This document reviews and compares 3 solutions for industrial space heating in warehouses in New England: the Cambridge S-series direct fired heater, the Johnson air rotation unit, and the Solaronics SunTube low-intensity radiant heater. It discusses concepts like stratification and infiltration relevant to industrial space heating. Finally, it notes opportunities for incentives from programs like EPAct and utility companies that can help reduce the upfront costs of new efficient heating systems.
Heat pumps provide an efficient way to heat homes by moving heat rather than creating it through burning fossil fuels. They work like a refrigerator in reverse to withdraw heat from outdoor air, water, or the ground. A heat pump system consists of a heat pump unit, heat source, and distribution system. Heat pumps can provide heating, hot water, and electricity through a combination with solar panels, and require less maintenance than conventional heating systems. They are a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective option for home heating.
This document provides tips on improving the energy efficiency of home heating and cooling through proper maintenance and use of a programmable thermostat. It recommends regularly changing air filters and scheduling annual tune-ups to maintain equipment efficiency. Using a programmable thermostat to adjust temperatures when home is unoccupied can save up to $180 per year on energy costs. The guide also suggests sealing and insulating the home as well as installing efficient HVAC equipment sized for the home to improve comfort and reduce energy bills.
The document discusses several potential dangers associated with water heaters:
- Water heaters contain parts like heating elements, burners, and valves that can malfunction or fail if not properly maintained, potentially causing explosions or leaks.
- Items stored too close to a water heater can catch fire if the appliance's temperatures increase or ventilation is hindered. Flammable materials pose a particular risk.
- Damage to parts like the thermostat could cause the water to overheat and building pressure to rupture pipes in a high-risk situation.
- Corrosion of accessories can also lead to leaks and small explosions, so any signs of failure require immediately cutting gas supply. Proper installation and maintenance are
Introduction to Renewable Energy Options from METACAos Sí Marketing
METAC Training & Assessment Centre provides training and assessment in renewable energy technologies including solar, wind, biomass, heat pumps, and energy efficiency topics like insulation and air tightness. They offer both theoretical and practical training, with various classrooms, workshops, and outdoor areas equipped for hands-on instruction. METAC aims to educate professionals on best practices for both residential and commercial renewable energy and energy conservation projects.
Are you a commercial user or homeowner looking to save dollars on utility bills and invest in solar thermal energy? Latitude51Solar brings a wide variety of solar water heaters that are effective in providing direct thermal using solar vacuum tubes rather than traditional photovoltaic panels. You can choose from our range of solar water heaters to enjoy hot water without the need of cost, fire and inconvenience. To make a green energy invest me Solar Water Tanks with potential for great returns and qualify for tax incentives, consider purchasing from our commercial and domestic solar water heaters after consulting our experts at 1 800 317 9054.
Warehouse lighting and energy efficiency projectsdrpaulfisher
This document provides recommendations for retrofitting a warehouse to improve energy efficiency. It identifies lighting and heating as major areas for savings. Replacing traditional lighting with energy efficient LEDs and installing occupancy sensors can reduce lighting costs by 70%. Installing spray foam insulation can cut HVAC energy usage in half. An energy service company can implement multiple retrofits with no upfront costs by using the savings to pay for the project over time. This ensures capital funding is no longer a barrier to improving warehouse energy efficiency.
Logistics Distribution Center Industrial engineering management chapter viii ...Luis Cabrera
The document discusses distribution centers, which receive finished goods from vendors and manufacturers and distribute them to various retail locations like supermarkets and convenience stores. Distribution centers use advanced warehouse management systems and technology like pick-to-light systems and radio frequency devices to efficiently receive, store, pick, and dispatch large volumes of goods daily. Key aspects that impact their efficiency include storage layout and racking systems, materials handling equipment, and an integrated computer system linking vendors, stores, and inventory management. The costs charged to vendors to deliver through distribution centers can vary depending on the vendor's size and delivery capabilities.
Heat pumps provide an efficient way to heat homes by moving heat rather than creating it through burning fossil fuels. They work like a refrigerator in reverse to withdraw heat from outdoor air, water, or the ground. A heat pump system consists of a heat pump unit, heat source, and distribution system. Heat pumps can provide heating, hot water, and electricity through a combination with solar panels, and require less maintenance than conventional heating systems. They are a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective option for home heating.
This document provides tips on improving the energy efficiency of home heating and cooling through proper maintenance and use of a programmable thermostat. It recommends regularly changing air filters and scheduling annual tune-ups to maintain equipment efficiency. Using a programmable thermostat to adjust temperatures when home is unoccupied can save up to $180 per year on energy costs. The guide also suggests sealing and insulating the home as well as installing efficient HVAC equipment sized for the home to improve comfort and reduce energy bills.
The document discusses several potential dangers associated with water heaters:
- Water heaters contain parts like heating elements, burners, and valves that can malfunction or fail if not properly maintained, potentially causing explosions or leaks.
- Items stored too close to a water heater can catch fire if the appliance's temperatures increase or ventilation is hindered. Flammable materials pose a particular risk.
- Damage to parts like the thermostat could cause the water to overheat and building pressure to rupture pipes in a high-risk situation.
- Corrosion of accessories can also lead to leaks and small explosions, so any signs of failure require immediately cutting gas supply. Proper installation and maintenance are
Introduction to Renewable Energy Options from METACAos Sí Marketing
METAC Training & Assessment Centre provides training and assessment in renewable energy technologies including solar, wind, biomass, heat pumps, and energy efficiency topics like insulation and air tightness. They offer both theoretical and practical training, with various classrooms, workshops, and outdoor areas equipped for hands-on instruction. METAC aims to educate professionals on best practices for both residential and commercial renewable energy and energy conservation projects.
Are you a commercial user or homeowner looking to save dollars on utility bills and invest in solar thermal energy? Latitude51Solar brings a wide variety of solar water heaters that are effective in providing direct thermal using solar vacuum tubes rather than traditional photovoltaic panels. You can choose from our range of solar water heaters to enjoy hot water without the need of cost, fire and inconvenience. To make a green energy invest me Solar Water Tanks with potential for great returns and qualify for tax incentives, consider purchasing from our commercial and domestic solar water heaters after consulting our experts at 1 800 317 9054.
Warehouse lighting and energy efficiency projectsdrpaulfisher
This document provides recommendations for retrofitting a warehouse to improve energy efficiency. It identifies lighting and heating as major areas for savings. Replacing traditional lighting with energy efficient LEDs and installing occupancy sensors can reduce lighting costs by 70%. Installing spray foam insulation can cut HVAC energy usage in half. An energy service company can implement multiple retrofits with no upfront costs by using the savings to pay for the project over time. This ensures capital funding is no longer a barrier to improving warehouse energy efficiency.
Logistics Distribution Center Industrial engineering management chapter viii ...Luis Cabrera
The document discusses distribution centers, which receive finished goods from vendors and manufacturers and distribute them to various retail locations like supermarkets and convenience stores. Distribution centers use advanced warehouse management systems and technology like pick-to-light systems and radio frequency devices to efficiently receive, store, pick, and dispatch large volumes of goods daily. Key aspects that impact their efficiency include storage layout and racking systems, materials handling equipment, and an integrated computer system linking vendors, stores, and inventory management. The costs charged to vendors to deliver through distribution centers can vary depending on the vendor's size and delivery capabilities.
