The document reports on industrial automation based on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses how PLCs were developed to provide flexible control through programming rather than wiring. PLCs have replaced relays and hardwired controls in many industrial applications. They allow processes to be more easily programmed and modified. The document covers the basic components and functions of PLCs, including the CPU, memory, input/output modules, and ladder logic programming. It also discusses some common industrial applications of PLC automation.
The document discusses the history and evolution of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It notes that early control systems used electromechanical relays, which were inflexible and difficult to modify. In 1968, General Motors specified the design of a new programmable controller to replace relay-based systems. This led to the development of the first PLC by Modicon in 1969. PLCs offered advantages like flexibility, ease of programming and modification, and lower power requirements compared to relay systems. The document then covers basic PLC components, memory types, input and output modules, and specifications.
This document summarizes a presentation on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a type of computer used in commercial and industrial control that monitors inputs, makes decisions based on a stored program, and controls outputs to automate processes. It outlines the main advantages of PLCs, describes the different types and basic architecture of PLCs including the processor, memory, I/O, and programming devices. It also explains the PLC scan process and use of ladder logic diagrams for programming. Finally, it lists some common PLC applications in manufacturing and major PLC manufacturers.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It describes PLCs as digital computers used for automation in industrial processes. The key components of a PLC are described as the power supply, memory, central processing unit, input/output interface, and programming section. PLC programming is commonly done using ladder logic, which represents the control program graphically like a circuit diagram. Common PLC programming elements in ladder logic include contacts, coils, timers, counters, and special instructions. The document provides examples of ladder logic programs.
A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus.
Which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of machines or process.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are digital electronic devices that use a programmable memory to store instructions and implement functions like logic, sequencing, timing, and arithmetic to control machines and processes. PLCs were developed to simplify control automation by replacing relay logic systems. A PLC consists of a processor, memory, input/output modules, and a power supply. It reads input signals, executes a stored program to control outputs, and then repeats in a scan cycle. Common programming methods for PLCs include ladder logic, statement list, and function block diagrams. PLCs are widely used in industry for their flexibility, reliability, and ability to operate in harsh environments.
The document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for industrial automation. It discusses PLC hardware components including the CPU, power supply, memory, and I/O modules. It describes the logical rack configuration and addressing schemes for discrete and analog I/O points. The document also covers common I/O connection modes like sinking and sourcing. Programming methods like ladder logic, function block diagrams, and statement lists are introduced. Finally, the selection of PLCs for different industrial automation needs is briefly addressed.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their components and applications. It defines a PLC as a solid-state industrial controller that performs logic functions to control machines and processes. The key components of a PLC include input/output modules that interface with field devices, a processor with memory and programming capabilities, and a power supply. PLCs can be unitary or modular in design. They are widely used in industrial automation to control functions like conveyor systems. The document outlines the history, advantages, and types of PLCs as well as their programming and applications in industrial processes.
The document discusses the history and evolution of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It notes that early control systems used electromechanical relays, which were inflexible and difficult to modify. In 1968, General Motors specified the design of a new programmable controller to replace relay-based systems. This led to the development of the first PLC by Modicon in 1969. PLCs offered advantages like flexibility, ease of programming and modification, and lower power requirements compared to relay systems. The document then covers basic PLC components, memory types, input and output modules, and specifications.
This document summarizes a presentation on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a type of computer used in commercial and industrial control that monitors inputs, makes decisions based on a stored program, and controls outputs to automate processes. It outlines the main advantages of PLCs, describes the different types and basic architecture of PLCs including the processor, memory, I/O, and programming devices. It also explains the PLC scan process and use of ladder logic diagrams for programming. Finally, it lists some common PLC applications in manufacturing and major PLC manufacturers.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It describes PLCs as digital computers used for automation in industrial processes. The key components of a PLC are described as the power supply, memory, central processing unit, input/output interface, and programming section. PLC programming is commonly done using ladder logic, which represents the control program graphically like a circuit diagram. Common PLC programming elements in ladder logic include contacts, coils, timers, counters, and special instructions. The document provides examples of ladder logic programs.
A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus.
