The document outlines the systematic approach pharmacists should take when managing information requests, emphasizing the classification of questions and the importance of using primary, secondary, and tertiary sources for effective information retrieval. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various types of literature, alongside essential resources for pharmacy practice. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of evaluating the credibility of online information sources, including critical insights about Wikipedia's limitations.

3. Information Resources Satisfying the Pharmacists' Qualification Needs

4. Would you please write down two questions you have in mind and want to know where to get the answers from???

6. What is the reason for your search???!!!!!!!!!!! How would you mostly manage it ??!!!!!!! Would you categorize your question in relation to “types of pharmaceutical information” ???!!!!!!!!!!

7. Strategies for Evaluation of Information Requests

8. Receive the enquiry: Note contact details (background information, i.e. name, status, phone number….etc) Determine and clarify the question Classify the question SEARCH Evaluate (appraise) Formulate an answer Communicate the response Systematic search approach in dealing with an inquiry:

9. To carry out medicines' information provision roles effectively pharmacists need to know HOW TO

10. Find Information Evaluate Information Put into Practice

11. Search: In practice, when we attempt to find information relevant to a clinical problem our goal is to find the most useful information in the shortest time Usefulness of information = (Relevance * validity) / Work to access

12. Search: Tertiary sources relevant to the topic should be consulted first , Then progress via secondary sources to locate primary literature. Because journal coverage varies with different secondary systems, it is important to use more than one secondary source for a thorough search

13. Primary sources Tertiary sources Secondary sources Types Of Information Resources

14. Publication of original research that has not been interpreted or changed by others Primary Literature !!!

15. Advantages: Current & original information Primary Literature !!!

16. Disadvantages: Knowledge of scientific methods and statistics is needed to properly interpret the information Primary Literature !!!

17. When to use: When looking for the most up-to-date information Primary Literature !!!

18. Examples: Scientific journal articles which report results of case studies, research or clinical trials Primary Literature !!!

27. Where to find primary literature: High-quality (peer-reviewed) resources in particular relevance to pharmacy include: Primary Literature !!!

28. Where to find primary literature: The Pharmaceutical Journal Annals of Pharmacotherapy International Journal of Pharmacy Practice American Journal of Health-Systems Pharmacy Primary Literature !!!

30. Resources which provide access to primary literature Secondary Literature !!!

31. Advantages: Provide efficient access to primary literature Secondary Literature !!!

32. Disadvantages: Users need to be familiar with searching electronic databases Lag time Database scope Secondary Literature !!!

33. When to use: When you need to find primary literature Secondary Literature !!!

34. Examples: Indexing & abstracting databases such as the PubMed Secondary Literature !!!

35. Collection of data & concepts drawn from primary literature Tertiary Literature !!!

36. Advantages: Convenient & easy to use Information is usually well established Tertiary Literature !!!

37. Disadvantages: Information may bee too old to be useful Tertiary Literature !!!

38. When to use: When you need to find background information When you need a quick answer Tertiary Literature !!!

39. Examples: Reference books Drug monograph collections Review articles Tertiary Literature !!!

40. Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice Evaluation tips !!!

41. Core resources on medicine AHFS Drug Information Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

42. Core resources on medicine Martindale : the complete drug reference Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

43. Core resources on medicine The Merck Manuals http:// www.merck.com /pubs/ Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

44. Core resources on medicine Comprehensive pharmacy review Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

45. Core resources on medicine British National Formulary (BNF) Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

46. Designed as a digest for rapid reference & it may NOT always contain ALL the information necessary for prescribing & dispensing It includes key information on Selection, Prescribing Dispensing and Administration of medicines **British National Formulary** (BNF)

47. Core resources on medicine See also, the WHO model formulary 2006 http:// www.who.int/emlib/ModelList.aspx?Language = EN&MdType =FORMULARY Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