A presentation and case study outlining ways to approach DC design decisions when a wide range of potential growth scenarios exist. The presentation outlines how to develop a tool for designing a distribution center with infinitely varied forecasts and covers which distribution technologies are the most - and least - adaptable to change.
Space heating involves raising interior temperatures through centralized or localized heating systems. Central heating uses a single heat source and distribution system to efficiently heat an entire building. Proper insulation, ventilation, and heat loss calculations are required to control heat flow and minimize energy needs. Common central heating systems use boilers to heat water or air that is circulated through pipes and ducts to radiators, convectors, or underfloor heating for interior warmth.
Operational agility means leveraging software to optimize existing facility assets, synchronizing data and aligning the DC automation islands. Like Omni-Channel distribution, operational agility isn’t so much a product as it is a model. Warehouse Execution Software solves your Omni-Channel order-fulfillment demands.
The document provides instructions for measuring and calculating the efficiency of a fired heater. It defines thermal efficiency as the total heat absorbed divided by the total heat input, and fuel efficiency as the total heat absorbed divided by the heat input from fuel combustion only. The procedure involves measuring temperatures, fuel properties, flue gas composition and oxygen levels. Calculations are shown to determine heat losses through stacks, combustion products, excess air, and ultimately the thermal and fuel efficiencies. The goal is to optimize plant operations and save money by ensuring heaters are running efficiently.
This document summarizes solar space heating and cooling systems. It describes passive solar systems that use design features like windows and heat-absorbing materials to collect solar energy. Active systems have collectors that absorb solar radiation and fans/pumps to transfer heat. Passive systems are less complex but active systems allow retrofitting. Solar space cooling uses absorption chillers, where a refrigerant absorbs heat and is pumped to a generator before re-vaporizing to provide cooling. Heat is provided by solar collectors in the form of hot water.
Warehouse Operations and Inventory Management Thomas Tanel
Companies that make the best use of the basic principles of planning and managing warehouse operations and inventory management have a competitive advantage. Organizations that lack warehouse strategic planning and inventory operational excellence lose profits, market share, cost advantages, and market leadership.
Traditional Supply Chain and Logistics channels are indeed changing. As organizations move from mass production and mass distribution to mass customization, creative approaches are needed in the management of warehousing and inventory. The challenge is always present, because different customers may demand different levels of service. Demand often cannot be forecasted, especially if one must deliver customized products or services exactly where the customer needs them.
Businesses today must understand that they are competing on the basis of time more than on any other factor. The rigors of supply chain management require that you take action to meet your customers’ demand for faster, more frequent, and more reliable deliveries. Your suppliers need to meet increasingly precise inbound schedules. Tomorrow’s customers are more likely to be in another country or continent than they are likely to be from across town, in another state, or in another province.
With a proven inventory management system and an A-B-C Analysis, you can transform your inventory into a proactive force that lowers your inventory investment, reduces carrying costs, boosts confidence in physical supply and distribution service levels, and increases customer and user satisfaction. From a storage and distribution perspective, you, as overseer of the supply management process, should also know how the warehousing layout design criteria and the space and storage schemes affect your material flow, service levels, computerization, and technology options.
World Class Manufacturing:Plant Start Up and Commissioning Procedure HIMADRI BANERJI
The document provides an overview of plant commissioning and start-up procedures. It discusses the commissioning process which includes preparation and planning, mechanical completion and integrity checking, pre-commissioning and operational testing, start-up and initial operation, performance and acceptance testing, and post-commissioning. It then goes into more detail on specific aspects of the commissioning process such as developing start-up procedures, commissioning utilities, pressure testing, cleaning and flushing, and pre-commissioning operational testing.
This document provides an overview of warehousing concepts including:
1) The need for warehouses to balance supply and demand and facilitate distribution.
2) Key considerations for warehouse setup such as site selection, management processes, and typical material flow.
3) The general workflow within warehouses including receipt of goods, putaway, storage, order picking, packing and dispatch.
4) Different types of material flows like "U flow" where receipt and dispatch are located at the same end to optimize dock resources.
This document discusses cooling load, which is the thermal energy that must be removed from a space to maintain comfort conditions. It outlines various components that contribute to cooling load, including heat gains from enclosure elements, internal loads, and outdoor air. Key terms are defined, such as cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) and cooling load factor (CLF), which are used to account for time delays in radiation and conduction gains. Methods for calculating cooling loads from walls, roofs, glazing, lighting, people and other internal sources are presented.
This document discusses various sources and effects of pollution on human health. It begins by providing background on Mike Slater and includes links to his website and social media profiles. It then discusses several key topics related to pollution and human health, including:
- How pollutants can enter and be distributed in the human body via inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.
- Examples of common air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone and their health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
- Evidence that pollution affects human health, including animal experiments, human studies, and epidemiological evidence linking pollution to conditions like cancer, asthma, and reduced life expectancy.
Managing warehouse operations. How to manage and run warehouse operations by ...Omar Youssef
The document provides information about warehouse operations and goals. It discusses maximizing the effective use of space, equipment, labor and information. It outlines warehouse functions like receiving, storing, order picking and shipping. It also describes operational processes, inventory terms and costs, and opportunities to improve warehouse distribution. Controls are discussed around safety, fire prevention, theft and storing hazardous materials. Equipment and tools are also mentioned.
This presentation curates resources, podcasts and screenshots focusing on our changing climate. What are your go-to resources? What inspires? Favorite buzzwords? We welcome your interaction -- comments, questions, suggestions, shares, clips, favorites, likes and hearts.
- Ron Mader (Las Vegas, 2016)
Some history: This presentation was first created in 2008 to review global initiatives in the realm of climate change. An early version debuted at the Environmental Tourism Forum in Monterrey, Mexico.
More info on the Planeta Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climate
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatenotes
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatecop22
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatecop21
November 2015 video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEbgKy57xIU
This document discusses modeling the energy consumption of a building using regression trees. It begins with an overview of building structure, including HVAC systems, components, and comfort norms. It then introduces regression trees as a method for modeling building energy consumption. Regression trees use historical weather, schedule, and building data to learn relationships and make predictions. The document concludes by describing the real building that will be used as a case study to apply regression tree modeling and simulate its energy consumption.
This document provides an overview of solar air conditioning technologies and best practice examples from several European countries. It describes two main types of solar cooling systems: chilled water systems and open cycle desiccant cooling systems. Chilled water systems use absorption or adsorption chillers to produce chilled water for air conditioning, while open cycle systems directly condition the supply air. The document outlines the technologies used in small and medium sized solar cooling applications and provides examples of installed systems in Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.
The purpose of this white paper is to give an overview of district heating systems in general, and to compare mid-range gas fired combined heat and power (CHP) solutions.
Heat pumps are increasingly being used in medium and large buildings to provide both heating and cooling. If specified and installed correctly they present a very good opportunity to save energy and reduce carbon emissions compared to traditional building heating and cooling technologies. This application note provides an overview of the types of heat pumps available along with the advantages and constraints of installing them in larger buildings.