Which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of machines or process.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are digital electronic devices that use a programmable memory to store instructions and implement functions like logic, sequencing, timing, and arithmetic to control machines and processes. PLCs were developed to simplify control automation by replacing relay logic systems. A PLC consists of a processor, memory, input/output modules, and a power supply. It reads input signals, executes a stored program to control outputs, and then repeats in a scan cycle. Common programming methods for PLCs include ladder logic, statement list, and function block diagrams. PLCs are widely used in industry for their flexibility, reliability, and ability to operate in harsh environments.
The document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for industrial automation. It discusses PLC hardware components including the CPU, power supply, memory, and I/O modules. It describes the logical rack configuration and addressing schemes for discrete and analog I/O points. The document also covers common I/O connection modes like sinking and sourcing. Programming methods like ladder logic, function block diagrams, and statement lists are introduced. Finally, the selection of PLCs for different industrial automation needs is briefly addressed.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their components and applications. It defines a PLC as a solid-state industrial controller that performs logic functions to control machines and processes. The key components of a PLC include input/output modules that interface with field devices, a processor with memory and programming capabilities, and a power supply. PLCs can be unitary or modular in design. They are widely used in industrial automation to control functions like conveyor systems. The document outlines the history, advantages, and types of PLCs as well as their programming and applications in industrial processes.
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or Programmable Controller is an electronic device used for Automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including their definition, history, components, functions, programming, and applications. Key points covered include:
- PLCs are digital electronic devices that use a programmable memory to implement control functions like logic and sequencing to control machines and processes.
- They were developed in the 1960s to replace hardwired control panels and provide easier modification of control programs.
- The basic components of a PLC system are the central processing unit, input/output modules, power supply, and programming software.
- PLCs continuously cycle through scanning inputs, running the user-created program, and updating outputs. The program is stored in memory
Programmable Logic Controllers Paper (PLC) SM54Subhash Mahla
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It begins by defining a PLC as a digitally operating electronic apparatus that uses programmable memory to implement logic, sequencing, timing and other functions to control machines and processes. The document then describes the basic components of a PLC, including I/O modules, a processor, power supply, memory unit and network interface. It explains how PLCs are programmed using programming units connected to computers and the transfer of programs to PLC memory using EEPROM chips.
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It provides a brief history of PLCs, describing their origins in the 1960s as replacements for relay logic systems. The document outlines the typical components of a PLC system, including the processor, memory unit, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. It also describes ladder logic, a common programming language for PLCs using a logic diagram format. Finally, some applications of PLCs in industries like manufacturing and materials handling are listed.
The document discusses the history and use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in industrial automation. It notes that PLCs were first specified in 1968 by General Motors to provide a solid-state, reusable system for controlling industrial processes more flexibly than relay-based systems. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, power supply, programming unit, memory, and input/output interfacing circuitry. It scans inputs, executes user-programmed logic instructions, and updates outputs on a continuous cycle. Common programming methods for PLCs include ladder logic, functional block diagrams, and structured text. PLCs communicate with field devices and one another using various interfaces and protocols.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs are digital electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement control functions like logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic. The key components of a PLC include input/output modules, a power supply, a central processing unit, memory, and a programming device. PLCs work by continuously scanning programs in a cycle that involves reading inputs, executing the program logic, and updating outputs. This allows PLCs to control machines and processes.
A programmable logic controller (PLC) uses a programmable memory to store instructions for controlling machines and processes. It monitors inputs, executes logic functions, and controls outputs to automate industrial processes. The PLC consists of a central processing unit, input/output modules, power supply, and programming devices. It provides flexibility to change control programs easily compared to rewiring relay panels.
This document provides an overview of PLC training in Noida that teaches the basic components, programming, and applications of programmable logic controllers. The training describes PLC hardware and software, basic programming techniques, troubleshooting, and how PLCs offer advantages over hard-wired control systems. By the end of the training, participants will be able to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, troubleshoot issues, convert relay logic to PLC languages, and program a PLC for a given application.
