This document provides an overview of solar air conditioning technologies and best practice examples from several European countries. It describes two main types of solar cooling systems: chilled water systems and open cycle desiccant cooling systems. Chilled water systems use absorption or adsorption chillers to produce chilled water for air conditioning, while open cycle systems directly condition the supply air. The document outlines the technologies used in small and medium sized solar cooling applications and provides examples of installed systems in Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.
“SEMINAR REPORT ON SOLAR ASSISTED VAPOUR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM”Bhagvat Wadekar
SUMMARY
The range of COP for the Solar VAdRS is 0.2 - 0.7. The development of adsorption system for refrigeration is promising. An overall thermodynamics-based comparison of sorption systems shows that the performance of adsorption systems depends highly on both the adsorption pairs and processes. The technology continues to develop and the cost of producing power with solar thermal adsorption refrigeration is falling. If the costs of fossil fuels, transportation, energy conversion, electricity transmission and system maintenance are taken into account, the cost of energy produced by solar thermal adsorption systems would be much lower than that for conventional refrigeration systems.
The intermittent system has its simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, the main disadvantages such as long adsorption/desorption time have become obstacles for commercial production of the system. Hence, to compete with conventional vapor compression technologies, more efforts should be made in enhancing the COP and SCP. The environmental benefits of this technology and its non-dependence on conventional energy sources makes it highly attractive for further developments and a potential alternative to conventional systems in the future. The future of solar refrigeration and air conditioning seems to be a very good proposition and no doubt will find its place in future industrial applications. The major limiting factor at present is the shape of energy so as to make it available whenever it is required, for example at nights and extended cloudy days when we cannot attain a high enough temperature.
“SEMINAR REPORT ON SOLAR ASSISTED VAPOUR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM”Bhagvat Wadekar
SUMMARY
The range of COP for the Solar VAdRS is 0.2 - 0.7. The development of adsorption system for refrigeration is promising. An overall thermodynamics-based comparison of sorption systems shows that the performance of adsorption systems depends highly on both the adsorption pairs and processes. The technology continues to develop and the cost of producing power with solar thermal adsorption refrigeration is falling. If the costs of fossil fuels, transportation, energy conversion, electricity transmission and system maintenance are taken into account, the cost of energy produced by solar thermal adsorption systems would be much lower than that for conventional refrigeration systems.
The intermittent system has its simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, the main disadvantages such as long adsorption/desorption time have become obstacles for commercial production of the system. Hence, to compete with conventional vapor compression technologies, more efforts should be made in enhancing the COP and SCP. The environmental benefits of this technology and its non-dependence on conventional energy sources makes it highly attractive for further developments and a potential alternative to conventional systems in the future. The future of solar refrigeration and air conditioning seems to be a very good proposition and no doubt will find its place in future industrial applications. The major limiting factor at present is the shape of energy so as to make it available whenever it is required, for example at nights and extended cloudy days when we cannot attain a high enough temperature.
• Design and fabrication of a Vapor absorption Refrigeration using solar energy.Nagaraja D Shenoy
The use of solar energy to power refrigeration with replacing the compression cycle with vapor absorption cycle strives to minimize the negative impacts refrigerators have on the environment and energy. Replacing the electrical energy with solar energy will reduce the consumption of high grade electrical energy. Ammonia being an environmentally friendly gas reduces the effect of ozone layer depletion and global warming by artificial refrigerants. This project deals with a model solar thermal refrigeration system using NH3-H2O vapor absorption system
Heat Recovery System in Domestic RefrigeratorIjrdt Journal
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. Most widely used current application of refrigeration is for air-conditioning of homes and public buildings. During refrigeration, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated for the successful completion of a refrigeration cycle. In normal household refrigerators, the heat from the refrigerant is removed using a condenser where the refrigerant cools and the air surrounding the condenser heats up. The strategy of how to recover the dissipated heat to develop a waste heat recovery system is relevant. The energy lost in waste heat cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat can be recovered and the loss can be minimized by adopting different measures. Hot air can be used for space heating, industrial drying, preheating aspirated air for oil burners, or any other application requiring warm air. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a heat recovery system to recover waste heat from the condenser in the refrigerator and to reuse it for heating application.
Mini Project : Air cooler cum Water ChillerPranit Khot
the mini project is about air cooler cum water chiller perfoemance and its practical significance this ppt includes brief summary and results of the project
Performance Improvement of Solar PV Cells using Various Cooling Methods: A Re...rahulmonikasharma
the operating surface is a key operational factor to take into consideration to achieve higher efficiency when operating solar photovoltaic system. Proper cooling can improve the electric efficiency and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in maximization of the life span of photovoltaic modules. The excessive heat removed by the cooling system used in domestic, commercial or industrial applications. Various cooling methods available for PV cells Such as Active and Passive cooling system. In this paper use various cooling methods for PV panel. Just like it heat pipe, floating, PCM used in back side of PV panel, evaporative cooling for PV panel.
A B S T R A C T
In the present paper, an experimental analysis of a solar water heating collector with an integrated latent heat storage unit is presented. With the purpose to determine the performance of a device on a lab scale, but with commercial features, a flat plate solar collector with phase change material (PCM) containers under the absorber plate was constructed and tested. PCM used was a commercial semi-refined light paraffin with a melting point of 60°C. Tests were carried out in outdoor conditions from October 2016 to March 2017 starting at 7:00 AM until the collector does not transfer heat to the water after sunset. Performance variables as water inlet temperature, outlet temperature, mass flow and solar radiation were measured in order to determine a useful heat and the collector efficiency. Furthermore, operating temperatures of the glass cover, air gap, absorber plate, and PCM containers are presented. Other external variables as ambient temperature, humidity and wind speed were measured with a weather station located next to the collector. The developed prototype reached an average thermal efficiency of 24.11% and a maximum outlet temperature of 50°C. Results indicate that the absorber plate reached the PCM melting point in few cases, this suggests that the use of a PCM with a lower melting point could be a potential strategy to increase thermal storage. A thermal analysis and conclusions of the device performance are discussed.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(3), 7-12. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3672
www.ijcua.com
REFRIGERATION- HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM BY USING WATER HEATER CHAMBER IN BETWEEN...Dhananjay Parmar
The heat from the condenser side is dissipated to the room air. If this heat is not utilized it simply becomes the waste heat.
