’

10. The right expertise and experience?

12. (2) Participation and levels: ‘participation ladders’ Implicit perspective ‘citizen participation’ ‘government participation’ Adaptedfrom Van den Brink et, 2007, p 39

13. Participation and digital media  requirements and power AfterStreich, 2004, from Van den Brink et al., 2007, p 41

14. (3) Participation (systems) in landscape information decision making Landscape/ historical research Future landscape Past/Present landscape Decision making, planning Agriculture Housing ……… InformationDivergingConverging ´multiple knowledges´ (Rydin)

15. Participation systems in landscape decision making, in research or both? Historical / Landscape research Past/Present landscape Future landscape Decision making, planning Agriculture Housing ……… Selections, Summaries ,combining ……… Participatory Planning GIS (PPGIS) Participatory (G)IS layer ……… ParticipatoryHistorical/ Landscape Research (S InformationDivergingConverging ´multiple knowledges´ (Rydin)

16. Information system as ‘communicative act’ (Habermas) -choices /selectivity in information content , presentation, etc: - which/whose -values -expertise/knowledge -information needs -perception, model -method /approach -technology -power to choose A system as a ‘communicative act’ is about What is said (expectations)  what is done (dissatisfaction?!)

17. Participation and systems: what can professionals/officials do? ‘citizen participation’ ‘government participation’ 1. Making systems for own uses 2. Include other expertise & values 3. Adapting system to others/ co-development 4. Empowering others to get own system

20. Emergence of citizen’s participation in spatial issues

21. Tendency towards Categories 2 and 3

22. E.g. National Cultural Heritage system KICH (www.kich.nl)

23. start in 2004: Category 1

24. 2008/09 : including results of local project (Category 2)

28. Western Bodensee (Germany) - running, presentation 2009 ARKUM

29. Goeree-Overflakkee (Netherlands)

31. >2008 - GIS coupled to national system KICH (conversion program)

32. Recently: information available through KICH -Foremost internet solutions, unless ……….. <=> own content management reason: dissatisfaction with available (‘official’) systems

34. Making aware may precede participation, but …….

35. Participation  Perspective , e.g.

36. Positioning/judgment of both professionals´ and others´ expertise

37. Participation  Requirements , e.g.

38. Broad views on technology (not just GIS…), information, presentation, …

39. Project organization, decisions, ………….

40. Giving something in return, e.g. in information (systems)

41. Two-way street => not just talking, but thinking and acting accordingly! /

42. Thankyou! j.s.visser [at] planet.nl