This document introduces programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their configuration procedure. It begins with a brief history of PLCs and their advantages over traditional hardwired control systems. The key components of a PLC including the power supply, central processing unit, input/output modules, and programming devices are described. The five most common PLC programming languages - ladder logic, sequential function charts, function block diagram, structured text, and instruction list - are also outlined. The document concludes with step-by-step instructions for creating a project in IndraWorks engineering software to configure a PLC.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It includes an introduction to PLCs and their advantages. The main body describes the typical components of a PLC system including the central processing unit (CPU), input and output modules, power supply, and programming device. Input/output modules are discussed in further detail, including discrete, analog, and AC output modules. The CPU and programming modes are also summarized. Example manufacturers and applications of PLCs are listed before concluding with references.
Implementation of T-Junction Traffic Light Control System Using Simatic S7-20...IJERA Editor
A conventional traffic light control system is designed by using devices such as timers, relays and
contactors etc. The critical timing operation is required to be carried out under the existence of heavy
traffic situations. This conventional practice leads to many problems that need additional maintenance
cost and subsequent delay for a long time. With the help of a PLC, the requirement of fast automation
and effective optimization of traffic light control system can be achieved. Use of PLC helps us to
develop this process not only for traffic signal on the roads, but also on the movement of trains and
the transfer of containers in ports in maritime works. In order to provide a solution to the above
problem, this paper introduces an execution and implementation of T-junction traffic control system
using SEIMENS S7-200 PLC. Programming in PLC is written in ladder logic with the help of STEP7
MICROWIN software
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Sumit Patidar to Rajvi Gandhi Prauoyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report covers a 25-day industrial training at Robotronix Engineering Tech Pvt. Ltd, where Sumit learned about programmable logic controllers and automation systems under the guidance of Mr. Bhupendra Singh Thakur. The report includes sections on PLC architecture, programming languages, sensors, actuators, memory types, and examples of programs developed during the training.
- Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were developed in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems used in manufacturing.
- The first PLC was created by General Motors in 1968 to meet their need for a programmable, reliable, and durable controller that could operate in industrial environments.
- PLCs became popular in the 1980s as their costs dropped. They are now commonly used in industrial automation to control machinery and processes.
Advanced plc programming & scada system designlakshanwalpita
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and SCADA systems. It discusses the history and evolution of PLCs from relay-based control systems to modern PLCs that can be programmed using software on PCs. A PLC works by continuously scanning its program in a loop, checking input statuses, executing the user program, and updating outputs. The document also covers common PLC components, programming methods, and input/output connection types.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) were developed to control industrial machinery in a programmable and reliable way. A PLC has a processor that executes stored instructions to control inputs and outputs based on ladder logic programming. It includes a power supply, memory to store the user program, and I/O modules to interface with field devices. PLCs offer advantages over hardwired control systems like easier programming, flexibility, and communication capabilities. They are used widely in industrial applications for tasks like sequencing, timing, counting, and analog control.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to understand the major PLC components, interpret specifications, troubleshoot PLCs, convert relay logic to PLC programming, and operate and program a PLC for applications. The course covers the history of PLCs, components like the CPU and I/O system, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. It also provides examples of PLC programming for mixing tank controls.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC. The document lists the course contents which include the history of PLCs, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides details on the basic hardware components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the training as teaching the major components of PLCs, programming techniques, and how to troubleshoot applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming, and a sample control application using a liquid mixing tank.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and automation systems. It discusses PLC hardware components like racks, power supplies, CPUs, I/O modules. It describes programming PLCs using ladder logic and compares PLCs to traditional relay-based control systems. PLCs allow for more flexible, user-programmable control compared to hardwired relay systems and are well-suited for industrial automation applications. The document also gives examples of Siemens S7 PLC systems and their modular components.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are microprocessor-based devices used to monitor, control, and automate electromechanical processes. PLCs replaced hardwired relay panels and are programmed using ladder logic. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, input and output modules to interface with sensors and actuators, and a programming device. PLCs scan inputs, execute a user-written program, and update outputs to control machines and processes in a flexible, easy-to-program manner.
1. O documento apresenta informações sobre o alfabeto russo, incluindo suas 33 letras, 10 vogais e sons de cada letra. 2. É explicado que algumas vogais podem ter sons diferentes dependendo de sua posição na palavra e que existem 2 símbolos especiais. 3. A tabela fornece exemplos de letras, seus sons correspondentes em português e palavras ilustrativas.