The rejected heat could be used to operate any other low grade heat required refrigeration system.
“PRESENTATION ON SOLAR ASSISTED VAPOUR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM”Bhagvat Wadekar
SUMMARY
The range of COP for the Solar VAdRS is 0.2 - 0.7. The development of adsorption system for refrigeration is promising. An overall thermodynamics-based comparison of sorption systems shows that the performance of adsorption systems depends highly on both the adsorption pairs and processes. The technology continues to develop and the cost of producing power with solar thermal adsorption refrigeration is falling. If the costs of fossil fuels, transportation, energy conversion, electricity transmission and system maintenance are taken into account, the cost of energy produced by solar thermal adsorption systems would be much lower than that for conventional refrigeration systems.
The intermittent system has its simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, the main disadvantages such as long adsorption/desorption time have become obstacles for commercial production of the system. Hence, to compete with conventional vapor compression technologies, more efforts should be made in enhancing the COP and SCP. The environmental benefits of this technology and its non-dependence on conventional energy sources makes it highly attractive for further developments and a potential alternative to conventional systems in the future. The future of solar refrigeration and air conditioning seems to be a very good proposition and no doubt will find its place in future industrial applications. The major limiting factor at present is the shape of energy so as to make it available whenever it is required, for example at nights and extended cloudy days when we cannot attain a high enough temperature.
• Design and fabrication of a Vapor absorption Refrigeration using solar energy.Nagaraja D Shenoy
The use of solar energy to power refrigeration with replacing the compression cycle with vapor absorption cycle strives to minimize the negative impacts refrigerators have on the environment and energy. Replacing the electrical energy with solar energy will reduce the consumption of high grade electrical energy. Ammonia being an environmentally friendly gas reduces the effect of ozone layer depletion and global warming by artificial refrigerants. This project deals with a model solar thermal refrigeration system using NH3-H2O vapor absorption system
Heat Recovery System in Domestic RefrigeratorIjrdt Journal
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. Most widely used current application of refrigeration is for air-conditioning of homes and public buildings. During refrigeration, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated for the successful completion of a refrigeration cycle. In normal household refrigerators, the heat from the refrigerant is removed using a condenser where the refrigerant cools and the air surrounding the condenser heats up. The strategy of how to recover the dissipated heat to develop a waste heat recovery system is relevant. The energy lost in waste heat cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat can be recovered and the loss can be minimized by adopting different measures. Hot air can be used for space heating, industrial drying, preheating aspirated air for oil burners, or any other application requiring warm air. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a heat recovery system to recover waste heat from the condenser in the refrigerator and to reuse it for heating application.
Mini Project : Air cooler cum Water ChillerPranit Khot
the mini project is about air cooler cum water chiller perfoemance and its practical significance this ppt includes brief summary and results of the project
Performance Improvement of Solar PV Cells using Various Cooling Methods: A Re...rahulmonikasharma
the operating surface is a key operational factor to take into consideration to achieve higher efficiency when operating solar photovoltaic system. Proper cooling can improve the electric efficiency and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in maximization of the life span of photovoltaic modules. The excessive heat removed by the cooling system used in domestic, commercial or industrial applications. Various cooling methods available for PV cells Such as Active and Passive cooling system. In this paper use various cooling methods for PV panel. Just like it heat pipe, floating, PCM used in back side of PV panel, evaporative cooling for PV panel.
A B S T R A C T
In the present paper, an experimental analysis of a solar water heating collector with an integrated latent heat storage unit is presented. With the purpose to determine the performance of a device on a lab scale, but with commercial features, a flat plate solar collector with phase change material (PCM) containers under the absorber plate was constructed and tested. PCM used was a commercial semi-refined light paraffin with a melting point of 60°C. Tests were carried out in outdoor conditions from October 2016 to March 2017 starting at 7:00 AM until the collector does not transfer heat to the water after sunset. Performance variables as water inlet temperature, outlet temperature, mass flow and solar radiation were measured in order to determine a useful heat and the collector efficiency. Furthermore, operating temperatures of the glass cover, air gap, absorber plate, and PCM containers are presented. Other external variables as ambient temperature, humidity and wind speed were measured with a weather station located next to the collector. The developed prototype reached an average thermal efficiency of 24.11% and a maximum outlet temperature of 50°C. Results indicate that the absorber plate reached the PCM melting point in few cases, this suggests that the use of a PCM with a lower melting point could be a potential strategy to increase thermal storage. A thermal analysis and conclusions of the device performance are discussed.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(3), 7-12. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3672
www.ijcua.com
REFRIGERATION- HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM BY USING WATER HEATER CHAMBER IN BETWEEN...Dhananjay Parmar
The heat from the condenser side is dissipated to the room air. If this heat is not utilized it simply becomes the waste heat.
The rejected heat could be used to operate any other low grade heat required refrigeration system.
“PRESENTATION ON SOLAR ASSISTED VAPOUR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM”Bhagvat Wadekar
SUMMARY
The range of COP for the Solar VAdRS is 0.2 - 0.7. The development of adsorption system for refrigeration is promising. An overall thermodynamics-based comparison of sorption systems shows that the performance of adsorption systems depends highly on both the adsorption pairs and processes. The technology continues to develop and the cost of producing power with solar thermal adsorption refrigeration is falling. If the costs of fossil fuels, transportation, energy conversion, electricity transmission and system maintenance are taken into account, the cost of energy produced by solar thermal adsorption systems would be much lower than that for conventional refrigeration systems.