The key appeal of heat pumps is that they have the ability to take low grade heat from a source and transfer it at a higher temperature to where it is needed in a relatively energy efficient manner. There is a great deal of flexibility in the heat sources available, for example external air, underground pipework, boreholes and local watercourses and ponds are all commonly used sources. Choosing the most appropriate heat source for a building will depend on weighing up all the advantages and constraints of the options available and looking at the whole life costs of the installation. The relatively high installation costs compared to gas boilers, especially with ground source heat pumps, needs to be considered against the lower running costs and carbon reduction that can be achieved.
A heat pump will in most cases save on carbon emissions compared to a fossil fuel boiler, but the exact carbon savings that can be achieved will depend on a number of factors. The heat source should be closely matched with the building’s heat requirements, and the most energy efficient components should be used in both the heat pump and the distribution system. The control systems should be set up to ensure that heating and cooling is only provided where and when required. The building fabric should be designed to ensure heat loss is minimised. It is only by taking a holistic view of the entire heating and cooling systems for a building that a proper assessment of the suitability for heat pumps can be made.
Mona Hatami_ Master Thesis_ The Pennsylvania State UniversityMona Hatami
This thesis examines establishing inverse modeling analysis tools to enable continuous efficiency improvement for convenience stores. Electricity consumption data from 2011-2012 for 20 convenience stores with main and sub-meters is analyzed. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation to reduce building energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions. Chapter 2 reviews literature on monitoring and targeting, inverse energy modeling, and convenience store characteristics. Chapter 3 establishes the research hypothesis, objectives, and methodology. The methodology includes identifying baselines, demonstrating monitoring and targeting techniques, and examining monitoring and control needs.
The document summarizes four air conditioning systems that can enhance green technology:
1) Solar-enhanced systems that use solar thermal energy to drive double effect chillers for more efficient cooling.
2) Ice-powered air conditioners that store energy at night in ice to provide cooling during peak daytime hours using 95% less energy.
3) Systems using natural refrigerants like hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide that are more energy efficient and have lower global warming potential than fluorocarbons.
4) Inverter technology that varies compressor speed based on cooling needs, providing better temperature control while reducing power consumption up to 71% compared to non-inverter systems.
Solar Thermal Hybrid Technology_The Time has Come To Reduce Rising Electricit...Darian Tenace
This document provides an overview of the FIRE AND ICE SOLAR system, a patented solar water heating and heat recovery system. It discusses how the system works to reduce energy costs by using solar energy and waste heat from air conditioners and heat pumps to heat water. Key points include that the system can provide up to 35% reduction in electricity usage, increases air conditioner efficiency, qualifies for tax credits, and pays for itself over time through energy savings. Heat recovery in particular is highlighted as an untapped energy source that can significantly cut costs.
This document provides an overview of waste heat recovery technologies and opportunities as well as trends in the HVAC industry. It discusses technologies used for waste heat recovery such as heat exchangers and power generation methods. Temperature ranges and sources of waste heat are classified. Challenges and barriers to waste heat recovery are outlined. Promising firms developing waste heat recovery technologies are described, including their solutions and value propositions. Trends in the HVAC industry and technologies involved are also briefly discussed.
A sustainable cold chain using eutecticsRajat Gupta
The document discusses alternatives to conventional diesel-powered refrigeration units for cold chain distribution. It proposes using eutectic systems, which store cooling energy through phase change materials (PCMs) instead of relying on engine operation. Eutectic systems charge overnight using electric compressors, eliminating fuel costs during distribution. They maintain temperature regardless of engine size and continue cooling even if the engine stops. The document outlines key considerations for eutectic system design, including the type of PCM, encapsulation method, and sizing the system based on storage needs and charging capacity.
A presentation and case study outlining ways to approach DC design decisions when a wide range of potential growth scenarios exist. The presentation outlines how to develop a tool for designing a distribution center with infinitely varied forecasts and covers which distribution technologies are the most - and least - adaptable to change.
Space heating involves raising interior temperatures through centralized or localized heating systems. Central heating uses a single heat source and distribution system to efficiently heat an entire building. Proper insulation, ventilation, and heat loss calculations are required to control heat flow and minimize energy needs. Common central heating systems use boilers to heat water or air that is circulated through pipes and ducts to radiators, convectors, or underfloor heating for interior warmth.
Operational agility means leveraging software to optimize existing facility assets, synchronizing data and aligning the DC automation islands. Like Omni-Channel distribution, operational agility isn’t so much a product as it is a model. Warehouse Execution Software solves your Omni-Channel order-fulfillment demands.
The document provides instructions for measuring and calculating the efficiency of a fired heater. It defines thermal efficiency as the total heat absorbed divided by the total heat input, and fuel efficiency as the total heat absorbed divided by the heat input from fuel combustion only. The procedure involves measuring temperatures, fuel properties, flue gas composition and oxygen levels. Calculations are shown to determine heat losses through stacks, combustion products, excess air, and ultimately the thermal and fuel efficiencies. The goal is to optimize plant operations and save money by ensuring heaters are running efficiently.
This document summarizes solar space heating and cooling systems. It describes passive solar systems that use design features like windows and heat-absorbing materials to collect solar energy. Active systems have collectors that absorb solar radiation and fans/pumps to transfer heat. Passive systems are less complex but active systems allow retrofitting. Solar space cooling uses absorption chillers, where a refrigerant absorbs heat and is pumped to a generator before re-vaporizing to provide cooling. Heat is provided by solar collectors in the form of hot water.
Warehouse Operations and Inventory Management Thomas Tanel
Companies that make the best use of the basic principles of planning and managing warehouse operations and inventory management have a competitive advantage. Organizations that lack warehouse strategic planning and inventory operational excellence lose profits, market share, cost advantages, and market leadership.
Traditional Supply Chain and Logistics channels are indeed changing. As organizations move from mass production and mass distribution to mass customization, creative approaches are needed in the management of warehousing and inventory. The challenge is always present, because different customers may demand different levels of service. Demand often cannot be forecasted, especially if one must deliver customized products or services exactly where the customer needs them.
Businesses today must understand that they are competing on the basis of time more than on any other factor. The rigors of supply chain management require that you take action to meet your customers’ demand for faster, more frequent, and more reliable deliveries. Your suppliers need to meet increasingly precise inbound schedules. Tomorrow’s customers are more likely to be in another country or continent than they are likely to be from across town, in another state, or in another province.
With a proven inventory management system and an A-B-C Analysis, you can transform your inventory into a proactive force that lowers your inventory investment, reduces carrying costs, boosts confidence in physical supply and distribution service levels, and increases customer and user satisfaction. From a storage and distribution perspective, you, as overseer of the supply management process, should also know how the warehousing layout design criteria and the space and storage schemes affect your material flow, service levels, computerization, and technology options.