Este manual describe el lenguaje de programación AWL (Lista de Instrucciones) para los autómatas programables S7-300 y S7-400 de Siemens. Incluye una introducción al manual, una descripción general de AWL y ejemplos de programación, así como apéndices sobre transferencia de parámetros y lista de instrucciones AWL.
More Related Content
Similar to Industrial Automation EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or Programmable Controller is an electronic device used for Automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including their definition, history, components, functions, programming, and applications. Key points covered include:
- PLCs are digital electronic devices that use a programmable memory to implement control functions like logic and sequencing to control machines and processes.
- They were developed in the 1960s to replace hardwired control panels and provide easier modification of control programs.
- The basic components of a PLC system are the central processing unit, input/output modules, power supply, and programming software.
- PLCs continuously cycle through scanning inputs, running the user-created program, and updating outputs. The program is stored in memory
Programmable Logic Controllers Paper (PLC) SM54Subhash Mahla
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It begins by defining a PLC as a digitally operating electronic apparatus that uses programmable memory to implement logic, sequencing, timing and other functions to control machines and processes. The document then describes the basic components of a PLC, including I/O modules, a processor, power supply, memory unit and network interface. It explains how PLCs are programmed using programming units connected to computers and the transfer of programs to PLC memory using EEPROM chips.
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It provides a brief history of PLCs, describing their origins in the 1960s as replacements for relay logic systems. The document outlines the typical components of a PLC system, including the processor, memory unit, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. It also describes ladder logic, a common programming language for PLCs using a logic diagram format. Finally, some applications of PLCs in industries like manufacturing and materials handling are listed.
The document discusses the history and use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in industrial automation. It notes that PLCs were first specified in 1968 by General Motors to provide a solid-state, reusable system for controlling industrial processes more flexibly than relay-based systems. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, power supply, programming unit, memory, and input/output interfacing circuitry. It scans inputs, executes user-programmed logic instructions, and updates outputs on a continuous cycle. Common programming methods for PLCs include ladder logic, functional block diagrams, and structured text. PLCs communicate with field devices and one another using various interfaces and protocols.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs are digital electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement control functions like logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic. The key components of a PLC include input/output modules, a power supply, a central processing unit, memory, and a programming device. PLCs work by continuously scanning programs in a cycle that involves reading inputs, executing the program logic, and updating outputs. This allows PLCs to control machines and processes.
A programmable logic controller (PLC) uses a programmable memory to store instructions for controlling machines and processes. It monitors inputs, executes logic functions, and controls outputs to automate industrial processes. The PLC consists of a central processing unit, input/output modules, power supply, and programming devices. It provides flexibility to change control programs easily compared to rewiring relay panels.
This document provides an overview of PLC training in Noida that teaches the basic components, programming, and applications of programmable logic controllers. The training describes PLC hardware and software, basic programming techniques, troubleshooting, and how PLCs offer advantages over hard-wired control systems. By the end of the training, participants will be able to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, troubleshoot issues, convert relay logic to PLC languages, and program a PLC for a given application.
This document introduces programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their configuration procedure. It begins with a brief history of PLCs and their advantages over traditional hardwired control systems. The key components of a PLC including the power supply, central processing unit, input/output modules, and programming devices are described. The five most common PLC programming languages - ladder logic, sequential function charts, function block diagram, structured text, and instruction list - are also outlined. The document concludes with step-by-step instructions for creating a project in IndraWorks engineering software to configure a PLC.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It includes an introduction to PLCs and their advantages. The main body describes the typical components of a PLC system including the central processing unit (CPU), input and output modules, power supply, and programming device. Input/output modules are discussed in further detail, including discrete, analog, and AC output modules. The CPU and programming modes are also summarized. Example manufacturers and applications of PLCs are listed before concluding with references.