The intermittent system has its simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, the main disadvantages such as long adsorption/desorption time have become obstacles for commercial production of the system. Hence, to compete with conventional vapor compression technologies, more efforts should be made in enhancing the COP and SCP. The environmental benefits of this technology and its non-dependence on conventional energy sources makes it highly attractive for further developments and a potential alternative to conventional systems in the future. The future of solar refrigeration and air conditioning seems to be a very good proposition and no doubt will find its place in future industrial applications. The major limiting factor at present is the shape of energy so as to make it available whenever it is required, for example at nights and extended cloudy days when we cannot attain a high enough temperature.
A development and performance evaluation of a two-stage cascade refrigeration system for ice block production was carried out in this work. Two single stage vapour compression refrigeration systems were thermally coupled. The cascade refrigeration system thus formed enhances cooling effect and fast track ice production. This machine was designed for a refrigeration capacity of 3kW to achieve the conversion of 128.25m3 of water at 300C to ice block at -150C using R407A/R410A as working fluids. Experimental test of the machine was conducted under fixed and variable load conditions with the temperature and pressure both at the inlet and exit of each of evaporator, compressor and condenser taken. From the data obtained the refrigerating effect, COP and overall efficiency were determined. The result of the performance evaluation shows that as the evaporator temperature increases from -150C to -30C keeping the temperature difference in the cascade condenser and condenser temperature constant, the refrigerating effect increases from 189.17kJ/kg to 201.34kJ/kg, the COP increases from 4.13 to 6.90 and the overall efficiency of the system increases from 61.03% to 64.27%. As the condenser temperature increases from 400C to 490C keeping the evaporator temperature and temperature difference in the cascade condenser constant, the refrigerating effect decreases from 189.17kJ/kg to 184.37kJ/kg, the COP decreases from 4.13 to 3.80 and the overall efficiency of the system decreases from 61.03% to 50.92%. However, as the temperature difference in the cascade condenser decreases from 60C to 20C keeping the evaporator and condenser temperature constant, the refrigerating effect increases from 190.76kJ/kg to 197.06kJ/kg, the COP increases from 4.18 to 4.62 and the overall efficiency of the system increases from 60.64% to 63.25%. The machine achieved the designed condition in six (6) hours and the ice blocks so produced retained its solid state for 48 hours with the cover remained closed which denote a very impressive transformation capacity and reliability of the device compare with other homemade.
It is possible to consider that adsorption systems can be alternative to reduce the CO2 emissions and electricity demand when they driven by waste heat or solar energy. Although, for a broader utilization the researches should continue aiming for improvements in heat transfer,reductions of new adsorbent compounds with enhanced adsorption capacity and improved heat and mass transfer properties.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC REFRIGE...IAEME Publication
The objective of this project was to determine the energy savings associated with improved utilization of waste heat from a domestic refrigerator. Domestic refrigerators maybe operate
continuously to maintain proper food storage condition. The continual operation of this equipment accounts more electrical energy consumption. Furthermore, a significant amount of waste heat is rejected by the condensers of refrigerator.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Absorption chiller cycle (NH3-H2O) Driven by Solar EnergyIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This manuscript proposes to study by the use of computer simulations and experimental tests, the possibility of applying a chilled absorption (ammonia/water) using solar heat to cooling. Absorption cooling (ammonia/water mixture) is eco-friendly and in addition, can be powered by low-temperature resources. This unit can recover low heat source, with a low temperature difference between heat source and sink. They have good availability, simple start up procedures, good part load and require little maintenance. Computational modeling and simulation have become an important part in studying technologies and evaluating their range of applications. They can save time and money, offer flexibility, enables repeatability, improve control and allow the user to push system and change or add the inputs for get new results., this was the ideal method to devise and test the proposed models and investigate their performance in different conditions. The operation of the absorption chiller cycle, a temperature source of 103ºC and a cold sink temperature of 25ºC for heat rejected was used. Thise energy source can be used to operate ammonia/water mixture chillers, to produce cooling at acceptable thermodynamic ranges and within standard limits for domestic use. The hot water from the accumulator water cycle will supply to the generator of the ammonia/water mixture sorption cycle. The results from the simulation have revealed that the low-temperature solar sources at Al-Joufra city were successfully utilise to generate power. The highest cooling capacity of the chilled water that could be supplied to the community was at a temperature of -15.6°C. In the evaporator of the ammonia/water mixture cycle, the inlet water was 12ºC and the outlet water which will cool down the house by 6ºC (cooling water cycle). These results have been achieved when the cycles were simulated at an ambient air temperature of 23ºC, heat input was 61.8 kW
Design Calculation of Lab Based Vapour Compression Systemijtsrd
This paper deals with experimental investigation to calculate the value of main components of vapor compression refrigeration system and experimental results by using three different length of the capillary tube. At present, there are many types of refrigeration systems but the most widely used is vapor compression refrigeration system. This system is mainly used in air conditioning in buildings, electronic materials, automobile air conditioners, freezers, household refrigerators and even in supermarkets. This lab based refrigeration system is used R 134a because it can be replaced successfully for R 12 refrigerant and useful for many applications now. Moreover, it can be handling safely and has no damage effect to ozone layer. Ko Ko | Khin Maung Than | Aye Aye San "Design Calculation of Lab Based Vapour Compression System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29213.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29213/design-calculation-of-lab-based-vapour-compression-system/ko-ko
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
2. EIE/06/034/SI2.446612 SOLAIR
Work package 2: Market review and analysis of small
and medium sized solar air-conditioning (SAC)
applications
Task 2.2: Preparation of a web based database of best
available examples
Best Practice Catalogue
June 30, 2008
Version 1.0
1 Introduction ............................................................................. 3
2 Technologies ............................................................................ 4
2.1 Chilled water systems.................................................... 6
2.2 Open cycle processes .................................................... 9
2.3 Solar thermal collectors ............................................... 11
3 SOLAIR database of solar cooling and air-conditioning.................. 12
4 SOLAIR Best Practice Examples ................................................ 13
4.1 Best Practice Examples: AUSTRIA ................................. 14
4.2 Best Practice Examples: FRANCE................................... 21
4.3 Best Practice Examples: GERMANY ................................ 28
4.4 Best Practice Examples: GREECE................................... 42
4.5 Best Practice Examples: ITALY ...................................... 47
4.6 Best Practice Examples: PORTUGAL ............................... 53
4.7 Best Practice Examples: SPAIN ..................................... 57
5 Solar cooling: examples on advanced approaches........................ 62
3. WP2 Preparation of a web based database of best available examples Best Practice Catalogue
This report was edited by: Edo Wiemken, Fraunhofer ISE
SOLAIR is co-ordinated by
target GmbH, Germany
Partners in the SOLAIR consortium:
AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Austria
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Germany
Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Technologia e Innovação INETI, Portugal
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
AIGUASOL, Spain
TECSOL, France
Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations RHEVA, The
Netherlands
Centre for Renewable Energy Sources CRES, Greece
Ente Vasco de la Energia EVE, Spain
Provincia di Lecce, Italy
Ambiente Italia, Italy
SOLAIR is supported by
The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily
reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for
any use that may be made of the information contained therein
2
4. WP2 Preparation of a web based database of best available examples Best Practice Catalogue
1 Introduction
In nearly all European countries, a strong increase in the demand for building
cooling and air-conditioning is detected and predicted for the following decades.