World Class Manufacturing:Plant Start Up and Commissioning Procedure HIMADRI BANERJI
The document provides an overview of plant commissioning and start-up procedures. It discusses the commissioning process which includes preparation and planning, mechanical completion and integrity checking, pre-commissioning and operational testing, start-up and initial operation, performance and acceptance testing, and post-commissioning. It then goes into more detail on specific aspects of the commissioning process such as developing start-up procedures, commissioning utilities, pressure testing, cleaning and flushing, and pre-commissioning operational testing.
This document provides an overview of warehousing concepts including:
1) The need for warehouses to balance supply and demand and facilitate distribution.
2) Key considerations for warehouse setup such as site selection, management processes, and typical material flow.
3) The general workflow within warehouses including receipt of goods, putaway, storage, order picking, packing and dispatch.
4) Different types of material flows like "U flow" where receipt and dispatch are located at the same end to optimize dock resources.
This document discusses cooling load, which is the thermal energy that must be removed from a space to maintain comfort conditions. It outlines various components that contribute to cooling load, including heat gains from enclosure elements, internal loads, and outdoor air. Key terms are defined, such as cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) and cooling load factor (CLF), which are used to account for time delays in radiation and conduction gains. Methods for calculating cooling loads from walls, roofs, glazing, lighting, people and other internal sources are presented.
This document discusses various sources and effects of pollution on human health. It begins by providing background on Mike Slater and includes links to his website and social media profiles. It then discusses several key topics related to pollution and human health, including:
- How pollutants can enter and be distributed in the human body via inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.
- Examples of common air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone and their health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
- Evidence that pollution affects human health, including animal experiments, human studies, and epidemiological evidence linking pollution to conditions like cancer, asthma, and reduced life expectancy.
Managing warehouse operations. How to manage and run warehouse operations by ...Omar Youssef
The document provides information about warehouse operations and goals. It discusses maximizing the effective use of space, equipment, labor and information. It outlines warehouse functions like receiving, storing, order picking and shipping. It also describes operational processes, inventory terms and costs, and opportunities to improve warehouse distribution. Controls are discussed around safety, fire prevention, theft and storing hazardous materials. Equipment and tools are also mentioned.
This presentation curates resources, podcasts and screenshots focusing on our changing climate. What are your go-to resources? What inspires? Favorite buzzwords? We welcome your interaction -- comments, questions, suggestions, shares, clips, favorites, likes and hearts.
- Ron Mader (Las Vegas, 2016)
Some history: This presentation was first created in 2008 to review global initiatives in the realm of climate change. An early version debuted at the Environmental Tourism Forum in Monterrey, Mexico.
More info on the Planeta Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climate
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatenotes
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatecop22
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatecop21
November 2015 video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEbgKy57xIU
This document discusses modeling the energy consumption of a building using regression trees. It begins with an overview of building structure, including HVAC systems, components, and comfort norms. It then introduces regression trees as a method for modeling building energy consumption. Regression trees use historical weather, schedule, and building data to learn relationships and make predictions. The document concludes by describing the real building that will be used as a case study to apply regression tree modeling and simulate its energy consumption.
This document provides an overview of solar air conditioning technologies and best practice examples from several European countries. It describes two main types of solar cooling systems: chilled water systems and open cycle desiccant cooling systems. Chilled water systems use absorption or adsorption chillers to produce chilled water for air conditioning, while open cycle systems directly condition the supply air. The document outlines the technologies used in small and medium sized solar cooling applications and provides examples of installed systems in Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.
The purpose of this white paper is to give an overview of district heating systems in general, and to compare mid-range gas fired combined heat and power (CHP) solutions.
Heat pumps are increasingly being used in medium and large buildings to provide both heating and cooling. If specified and installed correctly they present a very good opportunity to save energy and reduce carbon emissions compared to traditional building heating and cooling technologies. This application note provides an overview of the types of heat pumps available along with the advantages and constraints of installing them in larger buildings.
The key appeal of heat pumps is that they have the ability to take low grade heat from a source and transfer it at a higher temperature to where it is needed in a relatively energy efficient manner. There is a great deal of flexibility in the heat sources available, for example external air, underground pipework, boreholes and local watercourses and ponds are all commonly used sources. Choosing the most appropriate heat source for a building will depend on weighing up all the advantages and constraints of the options available and looking at the whole life costs of the installation. The relatively high installation costs compared to gas boilers, especially with ground source heat pumps, needs to be considered against the lower running costs and carbon reduction that can be achieved.
A heat pump will in most cases save on carbon emissions compared to a fossil fuel boiler, but the exact carbon savings that can be achieved will depend on a number of factors. The heat source should be closely matched with the building’s heat requirements, and the most energy efficient components should be used in both the heat pump and the distribution system. The control systems should be set up to ensure that heating and cooling is only provided where and when required. The building fabric should be designed to ensure heat loss is minimised. It is only by taking a holistic view of the entire heating and cooling systems for a building that a proper assessment of the suitability for heat pumps can be made.
Mona Hatami_ Master Thesis_ The Pennsylvania State UniversityMona Hatami
This thesis examines establishing inverse modeling analysis tools to enable continuous efficiency improvement for convenience stores. Electricity consumption data from 2011-2012 for 20 convenience stores with main and sub-meters is analyzed. Chapter 1 introduces the motivation to reduce building energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions. Chapter 2 reviews literature on monitoring and targeting, inverse energy modeling, and convenience store characteristics. Chapter 3 establishes the research hypothesis, objectives, and methodology. The methodology includes identifying baselines, demonstrating monitoring and targeting techniques, and examining monitoring and control needs.
The document summarizes four air conditioning systems that can enhance green technology:
1) Solar-enhanced systems that use solar thermal energy to drive double effect chillers for more efficient cooling.
2) Ice-powered air conditioners that store energy at night in ice to provide cooling during peak daytime hours using 95% less energy.
3) Systems using natural refrigerants like hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide that are more energy efficient and have lower global warming potential than fluorocarbons.
4) Inverter technology that varies compressor speed based on cooling needs, providing better temperature control while reducing power consumption up to 71% compared to non-inverter systems.
Solar Thermal Hybrid Technology_The Time has Come To Reduce Rising Electricit...Darian Tenace
This document provides an overview of the FIRE AND ICE SOLAR system, a patented solar water heating and heat recovery system. It discusses how the system works to reduce energy costs by using solar energy and waste heat from air conditioners and heat pumps to heat water. Key points include that the system can provide up to 35% reduction in electricity usage, increases air conditioner efficiency, qualifies for tax credits, and pays for itself over time through energy savings. Heat recovery in particular is highlighted as an untapped energy source that can significantly cut costs.
This document provides an overview of waste heat recovery technologies and opportunities as well as trends in the HVAC industry. It discusses technologies used for waste heat recovery such as heat exchangers and power generation methods. Temperature ranges and sources of waste heat are classified. Challenges and barriers to waste heat recovery are outlined. Promising firms developing waste heat recovery technologies are described, including their solutions and value propositions. Trends in the HVAC industry and technologies involved are also briefly discussed.