48. Pharmacology Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

49. Pharmacology Lippincott’s clinical pharmacology Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

50. Drug interactions Stockely’s Drug Interactions Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

51. Adverse drug reactions Myeler’s Side Effects of Drugs Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

52. Pharmacotherapy Avery’s Drug Treatment Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

53. Pharmacotherapy Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

54. Pharmacotherapy Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Key Tertiary Drug Information Resources for Pharmacy Practice

56. They usually contain more current information about a specific topic than textbooks Reviews & Systematic Reviews

58. How is a Review Made ??!!

59. How is a Review Made ??!!

60. How is a Review Made ??!!

61. How is a Review Made ??!!

62. Where to Find Systematic Reviews??

63. Example: The Cochrane Database

64. Reactive: Information or advice given by the pharmacist in response to questions or enquiries about medicines Proactive (active): The preparation of newsletters, bulletins, websites, etc. in an attempt to educate or raise awareness of key therapeutic issues Drug Information Provision

65. Consult their peers Expert opinions Carry out a literature search Pharmaceutical industry representatives How Do Healthcare workers Mostly Manage Their Information Needs ?!!!

66. The major disadvantage of making clinical decisions based on expert opinions is the susceptibility of the opinion to bias , as it is NOT based on systematically collected information Expert opinions !!!!

67. Formulate answerable questions, Identify and acquire the best evidence to answer the question, Critically appraise the evidence for its validity, impact and applicability Carry out a literature search ???!!!!

68. Integrate the findings with clinical expert and patient factors to extract a "clinical bottom line" or answer Evaluate the four previous steps for effectiveness and efficiency Carry out a literature search ???!!!!

69. Choice of therapy (including indications and contraindications) Adverse effects Administration and dosage Product information, availability Drug interactions Most Frequent Categories of Enquiry Received by Pharmacists

70. Drugs in breastfeeding Complementary medicine Identification of tablets and other dosage forms Most Frequent Categories of Enquiry Received by Pharmacists

71. Pharmaceutical (stability, compatibility, formulations) Pharmacology (including pharmacokinetics) Most Frequent Categories of Enquiry Received by Pharmacists

72. Before using the internet: http:// www.ed.uiuc.edu/wp/credibility/index.html http:// library.albany.edu/usered/webeval / The Internet

73. Welcome to internet for medicine: http:// www.vts.intute.ac.uk /he/tutorial/medic http:// www.vts.intute.ac.uk /he/tutorial/health http:// www.vts.intute.ac.uk/acl/tutorial/wellbeing The Internet

74. Before using the internet: Become familiar with search techniques and the range of information available Plan your search strategy Use sites you know are trustworthy and that give details of who produces them and when they were last updated The Internet

75. Before using the internet: Understand the need to critically evaluate resources you find on the internet Establish who is responsible for the resource and what expertise or qualifications they have in field The Internet

76. Before using the internet: Don't use information from a site that is not convincingly authoritative (this could have disastrous consequences) Beware that the internet can be volatile – information can change or disappear without warning The Internet

80. One of the most popular is provided by the Health on the Net (HON) Foundation, a non-profit organization founded in 1995 whose mission is to guide Web users to sound, reliable information http:// www.hon.ch/home.html Quality of Information on The Internet

81. Wikipedia !!! Quality of Information on The Internet

82. Problems with Wikipedia Many articles are written anonymously , Many contributors are students still studying the very topics about which they write,

83. Some Wikipedia authors self - identify as " pre - hospital care workers, " and Anyone can purposefully add misinformation Problems with Wikipedia

87. Conclusions : Wikipedia has a more narrow scope, is less complete, and has more errors of omission than the comparator database Wikipedia may be a useful point of engagement for consumers, but is not authoritative and should ONLY be a supplemental source of drug information

88. http :// www . medscape . com / viewarticle / 584450_1

89. Selected Internet Sites

90. Examples: Annals of Pharmacotherapy Primary Literature !!!

93. Examples: International Journal of Pharmacy Practice Primary Literature !!!

95. Examples: The PubMed Database Secondary Literature !!!

105. Reviews at PubMed