The reasons for this general increase are manyfold, such as an increase in
comfort habits, currently still low energy costs, architectural trends like an
increased fraction of glazed areas in buildings and last but not least slowly
changing climate conditions. This rising demand for cooling and air-conditioning
in buildings involves unfavourable fossil fuel consumptions as well as upcoming
stability problems in the electrictity supply in mediterraenean countries, which in
turn demands for costly upgradings of the grids to handle electricity peak power
demand situations.
Thus, improved building concepts, targeting on reduction of cooling loads by
passive and innovative measures, and the use of alternatives in coverage the
remaining cooling demands of buildings, are of interest. Solar driven or assisted
cooling is one of the possibilities to provide acively cold.
In the context of the SOLAIR project, solar cooling or solar air-conditioning is
used for solar thermally driven processes. Solar cooling in this sense may con-
tribute to
- replacement of fossil fuel demand by use of solar heat and by this,
contributing to the European policy targets on the increased use of
renewable energies;
- reduction of greenhouse effect emmissions through both, savings in
primary energy and avoidance of environmental harmful refrigerants;
- support in stability of electricity grids by less electrictiy energy and peak-
power demand;
- optimized use of solar thermal systems through use of solar heat for
combined assistance of space heating, cooling and domestic hot water
preparation.
The SOLAIR project provides several materials on solar cooling, adressing
different levels on information. Within this catalogue, Best Practice examples
from the SOLAIR database are presented. Many of this examples went into
operation less than one or two years before the compilation of this catalogue,
long term operation experience can not be expected so far. Thus, the definition
‘Best Practice’ refers here to an appropriate system concept and to promising
approaches of solar cooling. The catalogue aims to present the applicability of
solar cooling technologies within different building environments, at different
locations and with different technical solutions. In the beginning, a brief review
on solar cooling technologies is presented.
More information on the SOLAIR database is provided in the Cross-country report
of the review of available technical solutions and successful running systems,
prepared in SOLAIR and accessible at www.solair-project.eu.
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2 Technologies
The focus in SOLAIR is on solar cooling and air-conditioning systems in the small
and medium size capacity range. The classification into ‘small’ and ‘medium’
aligns with available chiller products; small applications are in this sense systems
with a nominal chilling capacity below 20 kW, and medium size systems may
range up to approx. 100 kW.
Systems in the small capacity range are usually consist of thermally driven chil-
led water systems, whereas medium sized systems may be open cycle desiccant
evaporative (DEC) cooling systems as well. While in the first type of system tech-
nology the distribution medium is chilled water in a closed loop to remove the
loads from the building, in the latter one supply air is directly handled in humi-
dity and temperature respectively in an open process. Figure 2.1 visualises the
two general types of applications. Of course, applications using both types of
technology at the same time are possible. In chilled water systems, the central
cold water distribution grid may serve decentralised cooling units such as fan
coils (mostly with dehumidification), chilled ceilings, walls or floors; but the chil-
led water may be used for supply air cooling in a central air handling unit as well.
The required chilled water temperature depends on this type of usage and is
important for the system design and configuration, but the end-use devices are
not in the focus of SOLAIR and thus are not presented more in detail.
Figure 2.2 illustrates that any thermally driven cooling process operates at three
different temperature levels: with driving heat Qheat supplied to the process at a
temperature level of TH , heat is removed from the cold side thereby producing
the useful ‘cold’ Qcold at temperature TC. Both amounts of heat are to be rejected
(Qreject) at a medium temperature level TM. The driving heat Qheat may be pro-
vided by an appropriate designed solar thermal collector system, either alone or
in combination with auxiliary heat sources.
While in open cycle processes the heat rejection is with the air flow in the system
integrated into the process, closed chilled water processes require for an external
heat rejection system, e.g., a cooling tower. The type of the heat rejection
system is currently turning more into the field of vision, as this component usu-
ally is responsible for a considerable fraction of the remaining energy consump-
tion of solar cooling systems.
A basic number to quantify the thermal process quality is the coefficient of per-
formance COP, defined as COP = Qcold / Qheat , thus indicating the amount of
required heat per unit ‘produced’ cold (more accurately: per unit removed heat).
The COP and the chilling capacity depends strongly on the temperature levels of
TH, TC and TM. This dependency is discussed more in detail in e.g. [Henning,
2006].
In market available products of thermally driven chillers, the COP ranges at rated
operation conditions from 0.5 to 0.8 in single-effect machines and up to 1.2 in
double-effect machines.
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In open cycle desiccant cooling systems, the COP is more difficult to assess,
since it depends more strongly on the system operation. It is useful, to define
here the COP for the desiccant operation mode only, since in this operation mode
heat is required. Experiences from DEC plants have shown that COP values
comparatively to single-effect chillers may be achieved.