A sustainable cold chain using eutecticsRajat Gupta
The document discusses alternatives to conventional diesel-powered refrigeration units for cold chain distribution. It proposes using eutectic systems, which store cooling energy through phase change materials (PCMs) instead of relying on engine operation. Eutectic systems charge overnight using electric compressors, eliminating fuel costs during distribution. They maintain temperature regardless of engine size and continue cooling even if the engine stops. The document outlines key considerations for eutectic system design, including the type of PCM, encapsulation method, and sizing the system based on storage needs and charging capacity.
Design and Performance Analysis of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System fo...IRJET Journal
- The document discusses the design and performance analysis of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer lab located in Bharatpur, India.
- The peak cooling load of the computer lab is calculated to be 34.94 kW, so a 10TR vapor absorption cooling system is adopted.
- Simulations are carried out using the TRANSOL program to analyze the performance of the solar cooling system using different solar collector types and areas. Parameters like solar fraction, primary energy savings, and electrical COP are evaluated.
- It is concluded that the solar thermal cooling system can achieve good solar fractions between 0.52-0.75 and primary energy savings up to 52% for the considered location and collector areas.
How do i optimize industrial refrigeration systemAlaquainc
In processing equipment services, processors should focus on five stages to get the most out of a contemporary industrial refrigeration system:
• Lowering the costs of installation and maintenance
• Improving productivity
• Assuring the food safety
• Following FSMA and HACCP requirements
• Switching to more environmentally friendly refrigerants
Combining techniques can bring a number of advantages. This post will look at five techniques to improve the efficiency of industrial refrigeration systems.
Industrial cooling systems use evaporative cooling towers or dry air systems to remove waste heat from industrial processes. Evaporative towers are more common due to lower costs and footprint. They work by evaporating a small portion of recirculating water to lower its temperature. Optimizing cooling towers, fans, pumps, and water management can save over 10% in energy costs. Regular monitoring and maintenance are important for reliable efficient operation.
High Efficiency - A Green Revolution In Dc PowerEltek
This document discusses how adopting more efficient DC power systems can help reduce electricity usage and carbon emissions for telecommunications companies. It notes that DC power systems, which convert AC to DC, are a major source of energy consumption due to inherent inefficiencies. Modern rectifiers used in these systems have improved and can achieve efficiencies over 90%, but further gains are possible. Adopting higher efficiency rectifiers, like 92% efficient models, can significantly reduce power losses and associated costs. For a sample 8,000W system, 92% rectifiers provide a 21.7% reduction in losses compared to 90% rectifiers. This equates to annual energy and cost savings, as well as reduced CO2 emissions.
This document provides an overview and comparison of three common heat tracing systems: thermal fluid, electric, and steam. It discusses the history and evolution of each system from the early 1900s to present day. The key developments include more sophisticated control methods for thermal fluid systems, improvements to electric tracing that enabled automatic temperature controls, and efforts to reduce heat output from steam systems to better regulate temperature. The document also notes some basic comparisons between the merits and limitations of each system and outlines factors to consider in a tracing system analysis, such as application needs, performance, energy efficiency, and installation costs.
This document provides information on green roofs and their ability to reduce urban heat islands. It acknowledges that roofs make up 20-25% of land cover in major US cities, presenting opportunities for green roof installation. Green roofs work by shading roof surfaces and through evapotranspiration of vegetation, which cools the air. They come in extensive and intensive varieties. Benefits include reduced energy costs, stormwater management and increased roof lifespan, while costs have come down in recent decades. The document provides details on design considerations and gives an overview of green roof initiatives and resources for further research.
This document provides an overview of cool roofs, including:
- Cool roofs have high solar reflectance and thermal emittance, which helps them stay 50-60°F cooler than traditional roofs.
- They are made of highly reflective materials that reflect solar energy and readily emit heat.
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Industrial Space Heating Solutions- White Paper
1. THE LAB REVIEW:
INDUSTRIAL SPACE HEATING SOLUTIONS
Reveiw of 3 top solutions for warehouse facilities in New England
pr e s en t e d b y m a s s e n e r g y l a b inc.
2. CONTENTS
IntroductIon.......................................................................................
1
conepts ..............................................................................................
2
system types ................................................................................
3
comparIsons ...................................................................................
5
solaronIcs ......................................................................................
6
Johnson aru ..............................................................................
6
cambrIdge s-serIes .................................................................
6
references ...................................................................................
14
3. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION:
No industrial building manager has ever enjoyed paying energy bills during the heating season
in New England. Yet until recently, such costs were an accepted expense and, were not a ma-
jor concern given very low energy prices. However, within the past 5-10 years a confluence of
several factors has resulted in much greater attention being paid to how much companies are
spending to heat their facilities.
The first of these is the rising cost of energy. The wholesale price of heating oil, which many facili-
ties still use to fire old boilers, has increased roughly 366% in the past 15 years. Over the same time
period the trading price of natural gas has increased roughly 80%,1 and despite increasing do-
mestic production, is expected to rise another 37%2 over the next 15 years.
The second is that improvements in energy efficient technology over the past 20 years have
made replacing old inefficient heating equipment an economically sound investment. Systems
that significantly decrease fuel consumption only pay for themselves quickly if fuel prices are
high.
The final piece of the puzzle has fallen into place in the past 5 years as green living and sustain-
ability have risen to the top of the nation’s social agenda. Corporations which may not have
previously taken the time to consider efficiency upgrades in their facilities (despite any financial
gains), are now eager to support such efforts for the sake of their public image and promoting
themselves as a sustainable company.
The effects of the aforementioned factors have been even more pronounced in Massachusetts.
Industrial gas rates, for instance, are the 4th highest in the country and as of May 2011, are 54%
higher than those in California. Among other motivations, the challenges in supplying energy
to Northeastern states have prompted state officials to enact aggressive mandates for energy
reduction. Such mandates coupled with sizeable incentives to encourage building owners to
implement energy reduction strategies have prompted building owners and managers to ac-
tively seek ways to maximize the energy efficiency of their buildings.
There is tremendous opportunity for energy reduction in the industrial sector which accounts for
more energy consumption than any other sector at 30% (commercial-19%, residential 22%, trans-
portation 29%).
Concerning industrial building energy consumption, the U.S. Department of Energy notes
Industrial sites employ energy-intensive systems to heat, ventilate, air condition, light, and other-
wise support processes and personnel. These support functions consume up to 33% of all energy
used in manufacturing sub-sectors... The energy used annually by manufacturing buildings costs
industry about $12 billion and is equivalent to the energy used in 34 million passenger cars or in
11 million homes.
1
4. CONCEPTS
U.S Energy Information Administration data from indicates that Warehouses in the U.S. spend an
average of US $0.70 per square foot (ft2) on energy: About half of that cost is for natural gas and
half for electricity. Energy costs for some warehouses are more than 10% of their total revenue.
Heating and lighting are the two largest energy end uses for warehouses, together accounting
for 64% of total warehouse energy use. That makes those systems the best targets for energy sav-
ings. Accordingly, this report will focus on industrial building energy reduction solutions for build-
ings that are over 100,000 ft2 with load requirements upwards of 1 mmbTu/h.