Implementation of T-Junction Traffic Light Control System Using Simatic S7-20...IJERA Editor
A conventional traffic light control system is designed by using devices such as timers, relays and
contactors etc. The critical timing operation is required to be carried out under the existence of heavy
traffic situations. This conventional practice leads to many problems that need additional maintenance
cost and subsequent delay for a long time. With the help of a PLC, the requirement of fast automation
and effective optimization of traffic light control system can be achieved. Use of PLC helps us to
develop this process not only for traffic signal on the roads, but also on the movement of trains and
the transfer of containers in ports in maritime works. In order to provide a solution to the above
problem, this paper introduces an execution and implementation of T-junction traffic control system
using SEIMENS S7-200 PLC. Programming in PLC is written in ladder logic with the help of STEP7
MICROWIN software
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Sumit Patidar to Rajvi Gandhi Prauoyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report covers a 25-day industrial training at Robotronix Engineering Tech Pvt. Ltd, where Sumit learned about programmable logic controllers and automation systems under the guidance of Mr. Bhupendra Singh Thakur. The report includes sections on PLC architecture, programming languages, sensors, actuators, memory types, and examples of programs developed during the training.
- Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were developed in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems used in manufacturing.
- The first PLC was created by General Motors in 1968 to meet their need for a programmable, reliable, and durable controller that could operate in industrial environments.
- PLCs became popular in the 1980s as their costs dropped. They are now commonly used in industrial automation to control machinery and processes.
Advanced plc programming & scada system designlakshanwalpita
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and SCADA systems. It discusses the history and evolution of PLCs from relay-based control systems to modern PLCs that can be programmed using software on PCs. A PLC works by continuously scanning its program in a loop, checking input statuses, executing the user program, and updating outputs. The document also covers common PLC components, programming methods, and input/output connection types.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) were developed to control industrial machinery in a programmable and reliable way. A PLC has a processor that executes stored instructions to control inputs and outputs based on ladder logic programming. It includes a power supply, memory to store the user program, and I/O modules to interface with field devices. PLCs offer advantages over hardwired control systems like easier programming, flexibility, and communication capabilities. They are used widely in industrial applications for tasks like sequencing, timing, counting, and analog control.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to understand the major PLC components, interpret specifications, troubleshoot PLCs, convert relay logic to PLC programming, and operate and program a PLC for applications. The course covers the history of PLCs, components like the CPU and I/O system, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. It also provides examples of PLC programming for mixing tank controls.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC. The document lists the course contents which include the history of PLCs, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides details on the basic hardware components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the training as teaching the major components of PLCs, programming techniques, and how to troubleshoot applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming, and a sample control application using a liquid mixing tank.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and automation systems. It discusses PLC hardware components like racks, power supplies, CPUs, I/O modules. It describes programming PLCs using ladder logic and compares PLCs to traditional relay-based control systems. PLCs allow for more flexible, user-programmable control compared to hardwired relay systems and are well-suited for industrial automation applications. The document also gives examples of Siemens S7 PLC systems and their modular components.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are microprocessor-based devices used to monitor, control, and automate electromechanical processes. PLCs replaced hardwired relay panels and are programmed using ladder logic. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, input and output modules to interface with sensors and actuators, and a programming device. PLCs scan inputs, execute a user-written program, and update outputs to control machines and processes in a flexible, easy-to-program manner.
Similar to Industrial Automation EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES (20)
1. O documento apresenta informações sobre o alfabeto russo, incluindo suas 33 letras, 10 vogais e sons de cada letra. 2. É explicado que algumas vogais podem ter sons diferentes dependendo de sua posição na palavra e que existem 2 símbolos especiais. 3. A tabela fornece exemplos de letras, seus sons correspondentes em português e palavras ilustrativas.
Este manual describe el lenguaje de programación AWL (Lista de Instrucciones) para los autómatas programables S7-300 y S7-400 de Siemens. Incluye una introducción al manual, una descripción general de AWL y ejemplos de programación, así como apéndices sobre transferencia de parámetros y lista de instrucciones AWL.
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Este documento describe los diferentes niveles de redes de comunicación industrial, incluyendo el nivel de oficina, nivel de planta, nivel de célula y nivel de campo. Explica que cada nivel tiene diferentes requisitos en términos de volumen de datos, velocidad de transmisión y velocidad de respuesta. También introduce los conceptos de sistemas de control centralizados y distribuidos en redes de comunicación industrial.