~18°C
Chilled ceiling
Heat
> 60°C
Supply air
16°C - 18°C
Thermally (< 12°C)
Fan coil
driven
Chiller Cooled /
6°C - 9°C
Chilled water Conditioned
temperature area
Heat
> 50°C
Return air
Supply air
Desiccant evaporative Conditioned
cooling (DEC) area
Figure 2.1 General types of thermally driven cooling and air-conditioning technologies.
In the figure above, chilled water is produced in a closed loop for different decentral
applications or for supply air cooling. In the figure below, supply air is directly cooled and
dehumidified in an open cycle process. Source: Fraunhofer ISE.
The technologies are outlined more in detail below. Heat is required in both technologies,
to allow a coninuous system operation. In the applications surveyed in SOLAIR, the heat
is at least to a significant part produced by a solar thermal collector system.
Qheat
TH
TM
Qreject
TC
Qcold
Figure 2.2 Basic scheme of a thermally driven cooling process.
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2.1 Chilled water systems
Absorption chillers
The dominating technology of thermally driven chillers is based on absorption.
The basic physical process consists of at least two chemical components, one of
them serving as refrigerant and the other as the sorbent. The main components
of an absorption chiller are shown in figure 2.3. The process is well documented,
e.g., in [ASHRAE, 1988]; thus, details will be not presented here.
The majority of absorption chillers use water as refrigerant and liquid lithium-
bromide as sorbent. Typical chilling capacities are in the range of several hun-
dred kW. Mainly, they are supplied with waste heat, district heat or heat from co-
generation. The required heat source temperature is usually above 85°C and
typical COP values are between 0.6 and 0.8. Until a few years ago, the smallest
machine available was a Japanese product with a chilling capacity of 35 kW.
Double-effect machines with two generators require for higher driving tempe-
ratures > 140°C, but show higher COP values of > 1.0. The smallest available
chiller of this type shows a capacity of approx. 170 kW. With respect to the high
driving temperatures, this technology demands in combination with solar thermal
heat for concentrating collector systems. This is an option for climates with high
fractions of direct irradiation.
hot water
(driving heat) cooling water
GENERATOR CONDENSER
ABSORBER EVAPORATOR
cooling water chilled water
Figure 2.3 Scheme of a thermally driven absorption chiller. Compared to a conventional
electrically driven compression chiller, the mechanical compression unit is replaced by a
‘thermal compression’ unit with absorber and generator. The cooling effect is based on
the evaporation of the refrigerant (e.g., water) in the evaporator at low pressure. Due to
the properties of the phase change, high amounts of energy can be transferred. The
vaporised refrigerant is absorbed in the absorber, thereby diluting the refrigerant/sorbent
solution. Cooling is necessary, to run the absorption process efficient. The solution is
continuousely pumped into the generator, where the regeneration of the solution is
achieved by applying driving heat (e.g., hot water). The refrigerant leaving the generator
by this process condenses through the application of cooling water in the condenser and
circulates by means of an expansion valve again into the evaporator.
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Figure 2.4a Examples of small absorption chillers using water as refrigerant and
Lithium-Bromide as sorption fluid. Left: air-cooled chiller with a capacity of 4.5 kW of the
Spanish manufacturer Rotartica. Middle: 10 kW Chiller with high part-load efficiency and
overall high COP of the German manufacturer Sonnenklima. Right: Chiller with 15 kW
capacity, manufactured by the German company EAW; this machine is also available in
capacities of 30 kW, 54 kW, 80 kW and above. Sources: Rotartica, Sonnenklima, EAW.
Figure 2.4b Further examples of absorption chillers. Left: Ammonia-water Absorption
chiller with 12 kW chilling capacity of the Austrian company Pink. Middle: This chiller uses
water as refrigerant and Lithium-Chloride as sorption material. The crystallisation phase
of the sorption material is also used, effecting in an internal energy storage. The capacity
is approx. 10 kW; the machine is developed by ClimateWell, Sweden, and can operate as
heat pump as well. Right: Absorption chiller with the working fluid H2O/LiBr and a
capacity of 35 kW from Yazaki, Japan. This chiller is often found in solar cooling systems,
since it was for several years the smallest in Europe available absorption chiller, appli-
cable with solar heat. Currently, a smaller version with 17.5 kW chiller capacity from this
manufacturer has entered the European market. Sources: Pink, ClimateWell, Yazaki.
Recently, the situation has changed due to a number of new chiller products in
the small and medium capacity range, which have entered the market. In ge-
neral, they are designed to be operated with low driving temperatures and thus
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applicable for stationary solar thermal collectors. The lowest chiller capacity avai-
lable is now 4.5 kW. Some examples of small and medium size absorption
chillers are given in figure 2.4. In addition to the traditional working fluids
H2O/LiBr, also H2O/LiCl and NH3/H2O are applied. The application of the latter
working fluid with Ammonia as refrigerant ist relatively new for building cooling,
as this technology was dominantly used for industrial refrigeration purposes be-
low 0°C in large capacities. An advantage of this chiller type is especially given in
applications, where a high temperature lift (TM – TC) is necessary. This is for
example the case in areas with water shortage, when dry cooling at high ambient
temperatures has to be applied.
Adsorption chillers
Beside processes using a liquid sorbent, also machines using solid sorption ma-
terials are available. This material adsorbs the refrigerant, while it releases the
refrigerant under heat input. A quasi-continuous operation requires for at least
two compartments with sorption material. Figure 2.5 shows the components of
an adsorption chilller. Market available systems use water as refrigerant and
silica gel as sorbent, but R&D on systems using zeolithes as sorption material is
ongoing.
CONDENSER
cooling water
2 1
cooling water hot water
(driving heat)
chilled water
EVAPORATO R
Figure 2.5 Scheme of an adsorption chiller. They consist basically of two sorbent com-
partments 1 and 2, and the evaporator and condenser. While the sorbent in the first
compartment is desorbing (removal of adsorbed water) using hot water from the external
heat source, e.g. the solar collector, the sorbent in the second compartment adsorbs the
refrigerant vapour entering from the evaporator; this compartment has to be cooled in
order to increase the process efficiency. The refrigerant, condensed in the cooled con-
denser and transferred into the evaporator, is vaporised under low pressure in the eva-
porator. Here, the useful cooling is produced. Periodically, the sorbent compartment are
switched over in their functions from adsorption to desorption. This is usually done
through a switch control of external located valves.