The majority of buildings in Massachusetts’ industrial building landscape, like most such spaces
in the Northeast, are not actively cooled during the summer, nor are the buildings mechanically
ventilated (i.e. the load is static). The general term for heaters which seek to satisfy the needs
for this type of building are industrial space heaters. There are numerous industrial space heat-
ing system manufacturers that claim their products yield energy savings from 10% up to 70%. The
most prevalent systems in the market are considered in this evaluation. This report will review and
compare the Cambridge S-series direct fired heater, the Johnson air rotation unit, and the Solar-
onics SunTube low-intensity radiant heater.
Though minimal objective information is readily available on each system, Mass Energy Lab
Engineers have reviewed the available research on each product and amassed a substantial
amount of quantitative and qualitative data to substantiate the primary assertions made in this
evaluation. It is important to note that any third party studies have been obtained from the prod-
uct manufacturers themselves, and could conceivably suffer from a selection bias.The point to
pay closest attention to in any case study besides the energy savings, is the heating system that
has been replaced. Naturally, the more inefficient the original system the higher the savings will
be when it is replaced. Many, even most, company case studies compare themselves to older
unit heaters, boilers, and furnaces. These also happen to be the most inefficient systems. With this
in mind, hard numbers are presented where they have been made available, but for now much
of the information included in this report is subjective opinion based on the personal experience
of the individuals consulted.
USEFUL CONCEPTS:
Stratification: This term refers to the vertical temperature difference that may develop between
the floor and the ceiling of an indoor space. Warm air, being less dense, naturally rises while
cooler air sinks. In a space where air does not mix properly, warm air exiting from a heater will
retain its thermal energy and therefore remain at a higher temperature than the ambient air.
This means that it will keep its buoyant property and rise, or stratify. In small spaces with 8-10 foot
ceilings this is not noticeable (though it may be detected between floors). In warehouses, where
roofs are regularly 30’+ the effects of stratification can be pronounced, often to the tune of 10º F
or more. This creates two problems. The first is that if all the warm air is stuck at ceiling level it is not
doing its job of keeping occupants and goods at ground level warm. The second problem is that
by creating a greater temperature difference across the roof, the rate of energy loss through the
roof increases proportionally.
2
5. SYSTEM TYPES
Infiltration: This is a measure of how fast the air in a building is replaced by air from the outside.
Every structure “breathes” to one degree or another, with air constantly flowing in and out
through gaps in walls and through open window, doors, and vents. Since it is very difficult if not
impossible to measure the infiltration rate directly, ANSI standards provide an approximation of
the infiltration. For large warehouses this number is 0.18-0.2 air changes per hour. In other words,
approximately 20% of the air volume in the warehouse will leak out every hour and be replaced
by outside air.
LEED Credits: Under the guidelines for LEED certification, credits are awarded to building proj-
ects for compliance with ASHRAE standard 62.1 which governs the proper ventilation of various
building types. For buildings with low occupant densities such as warehouses one of the require-
ments for proper ventilation is to meet a minimum outflow rate of air from the space, in this case
0.06 cfm/ft2. If this requirement is met along with others (air cleaning, commissioning etc.) 1 LEED
point is awarded toward certification. An additional point can be earned by increasing this rate
to 0.078 cfm/ft2.
EPAct and Utility Incentives: In seeking to calculate the up-front cost of a project one should
be aware of the available incentives that can help fund the project and potentially make it
much more financially attractive. Two major programs currently in place are the Energy Policy
Act (EPAct) and a utility incentive program. EPAct provides tax deductions of up to $1.80/ft2 for
energy efficiency upgrades to buildings which can decrease their total energy use to 50% below
ASHRAE 90.1 (2004) standards. To receive the full deduction, HVAC or other mechanical projects
must me combined with lighting and envelope projects. However, businesses may still receive
up to $0.60/ft2 for heating projects alone. Utility incentive programs were established as part of
the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and their details vary from state to state. Essen-
tially, the federal government mandated that every gas and electric utility must take a certain
amount of capacity offline each year. This is part of the government’s larger push to reduce the
country’s fossil fuel dependence and decrease its carbon footprint. Money from the stimulus
package has been provided to the utilities with the mandate that they dole it out to customers
who reduce their demand on the utility grid. The utility pays and certain amount up front to the
customer per therm or kWh conserved (anticipated) per year.
SYSTEM TYPES:
Boiler: These heating systems burn either oil or gas though most systems encountered will be oil
fired. The energy converts liquid water into high pressure water or steam which is then sent to
radiators throughout a building. It is the radiators which heat the air. Combustion exhaust gas is
vented out a flue. Despite the fact that even modern boilers are very inefficient at heating large
industrial spaces, they still represent a significant percentage of the heating systems encoun-
tered in older buildings. This is because they date from an era when fuel costs were of little con-
cern.
3
6. SYSTEM TYPES
Direct Fired vs. Indirect Fired: The difference between these two systems lies in whether or not the
combustion process takes place directly in the buildings inlet airstream. In a direct fired burner
the fuel is burned in the incoming airstream and the exhaust gas including the products of com-
bustion is vented directly into the space. In an indirect fired heater the building’s air supply and
the air supplied for combustion are kept separate with heat transfer taking place between the
two via a heat exchanger. However, not all the available energy is transferred from the exhaust
stream in the heat exchanger and thus some is lost it leaves out the vent. This difference results in
the indirect fired systems being 80-85% thermally efficient as opposed to 92% for direct fired heat-
ers. Note that many direct fired systems will say that they are 100% efficient. What this number
actually refers to is the combustion efficiency of the burner, which means that all the chemical
energy available in the fuel is converted to heat. However, 8% of this energy resides in the latent
heat that represents energy difference between liquid water and steam. Therefore, the distinc-
tion between combustion and thermal efficiency must be kept in mind in to avoid confusion
when comparing the stated efficiencies of two systems.
Unit Heater: A form of indirect fired heater which are comparatively small and ceiling mounted.
They represent roughly 60% of the space heating market, probably because they are the cheap-
est to install based on first cost. However, besides boilers and furnaces they are the most costly
operate.
Infrared or Radiant Tube Heater: A form of indirect fired heater which is hung from the ceiling.
These gas fired units are passive which means that they bring no outside air into the space. Out-
side air is heated in a combustion chamber and then passes through a tube at 350⁰F -1000⁰F. A
reflector focuses the tube’s radiant heat down toward the floor warming the occupants and the
building’s contents directly instead of first warming ambient air. It is able to do this because the
system transfers hear via infrared radiation rather than convection as every other heater does.
The heated objects, such as the floor, then reradiate some of this energy and warm the ambient
air.
Air-Rotation: These large, stand-alone systems are also indirectly fired. They draw in cold air at
ground level and heat it, usually with an internal gas furnace, and then duct the warm air up to
the top of the unit where it is “thrown” radially outward. The thrown air hits the walls, sinks, and
then returns along the floor following the layout of the racks in the warehouse.
Direct Fired 100% Make-Up Air: These systems bring in 100% outside air and will it as heat as high
as 160º F before exhausting it into the building. They come in two varieties blow-thru and draw-
thru. These descriptions refer to whether the blower is placed upstream or downstream of the
burner section.