3. LIBRO AUTOMATAS PROGRABLES SIEMENS GRAFCET Y GUIA GEMMA CON TIA PORTAL - A...EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
Este documento discute a importância da educação para as crianças e como ela pode moldar positivamente o futuro delas. A educação de qualidade é essencial para o sucesso das crianças e deve ser uma prioridade para todos os pais e responsáveis.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
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referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION BASED ON PLC
Automation is delegation of human control functions to technical equipments for
increasing productivity, better quality, increasing safety in working conditions
reducing manpower and cost. Making products under the control of computers and
programmable controllers is known as “INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION”.
3. ABSTRACT
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are members of the computer family
capable of storing instructions to control functions such as sequencing, timing, and
counting, which control a machine or a process. The PLC is composed of two basic
sections, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the Input/Output (I/O) interface
system. The PLC measures input signals coming from a machine and through the
internal program provides output or control back to the machine.
Ladder logic is the programming language used to represent electrical sequences of
operation. In hardwired circuits the electrical wiring is connected from one device
to another according to logic of operation. In a PLC the devices are connected to
the input interface, the outputs are connected to the output interface and the actual
wiring of the components is done electronically inside the PLC using ladder logic.
This is known as soft wired.
PLC is a device that is capable of being programmed to perform a controlling
function. Before the advent of PLC, the problem of industrial control was usually
solved by relays or hardwired solid-state logic blocks. These are very flexible in
design and easy for maintenance personal to understand. However, they involved a
vast amount of interconnection. For the wiring cost to be minimized, relays and
logic blocks had to be kept together. This led to development of control panel
concept for larger and more complex logic control system.
The PLC was first conceived by group of engineers from hydramatic division of
GM in 1968.This was designed to provide flexibility in control based on
programming and executing logic instruction. Adopting the ladder diagram
programming language, simplifying maintenance and reducing the cost of spare
parts inventories realized major advantages.
4. Introduction
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are members of the computer family
capable of storing instructions to control functions such as sequencing, timing, and
counting, which control a machine or a process. The PLC is composed of two basic
sections, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the Input/Output (I/O) interface
system. The PLC measures input signals coming from a machine and through the
internal program provides output or control back to the machine.
Ladder logic is the programming language used to represent electrical sequences of
operation. In hardwired circuits the electrical wiring is connected from one device
to another according to logic of operation. In a PLC the devices are connected to
the input interface, the outputs are connected to the output interface and the actual
wiring of the components is done electronically inside the PLC using ladder logic.
This is known as soft wired.
PLC is a device that is capable of being programmed to perform a controlling
function. Before the advent of PLC, the problem of industrial control was usually
solved by relays or hardwired solid-state logic blocks. These are very flexible in
design and easy for maintenance personal to understand. However, they involved a
vast amount of interconnection. For the wiring cost to be minimized, relays and
logic blocks had to be kept together. This led to development of control panel
concept for larger and more complex logic control system.
The PLC was first conceived by group of engineers from hydramatic division of
GM in 1968.This was designed to provide flexibility in control based on
programming and executing logic instruction. Adopting the ladder diagram
programming language, simplifying maintenance and reducing the cost of spare
parts inventories realized major advantages.
5. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
Block Diagram -:
PLC Components -:
Processor Unit
Power Supply
Input/Output Section
The Programmable Device
6. INPUT MODULE
Push Button
Selector Switches
Proximity Sensor
Limit Switches
Motor Starter
Photo Electric Sensor
Relay Contact
These input act as field input sensor and the sensor. Analog input module: Typical
input to these modules is 4 to 20 mA, and 0-10V. Ex- pressure, level, flow. Digital
Input module : input to these module is 24V dc, 19V ac, 230V ac. Switches, Push
Button, Relays Pump valve on/off status.
OUTPUT MODULE
Flow Sensor
Humidity Sensor
Load Cell
Potentiometer
Temperature sensor
Pressure sensor
Vibration sensor
Analogue Valves
7. PLC HARDWARE
A programmable logic controller consists of the following components:
Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Memory.
Input modules.
Output modules and
Power supply.
A PLC hardware block diagram is shown in Figure. The programming terminal in
the diagram is not a part of the PLC, but it is essential to have a terminal for
programming or monitoring a PLC. In the diagram, the arrows between blocks
indicate the information and power flowing directions.
