The presentation discusses various influence strategies derived from cognitive psychology, emphasizing ethical considerations in persuasion. It outlines six key strategies: liking, reciprocity, social proof, commitment/consistency, authority, and scarcity/exclusivity, providing practical examples for implementation. The speaker encourages understanding these strategies to effectively influence others while also protecting oneself from being influenced.

1. Influence Strategies for
Practitioners
Linda Rising
linda@lindarising.org
www.lindarising.org

2. Disclaimer: This provocative presentation is ideally the
beginning of a conversation. It won't take long for me
to tell you everything I know about cognitive
psychology, although I have been reading in the area
for several years now. I'm an amateur who has
sufficient interest in weird topics and a strange way of
connecting ideas that might or might not be of interest
to you. Thank you for your tolerance and understanding
of my meanderings and I hope you learn a little that
might help you in your life.
This is not an “academic” presentation, but those
interested in more information are invited to ask me for
references for any part of this talk and I will be happy
to make them available.

3. Persuasion
 Psychological dynamics to change people
in ways they wouldn’t if left alone.
 Manipulation, brainwashing, … have a
very different intent.
 Persuasion strategies are tools that can be
used for any purpose.
 There are always ethical considerations.

4. Who needs it?
 You’re smart
 To convince others, all you have to do is
lay out the facts
 If others are smart, they’ll figure it out!
 This underhanded “marketing” is, well,
underhanded, and only for people who
have to sell stuff!

5. Influence doesn’t work on me!
 I’m smart
 Therefore, I’m a rational decision maker
 I am not swayed by hype
 It’s important to be aware of them because
others will undoubtedly use them on us. Some of
them are so fundamental to how humans
interact, odds are we’ve used them without even
being aware of it.
 Watch out for neuromarketing!

6. Research shows us as we are!
 Control group in all experiments
 Two groups reading the same paper
 Free cable TV

7. Citations and
recommendations
 This is not an academic talk. Please
request references if interested.
 Two good “starter” recommendations

8. Influence: Science and Practice, Robert B. Cialdini

9. Fearless Change: Patterns for Introducing New
Ideas, Mary Lynn Manns and Linda Rising

10. Cialdini’s Six Strategies
Liking: We like attractive people and those who are
like us
Reciprocity: We repay in kind
Social proof: We follow the lead of similar or
superior others
Commitment/Consistency: We align with previous
commitments
Authority: We defer to authority or expertise
Scarcity/Exclusivity: We want more when access is
restricted—enhanced by exclusivity

11. 1- Liking: We like attractive
people and those who are like us
 Attractive often equals height—
experiments with college lecturers
 Judicial system, elections, hiring/raises
 We like familiar things – names of
products, easier typeface

12. What can you do?
In pairs or triads think of some things you
can do on Monday morning to use
“Liking”

13. 2-Reciprocity: We repay in kind
 Christmas cards to strangers
 LBJ & Carter
 Charities, supermarkets
 Hare Krishna

14. Free stuff!
 We love “free” stuff!
 Humor is a gift – homeless man selling paper
with “free delivery.”
 Amazon free shipping – except in France
 In one study, 40% of participants bought a
cupcake + 2 cookies for 75 cents, but 73%
bought the cupcake for 75 cents when the 2
cookies were added for “free.”

15. What can you do?
In pairs or triads think of some things you
can do on Monday morning to use
“Reciprocity”

16. 3-Social proof: We follow the
lead of similar or superior others
 Canned laughter, fancy dinner party
 Energy use study: (1) environment, (2)
socially responsible, (3) saved money, (4)
neighbors were doing it
 Shills, street corner joke

17. The Default Rule

18. What can you do?
In pairs or triads think of some things you
can do on Monday morning to use
“Social Proof”

19. 4-Commitment/Consistency: We
align with previous commitments
 After placing bet, after voting, after buying
lottery ticket, after making any kind of
decision (especially public), we are more
certain that it was right
 Experiment with energy conservation --
providing information, asking for a change in
habits didn’t work but asking for permission to
“publish names” – even greater effect when no
names were published!

20. What can you do?
In pairs or triads think of some things you
can do on Monday morning to use
“Commitment or Consistency”

21. 5-Authority: We defer to
authority or expertise
 Stanley Milgram’s grisly experiments
 Nurse’s drug story

22. What can you do?
In pairs or triads think of some things you
can do on Monday morning to use
“Authority”

23. 6-Scarcity/Exclusivity: We want
more when access is restricted—
enhanced by exclusivity, cost
 18th century French reformer,
economist, and statesman Turgot
 Banned material
 Jury told to disregard information
 Wine and beer lovers are easily fooled

24. What can you do?
In pairs or triads think of some things you
can do on Monday morning to use
“Scarcity”

25. The real problem?
Information overload!
 John Stuart Mills d. 1873, the last person
to know everything
 Most information less than 15 years old
 Some scientific information doubles
every 3 years
 No one can know enough to make all
decisions intelligently

26. Short cuts work!
 Influence strategies are short-cuts
 Most of the time these are good things,
that’s why we have evolved to use them.
 We don’t have time to deliberate every
decision
 Don’t beat yourself up or drive yourself
crazy! Just be reasonably cautious !

27. The last word
 It’s to our benefit to understand and use
these strategies to influence others and
protect ourselves.
 Experts have said that knowledge
doesn’t improve our lot, that is, knowing
the biases doesn't protect us. Chill out.
Take 10—it seems to help.
 Good luck! Thanks for your attention!