80/20 Make-Up Air: Another form of direct fired system whose inlet air is composed of 20% fresh
outside air and 80% recirculated inside air. These units are a sort of hybrid, intended to combine
high bTu/cfm ratio of direct fired heaters with the recirculation benefits of air-rotation. These sys-
tems are larger than 100% MUA units, which are usually roof mounted, and can be wall mounted
in the vertical positions to behave more like air-rotation units.
4
7. COMPARISONS
GENERAL SYSTEM COMPARISONS:
Cost:
Table 1 shows a general cost breakdown for some systems commonly considered for space
heating applications. Estimates were provided based on a 100,000 ft2 warehouse. Total installa-
tion costs are not quantified but rated in relative terms with 1 being the least expensive and 4 the
most expensive.
GARD Study Efficiency Evaluation:
The only third party study that Mass Energy Lab was able to obtain which quantitatively com-
pared the efficiencies of various space heater came from Cambridge Engineering. The mod-
elling simulation was performed with EnergyPlus software and based on a generic 200,000 ft2
warehouse. Cases were run covering ventilation rates of 0,100%, and 130% of ASHRAE 62.1 lev-
els. For each of these, maximum stratification levels of 4º F and 10º F were tested, for a total of 6
cases. Boilers and units heaters experience significant stratification while in the other systems it is
much more limited. Therefore, for a given ventilation rate the energy consumption rates for the
boiler and unit heater were taken from the 10º F stratification simulation run. A maximum strati-
fication of 4º F was assumed for all other systems. Note that the boiler was not modeled for the
cases any ventilation.
5
8. SOLARONICS
TARGET SYSTEM ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES:
Solaronics Low-Intensity SunTube Heater:
Advantages:
Control: Infrared systems can direct their radiant energy precisely to the areas where it is need-
ed to warm people and equipment directly without having to heat all the air in the building. This
fact makes the SunTube excellent for zonal application where only a fraction of the floor space is
occupied and requires heating.
Comfort: When large bay doors open in a smaller building such as a garage all the warm air
quickly rushes out and it may be some time before traditional space heaters are able to reheat
all the air within the building. In contrast, infrared heaters continue to warm occupants directly
via radiant energy so there is minimal loss off warmth even with a drop in air temperature. Any
people and equipment entering the building will quickly feel the effects of such a heating sys-
tem.
Stratification: The SunTube heats the ambient air only gradually through reradiation from warmed
objects in the building. There are no jets or plumes of hot air as there are with other types of heat-
ing systems. Therefore, there is generally little stratification.
Efficiency:: Solaronics claims that customers can save up to 75% on their energy bills by replacing
their old heaters. The case studies provided by Solaronics and its distribution partners
(Table 1) suggest that savings will usually be over 50%.
6
9. SOLARONICS
Installation & Maintenance: In terms of up front costs, infrared systems are relatively inexpensive
compared to air-rotations units and direct fired units. The equipment cost may be higher in rela-
tion to these other units, but this is more than offset by the low installation cost of infrared heaters.
Disadvantages:
Comfort: The heaters have no circulation capability and therefore hot and cold spots may de-
velop within the warehouse. Air curtain heaters should be added over dock doors to prevent
infiltration of cold air since passive systems do help with this.
Ventilation and Air Quality: The SunTube does not bring in fresh outside air into the space and
therefore provides no indoor air quality benefit. For the same reason it can not ventilate during
the summer months to bring cooler air into the space. Seperate fans or make-up air units must be
installed to provide these comfort benefits.
Stratification: Although the heaters themselves may not produce hot, buoyant air, other machin-
ery in within the space may still do so. Since the heaters do not circulate and mix the air this will
result in stratification.
Efficiency: Though Solaronics claims a thermal efficiency of 85%-92% for the SunTube, actual ef-
ficiency is in the high 70% to high 80% range.
Installation & Maintenance: In warehouses, even a small accumulation of dust on the reflectors
will lower their reflectance and severely impair the unit’s effectiveness and energy efficiency.
Any regular service or replacement of parts must be performed on each individual unit, often
high up at ceiling level. This can be very time consuming and inconvenient. Low hanging systems
over loading bays are also prone to being struck by passing forklifts which can easily damage
the reflectors. Moreove, because of their smaller heat output, dozens of SunTube heaters often
need to be installed to meet the heating requirements of a single warehouse. The resulting maze
of gas and electrical lines clutter up the ceiling. Finally, the initial equipment cost is considerably
higher than Cambridge heaters and slightly higher than air-rotation units (see Table ??). Re-
placement parts are similarly expensive.
Other Considerations: Solaronics claims that the exhaust from its units can be directly vented into
the space and thus act like a more efficient direct fired heater as opposed to an indirect one.
Though technically feasible, this is actually a very bad idea. As mentioned previously these units
provide no ventilation benefits. On the other hand they still produce large quantities of water
vapors (~9 gal. liquid per unit per day) and fumes which will quickly fill the warehouse and make
it an extremely unpleasant place to work.
7
10. JOHNSON ARU
Bottom Line: The SunTube is a sound product which can yield significant energy savings of up to
75% if deployed properly. This infrared heater is good for use small industrial facilities (<25,000 ft2)
and other buildings such as garages with comparatively large sporadic influxes of cold air. Its
ability to direct radiant energy and quickly warm workers standing within its area of effect make
it an excellent choice for applications where employee comfort is the primary focus. In addition,
the ability to specific systems of highly variable size give it an edge in capital cost over systems
such as the Cambridge for smaller heating loads. However, for space heating applications
where the focus is less on the building occupants and more preventing cold damage to stored
equipment merchandise the SunTube is not the proper choice. Infrared systems are much more
expensive to operate as space heaters than either direct fired heaters of air rotation units. Ad-
ditional ventilation and maintenance requirements should be carefully considered before pur-
chasing this product.
Johnson Air-Rotation Unit:
Advantages:
Control: The Johnson heater possesses a high degree of customizability. The unit can be heated
with gas, oil, or steam depending on customer preference. Humidification and energy recovery
systems are available to improve air quality control and increase energy efficiency. Ventilation
air can also be brought, reduce infiltration and cool the space in the summer in from outside
either to improve indoor air quality.
Stratification: Of all the heating systems available air-rotation units are the best at providing a
uniform temperature distribution throughout the warehouse preventing stratification. Wall-to-
wall, spaces heated with a Johnson system should see temperature variations of no more than
0.25⁰F and possibly as low as 0.1⁰F. One can expect to have vertical temperature stratification
of about 1.0-1.5⁰F per 10 ft. of ceiling height, possibly less.
Efficiency: An air rotation unit is more efficient and costs significantly less to run than either unit
heaters or radiant heaters (See Table 1).
Installation & Maintenance: One of the primary benefits of choosing air rotation units over unit
and infrared heaters is that it consolidates operations to a few large units rather than many small
ones, sometimes just one. This drastically reduces the need for ductwork and piping and avoids
having to cut holes in the roof or walls for ductwork (though if you’re replacing old heaters you
may already be out of luck) and there is no need to worry about bracing and structural integrity.