To date, only few manufacturers from Japan, China and from Germany produce
adsorption chillers; a German company is with a small unit of 5.5 kW capacity on
the market since 2007 and has increased the rated capacity in an improved
version to 7.5 kW (model of 2008). Typical COP values of adsorption chillers are
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0.5-0.6. An advantage of the chillers are the low driving temperatures, beginning
from 60°C, the absence of a solution pump and a comparatively noiseless ope-
ration. Figure 2.6 shows as an example two adsorption chillers.
Figure 2.6 Examples of adsorption chillers. Left: Chiller with 70 kW capactiy of the
Japanese manufacturer Nishiyodo. Adsorpition chillers of similar medium capacity are
available from the Japanese manufacturer Mayekawa as well. Right: Small-size adsorp-
tion chilller with approx. 7.5 kW capacity from SorTech company, Germany.
An overview on closed cycle water chillers is given in [Mugnier et al., 2008]
2.2 Open cycle processes
While thermally driven chillers produce chilled water, which can be supplied to
any type of air-conditioning equipment, open cooling cycles produce directly
conditioned air. Any type of thermally driven open cooling cycle is based on a
combination of evaporative cooling with air dehumidification by a desiccant, i.e.,
a hygroscopic material. Again, either liquid or solid materials can be employed
for this purpose. The standard cycle which is mostly applied today uses rotating
desiccant wheels, equipped either with silica gel or lithium-chloride as sorption
material. All required components are standard components and have been used
in air-conditioning and air-drying applications for buildings or factories since
many years.
The standard cycle using a desiccant wheel is shown in figure 2.7. The appli-
cation of this cycle is limited to temperate climates, since the possible dehumidi-
fication is not high enough to enable evaporative cooling of the supply air at con-
ditions with far higher values of the humidity of ambient air. For climates like
those in the Mediterranean countries therefore other configurations of desiccant
processes have to be used.
Systems employing liquid sorption materials which have several advantages like
higher air dehumidifiation at the same driving temperature and the possibility of
high energy storage by means of concentrated hygrocopic solutions are note yet
market available but they are close to market introduction; several demon-
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stration projects are carried out in order to test applicability of this technology
for solar assisted air conditioning. A possible general scheme of a liquid desiccant
cooling system is shown in figure 2.8.
ba ckup
hea te r
return air
7
12 11 10 9 8 cooling
humidifie r
loa ds
1 2 3 4 5
6
supply a ir
de hum idifier hea t rec ove ry
whee l wheel
Figure 2.7 Scheme of a solar thermally driven solid Desiccant Evaporative Cooling
system (DEC), using rotating sorption and heat recovery wheels (source: Fraunhofer ISE)
and below: sketch of the DEC unit (source: Munters). The successive processes in the air
stream are as follows:
1 2 sorptive dehumidification of supply air; the process is almost adiabatic and the air
is heated by the adsorption heat released in the matrix of the sorption wheel
2 3 pre-cooling of the supply air in counter-flow to the return air from the building
3 4 evaporative cooling of the supply air to the desired supply air humidity by means
of a humidifier
4 5 the heating coil is used only in the heating season for pre-heating of air
5 6 small temperature increase, caused by the fan
6 7 supply air temperature and humidity are increased by means of internal loads
7 8 return air from the building is cooled using evaporative cooling close to the
saturation line
8 9 the return air is pre-heated in counter-flow to the supply air by means of a high
efficient air-to-air heat exchanger, e.g. a heat recovery wheel
9 10 regeneration heat is provided for instance by means of a solar thermal collector
system
10 11the water bound in the pores of the desiccant material of the dehumidifer wheel is
desorbed by means of the hot air
11 12exhaust air is blown to the environment by means of the return air fan.
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Regenerator ⇐ QH driving heat
LiCl/water
regeneration air
concentrated
solution storage
solution
Absorber
⇒ QM rejected heat
supply air diluted solution
Figure 2.8 General scheme of a liquid desiccant cooling system. The supply air is
dehumidified in a special configured spray zone of the absorber, where a concentrated
salt solution is diluted by the humidity of the supply air. The process efficiency is increa-
sed through heat rejection of the sorption heat, eg., by means of indirect evaporative
cooling of the return air and heat recovery. A subsequent evaporative cooling of the sup-
ply air may be applied, if necessary (heat recovery and evaporative cooling is not shown
in the figure). In a regenerator, heat e.g. from a solar collector is applied, to concentrate
the solution again. The concentrated and diluted solution may be stored in high energy
storages, thus allowing a decoupling in time between cooling and regeneration to a cer-
tain extent. Source: Fraunhofer ISE.
In general, desiccant cooling systems are an interesting option if centralized
ventilation systems are used. At sites with high latent and sensible cooling loads,
the air-conditioning process can be splitted into dehumidification by means of a
thermally driven open cycle desiccant process, and an additional chilled water
system to maintain the sensible loads by means of e.g. chilled ceilings with high
chilled water temperatures, in order to increase the efficiency of the chilled water
production.
More details on open cycle processes are given in [Henning, 2004/2008] and in
[Beccali, 2008].
2.3 Solar thermal collectors
A broad variety of solar thermal collectors is available and many of them are
applicable in solar cooling and air-conditioning systems. However, the appropri-
ate type of the collector depends on the selected cooling technology and on the
site conditions, i.e., on the radiation availability. General types of stationary col-
lectors are shown in figure 2.9. The use of cost-effictive solar air collectors in flat
plate construction is limited to desiccant cooling systems, since this technology
requires the lowest driving temperatures (starting from approx. 50°C) and allows
under special conditions the operation without thermal storage. To operate ther-
mally driven chillers with solar heat, at least flat plate collectors of high quality
(selective coating, improved insulation, high stagnation safety) are to be applied.
Not shown in the figure are concentrating and tracked collectors, which may be
applied to supply heat at a medium temperature level above 100°C and below
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200°C in order to drive e.g. double-effect chillers or ammonia-water chillers for a
high temperature lift.
glas cover
solar air collector
insulation collector frame
absorber with
air channels
glass cover
flat plate collector
insulation collector frame
absorber with
fluid channels
glass cover
CPC collector
insulation
reflector collector frame
absorber with
fluid channel
evacuated tube collector
evacuated
evacuated tube
glass tube
optionally: reflector Absorber with fluid channel
(forward/return)
Figure 2.9 Examples of stationary collectors, applicable for solar cooling.
Source: SOLAIR didactic material base / Fraunhofer ISE.
3 SOLAIR database of solar cooling and air-
conditioning
Within SOLAIR, data from successful running applications on solar cooling and
air-conditioning in the small and medium cooling capacity range were collected.
Table 3.1 summarises briefly the content of this database. More details are given
in the Cross-country analysis report of the database within SOLAIR [SOLAIR:
Review technical solutions, 2008]. The Best Practice Examples, presented in the
following section, are extracted from this database.
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Type of application Counts Technology Chilling Country
in capacity
database range
[kW]
Hospital (& retired people building) 1 Ab 10 FR
Laboratory (for public hospital) 1 Ad 70 DE
Public library 1 DEC 81 ES
Public office 3 DECliq, DEC 11-30 DE, AT, PT
Other public 2 Ad, DEC 5.5-6 DE, GR
Commercial office 11 Ab 9-70 AT, FR, DE, GR, IT, PT, ES
Commercial seminar area 1 DEC 60 DE
Commercial wine storage 1 Ab 52 FR
Residential 3 Ab, Ad 4.5-10 AT, IT, ES
total: 24
Table 3.1 Type of application, technology, cooling capacity and distribution by coun-
try of the sytems in the SOLAIR data base.
Abbreviations: Ab = Absorption; Ad = Adsorption; DEC = Desiccant Evaporative Cooling;
DECliq = liquid desiccant cooling.
4 SOLAIR Best Practice Examples
Many of the Best Practice examples presented in the following went into ope-
ration less than one or two years before the compilation of this catalogue, long
term operation experience can not be expected so far for this reason. Thus, the
definition ‘Best Practice’ refers here to an appropriate system concept, successful
operation and to advanced and promising approaches of solar cooling. The cata-
logue aims to present the applicability of solar cooling technologies within diffe-
rent building environments, at different locations and with different technical
solutions.
The examples are transferred into this catalogue according to their presentation
at the SOLAIR web page. In some examples, more information is available in an
additional file, indicated right hand of the example and accessible for download
from the web page.
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4.1 Best Practice Examples: AUSTRIA
Examples presented at the following pages:
1. Ökopark, Hartberg
2. Bachler, Gröbming
3. SOLution, Sattledt
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View at the Ökopark Hartberg, Austria
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Components of the Ammonia/Water chiller, installed at the Bachler system, Gröbming,
Austria. Source: PINK Energie- und Speichertechnik.
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Scheme of the solar cooling system at Sattledt, Austria
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4.2 Best Practice Examples: FRANCE
Examples presented at the following pages:
1. Résidence du Lac, Maclas
2. GICB building, Banyuls sur Mer
3. Kristal building, Saint Denis de la Réunion
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Scheme of the solar cooling system at Maclas, France
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Collector array and heat rejection unit of the Saint Denis de la Réunion solar cooling
system, France
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4.3 Best Practice Examples: GERMANY
Examples presented at the following pages:
1. Fraunhofer ISE, Freiburg
2. University Hospital, Freiburg
3. Chamber of Commerce ‘Südlicher Oberrhein’ (IHK-SO), Freiburg
4. Office building of Ott Ingenieure, Langenau
5. Solar Info Center SIC, Freiburg
6. Office building of IBA AG, Fürth
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Solar cooling system at Fraunhofer ISE in Freiburg, Germany. Top: cooling operation during
summer. Bottom: heat pump operation during winter.
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Vacuum tube
collectors
Local steam
81 m² network
90 m²
Cooling Closed wet
circuit cooling tower
Solar heat storage
Heating
flap bypass
Solar
circuit circuit 2
1 2 3
Water / air heat exchanger flap storage
Buffer storage
ventilation system
Heating
circuit 1
A/C- Winter
supply valve heating
circuit Cold storage Adsorption chiller
70 kW
Chilled water circuit Chilled water circuit
secondary primary
Scheme of the solar cooling system at the University hospital laboratory building,
Freiburg, Germany
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Scheme of the Desiccant Evaporativ Cooling (DEC) system at IHK-SO, Freiburg, Germany
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Heat production sub-system of the solar cooling system at Ott Ingenieure, Langenau,
Germany
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Cold production sub-system of the solar cooling system at Ott Ingenieure, Langenau,
Germany
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Solar Info Center SIC, Freiburg, Germany
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Installed solar driven liquid desiccant evaporative cooling system and scheme of the
system at the Solar Infor Center (SIC), Freiburg, Germany
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Scheme of the solar cooling system at IBA AG, Fürth, Germany
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4.4 Best Practice Examples: GREECE
Examples presented at the following pages:
1. Center for Renewable Energy Sources, Koropi
2. Promitheus building – Sol Energy Offices, Palaio Faliro
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Scheme of the solar driven desiccant evaporative cooling system at Lavrio/Koropi,
Greece
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Scheme of installations of the solar energy building in Palaio Faliro, Greece
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4.5 Best Practice Examples: ITALY
Examples presented at the following pages:
1. Manufacturing area, Bolzano
2. Residential building, Milan
3. ISI Pergine business center, Trento
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Scheme of the solar cooling system in Bolzano, Italy. Top: cooling operation mode in
summer; bottom: heating mode in winter
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Scheme of the cold production and cold distribution system at Trento, Italy
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4.6 Best Practice Examples: PORTUGAL
Examples presented at the following pages:
1. INETI building, Lisbon
2. Office building Vajra, Loulé
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Scheme of the desiccant evaporative cooling system (top) and of the solar / auxiliary
heating sub-system (bottom) at the Ineti building, Lisbon, Portugal
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4.7 Best Practice Examples: SPAIN
Examples presented at the following pages:
1. Pompeu Fabra Library, Mataró
2. Headquarter building of CARTIF, Valladolid
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Scheme of the desiccant evaporative cooling system (DEC) in the public library at
Mataró, Spain
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5 Solar cooling: examples on advanced approaches
The majority of installed solar cooling systems use stationary solar thermal col-
lectors, either of flat-plate type or evacuated tube collectors as shown in section
2.3. These collectors are sufficient to provide driving heat for the type of cooling
technologies as presented in the examples of section 4.