Since the entire system stands alone and sits on the facility all that is needed for heating applica-
tions is to wheel it in and hook it up to a fuel line. Johnson says that this can be done by two men
in roughly 1 ½ days. Our own experience here at Mass Energy Labs tells us that it usually takes 1-2
weeks to install a Cambridge heater depending on the precise application and the contractor.
Maintenance is also easier once installed because all machinery including fans and heating ele-
ments are located at ground level. There is no need for lift equipment or to climb on top of the
roof in order to perform maintenance.
8
11. CAMBRIDGE
S-SERIES
Disadvantages:
Control: Many buildings will often use only one air-rotation unit to heat the entire space and this
means that little if any independent zoning control is afforded to the building manager.
Ventilation and Air Quality: Although the Johnson heaters can be outfitted with ventilation capa-
bilities, bringing in cold outside air during the heating season greatly reduces the system’s effi-
ciency. Therefore, most units are run purely in heating mode without any ventilation.
Efficiency: Like the SunTube, the Johnson heater is indirectly fired and therefore less thermally ef-
ficient than blow-thru heaters heaters. It must also circulate and process a much larger volume
air than a direct fired system. In consequence, the heater uses larger blowers and fans which
consume 3 times as much electricity as those in the Cambridge heater.
Additional Considerations: From an inventory standpoint, large air rotation units consume valu-
able warehouse. They generally have a footprint of about 150 ft2 and in order to function prop-
erly must reach nearly to the ceiling meaning they occupy an enormous volume.
Bottom Line: The question of whether or not to invest in an air-rotation unit centers around wheth-
er or not you need to ventilate the space during the heating season. If the answer is “yes,” such
when a LEED certification is desirable, then an air rotation unit is not the right choice for you.
Though it may yield energy savings when replacing boilers and unit heaters, you’re better often
going with a direct fired make-up air unit. These generally use 100% outside air and will provide
the necessary ventilation without the huge increase in energy use. On the other hand, if no ven-
tilation is required then an air-rotation unit is worth considering as the most energy efficient op-
tion. Additional features available with the Johnson, along with its ability to deliver very precise
temperature control may also make it an attractive option in certain situations where heating
efficiency is not the only consideration.
Cambridge S-series Industrial Space Heater:
Advantages:
Control: The exhaust temperature can be reset manually if required.
Comfort: Like other direct fired heaters the Cambridge uses 100% outside air and therefore does
not recirculate fumes or airborne particulates (e.g. cardboard and cement dust). Exhaust nozzles
can also be aimed at dock doors to help prevent infiltration at keep workers warm. Since the
systems are so effective at heating the air they do not need to run constantly and thus employ
smaller motors. When combined with a smooth, steady ramp up operation this yields a relatively
quite heating system.
Stratification: The Cambridge heater uses high velocity exhaust nozzles to promote proper mixing
of the air and prevent stratification. Even for warehouses with ceilings of roughly 30 ft. a tempera-
ture difference of 4º F or less may be achieved.
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12. CAMBRIDGE
S-SERIES
Efficiency: A third party study by GARD Analytics showed that for medium sized warehouses with
ventilation rates ranging from 0-130% of those dictated by ASHRAE 62.1 the Cambridge S-series is
the most efficient, generally by a significant margin (Figures 1). It maintains an advantage over
infrared, air-rotation, and unit heaters because these systems are indirect fired as opposed to
direct fired. It has an efficiency advantage over other blow-thru and draw-thru systems because
it is the only direct fired heater that can produce a 160º F temperature rise. Consequently, the
S-series can put out the more bTu/cfm than any other device. The result of this is that less cold
outside air must be brought in, and in turn, less warm inside air must be forced out and wasted.
Installation and Maintenance: By engineering a blow-thru heater Cambridge has taken the
blower out of the hot air flow downstream stream of the burner. This results in longer life for the
motor, the fan belt and other components which might otherwise regularly break down. Cam-
bridge offers a 2 year warranty on the S-series, and covers the burner itself for 5 years. This is in
contrast to blanket 2 year warranties offered by other manufacturers. Direct fired heaters in
general also have fewer moving parts when compared to boilers and air rotation units and this
means fewer parts that can break. A key factor to keep in mind is the age of a heating unit.
While most will operate relatively trouble-free for their first 10 years of life, after 15-20 years of ser-
vice emergency repair costs may well equal or even exceed annual maintenance costs. This is
not nearly as big an issue with Cambridge designed heaters for the reasons stated above. The S-
series can be installed in 5 different configurations depending on user needs. First costs are lower
than for air rotation units.
Drawbacks:
Ventilation and Air Quality: Because the Cambridge heater exhausts the products of combustion
directly into the building condensation, and in turn mold, may become a concern in rare cases.
Relief vents may also need to be added in the floor to address possible carbon monoxide issues.
Installation and Maintenance: This system is significantly more expensive to install than either in-
frared or unit heating systems.
Additional Considerations: The space should be at least 100,000 ft2 to insure that annual energy
savings are sufficient to justify the capital cost. Installation in smaller spaces may still be economi-
cally feasible but the ROI will probably not be as attractive.
Bottom Line: For space heating applications in large factory and warehouse facilities the Cam-
bridge S-series blow-thru stands alone in terms of performance, especially when LEED certifica-
tion is being sought. With the potential to save 40-70% on a building’s gas energy bill and an
estimated payback time of less than 3 years it is a clear first choice.
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13. REFERNCES
About This Report
It is our goal at Mass Energy Lab to provide the most comprehensive and objective data pos-
sible on the energy efficiency products we survey in order to help you make informed business
decisions. However, as mentioned at the beginning of this report, reliable quantitative data is not
always available. Thus much of the information presented in this report is qualitative and based
on the personal experience of several industry professionals. Combined, they have been in thou-
sands of industrial spaces across the country. We consider it inevitable that some manufactur-
ers of heating equipment will view this report and take issue with our characterization of certain
systems. We therefore strongly encourage those companies, as well as anyone else in possession
of case studies and/or other numerical data, to send it to us so that we have the opportunity to
correct and expand this report. This white paper should not be viewed as a static document, but
rather as a dynamic body of knowledge where additional input is always valued.
Mass Energy Lab would like to thank the following individuals for their generosity with their time
knowledge which was central to compilation of this report: Bill Bissmeyer, Dennis Campbell, Frank
Horstmann, Jim Melcher, Bob Rush, and Ken Williams
References:
http://www.eia.gov (Aug. 2011)
Newell, R.G. (Feb. 2011). The Long Term Outlook for Natural Gas. U.S. EIA. Retrieved August 18,
2011, from http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/reports.cfm?t=186
Hedrick, R.L. (2009). Simulation Analysis Using EnergyPlus: Energy Performance of Warehouse
Heating System. GARD Analytics, Proj. No. CAM365.
Taylor, S.T. (Sept. 2005). LEED and Standard 62.1. Retrieved August 14, 2011, from http://www.
taylor-engineering.com/downloads/articles/ASHRAE%20Journal%20-%20LEED%20and%20Stan-
dard%2062.1-Taylor.pdf
http://www.johnson-air.com (Aug. 2011)
http://www.cambridge-eng.com (Aug. 2011)
http://www.solaronicsusa.com (Aug. 2011)
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