However, there are reasons for the application of advanced cooling technologies,
requiring for driving temperatures above 100 C, to maintain the chilling process.
Some of the reasons are:
- the irradiation conditions at the site are favourable, to allow the operation
of high efficient thermally driven cooling processes, e.g., the application of
a double-effect absorption chiller. The higher thermal coefficient of perfor-
mance of values > 1.0 allows to decrease the solar thermal collector capa-
city as well as to decrease the heat rejection system significantly. Driving
heat has to be provided at temperature levels typically > 150°C;
- the system is used in an industrial or commercial application and cold is
required for process cooling at temperature levels below the typical levels
for building air-conditioning (e.g., < 0°C). Then, thermally driven chillers
with ammonia-water as working fluid pair can be applied, but requiring for
higher driving temperatures than for building air-conditioning;
- water consumption of the heat rejection system may be a critical point in
some mediterranean areas; thus, only dry cooling can be applied, resulting
in heat rejection temperatures above 40°C. Consequently, a high tempe-
rature lift from chilled water temperature level to the heat rejection level
has to be maintained. An appropriate technology in this case again is a
thermally driven chiller with ammonia-water as working fluid, operated at
driving temperatures > 100°C.
The latter type of application is the subject of the ongoing project MEDISCO
[MEDISCO, 2006], co-ordinated by the Politecnico di Milano and carried out with
additional European partners from Tunesia and Marocco. The project is supported
by the European Commission. In this project, two systems will be demonstrated
using linear concentrating collector technologies in combination with NH3/H20
absorption chillers for process cooling of a winery in Tunesia and of a dairy in
Marocco. The first system went into operation in April 2008.
For the first reason mentioned above, a demonstration system was recently in-
stalled at the University of Sevilla, Spain. A linear concentrating Fresnel collector
is installed at the roof of the Escuela Superior de Ingenieros (ESI) of the Faculty
of Engineering. The aperture area of the collector is 352 m², the rated thermal
capacity is 176 kW. Figure 5.1 shows the construction principle of this collector,
which was supplied by the company PSE, Germany: lines of primary mirrors are
individually single-axis tracked in order to focus the irradiation towards a statio-
nary receiver, located in a support above the mirrors. The receiver is equipped
with a secondary reflector in order to minimize radiation losses. Advantages of
this collector technology are the low wind-resistance and the a high surface co-
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64. WP2 Preparation of a web based database of best available examples Best Practice Catalogue
verage. Both allows for the installation at flat roof tops, e.g. on commercial or
industrial buildings.
The collector provides pressurised hot water at a temperature of approx. 170°C
to the double-effect chiller with a rated chilling capacity of 174 kW in this appli-
cation. This is currently the double-effect chiller with the smallest rated chilling
capacity, delivered by the manufacturer Broad, China. Heat rejection is done in
this installation with river water, runnng throgh an external heat exchanger, thus
no cooling tower is applied.
More information on this type of installations are given in [Zahler, 2008].
Figure 5.1 The Fresnel collector at the University of Sevilla is the solar heat source for
the double-effect chiller. Top: the primary mirrors are moved off focus; a simple method
to avoid stagnation problems. Bottom: view at the collector primary mirrors. Right: the
double-effect absorption chiller. Sources: AICIA, Seville (top and right), PSE, Germany
(bottom)
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65. WP2 Preparation of a web based database of best available examples Best Practice Catalogue
References
[Henning, 2006]
Hans-Martin Henning: Solar cooling and air-conditioning – thermodynamic analysis and
overview about technical solutions. Proceedings of the EuroSun 2006, held in Glasgow,
UK, 27-30 June, 2006.
[ASHRAE, 1988]
ASHRAE handbook (1988) Absorption Cooling, Heating and Refrigeration Equipment;
Equipment Volume, Chapter 13.
[Henning, 2004/2008]
Hans-Martin Henning (Ed.): Solar-Assisted Air-Conditioning in Buildings – A Handbook for
Planners. Springer Wien/NewYork. 2nd revised edition 2008; ISBN 3211730958.
[Mugnier et al., 2008]
D. Mugnier, M. Hamdadi, A. Le Denn: Water Chillers – Closed Systems for Chilled Water
Production (Small and Large Capacities). Proceedings of the International Seminar Solar
Air-Conditioning – Experiences and Applications, held in Munich, Germany, June 11th,
2008.
[Beccali, 2008]
Marco Beccali: Open Cycles – Solid- and Liquid-based Desiccant Systems. Proceedings of
the International Seminar Solar Air-Conditioning – Experiences and Applications, held in
Munich, Germany, June 11th, 2008.
[SOLAIR: Review technical solutions, 2008].
Task 2.1: Review of available technical solutions and successful running systems. Cross
Country Analysis. Public accessible report in SOLAIR.
www.solair-project.eu
[MEDISCO, 2006]
Mediterranean food and agro industry applications of solar cooling technologies. Contract
032559 (EU-INCO). Co-ordination: Politcnico di Milano, Italy. Duration: 01.10.2006 –
30.09.2009. www.medisco.org
[Zahler, 2008]
Chr. Zahler, A. Häberle, F. Luginsland, M. Berger, S. Scherer: High Teperature System
with Fresnel Collector. Proceedings of the International Seminar Solar Air-Conditioning –
Experiences and Applications, held in Munich, Germany, June 11th, 2008.
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66. Supported by
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