CPU:
Like other computerized devices, there is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a
PLC. The CPU, which is the brain of a PLC, does the following operations:
Updating inputs and outputs. This function allows a PLC to read the status
of its input terminals and energize or deenergize its output terminals.
Performing logic and arithmetic operations. A CPU conducts all the
mathematic and logic operations involved in a PLC.
Communicating with memory. The PLC™s programs and data are stored in
memory. When a PLC is operating, its CPU may read or change the contents
of memory locations.
Scanning application programs. An application program, which is called a
ladder logic program, is a set of instructions written by a PLC programmer.
The scanning function allows the PLC to execute the application program as
specified by the programmer.
Communicating with a programming terminal. The CPU transfers program and
data between itself and the programming terminal.
A PLCs CPU is controlled by operating system software. The operating
system software is a group of supervisory programs that are loaded and
stored permanently in the PLC™s memory by the PLC manufacturer.
8. MEMORY -:
Memory is the component that stores information, programs, and data in a PLC.
The process of putting new information into a memory location is called writing.
The process of retrieving information from a memory location is called reading.
The common types of memory used in PLCs are Read Only Memory (ROM) and
Random Access Memory (RAM). A ROM location can be read, but not written.
ROM is used to store programs and data that should not be altered. For example,
the PLC™s operating programs are stored in ROM.
A RAM location can be read or written. This means the information stored in a
RAM location can be retrieved and/or altered. Ladder logic programs are stored in
RAM. When a new ladder logic program is loaded into a PLC™s memory, the old
program that was stored in the same locations is over-written and essentially
erased.
The memory capacities of PLCs vary. Memory capacities are often expressed in
terms of kilo-bytes (K). One byte is a group of 8 bits. One bit is a memory location
that may store one binary number that has the value of either 1 or 0. (Binary
numbers are addressed in Module 2). 1K memory means that there are 1024 bytes
of RAM. 16K memory means there are 16 x 1024 =16384 bytes of RAM.
Input modules and output modules
A PLC is a control device. It takes information from inputs and makes decisions to
energize or de-energize outputs. The decisions are made based on the statuses of
inputs and outputs and the ladder logic program that is being executed.
The input devices used with a PLC include pushbuttons, limit switches, relay
contacts, photo sensors, proximity switches, temperature sensors, and the like.
These input devices can be AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current). The
input voltages can be high or low. The input signals can be digital or analog.
Differing inputs require different input modules. An input module provides an
interface between input devices and a PLC™s CPU, which uses only a low DC
voltage. The input module™s function is to convert the input signals to DC
voltages that are acceptable to the CPU. Standard discrete input modules include
24 V AC, 48 V AC, 120 V AC, 220 V AC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, 120 V DC, 220 V
DC, and transistor-transistor logic (TTL) level.
The devices controlled by a PLC include relays, alarms, solenoids, fans, lights, and
motor starters. These devices may require different levels of AC or DC voltages.
Since the signals processed in a PLC are low DC voltages, it is the function of the
output module to convert PLC control signals to the voltages required by the
controlled circuits or devices. Standard discrete output modules include 24 V AC,
9. 48 V AC, 120 V AC, 220 V AC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, 120 V DC, 220 V DC, and
TTL level.
Power Supply -:
PLCs are powered by standard commercial AC power lines. However, many PLC
components, such as the CPU and memory, utilize 5 volts or another level of DC
power. The PLC power supply converts AC power into DC power to support those
components of the PLC.
Programming Terminal
A PLC requires a programming terminal and programming software for operation.
The programming terminal can be a dedicated terminal or a generic computer
purchased anywhere. The programming terminal is used for programming the PLC
and monitoring the PLC™s operation. It may also download a ladder logic
program (the sending of a program from the programming terminal to the PLC) or
upload a ladder logic program (the sending of a program from the PLC to the
programming terminal). The terminal uses programming software for
programming and talking to a PLC.
WORKING OF PLC -:
Bringing input signal status to the internal memory of CPU
The field signals are connected to the I/P module. At the output of I/P
module the field status converted into the voltage level required by the CPU
is always available.
At the beginning of each cycle the CPU brings in all the field I/P signals
from I/P module & stores into its internal memory called as PII, meaning
process image input.
The programmable controller operates cyclically meaning when complete
program has been scanned; it starts again at the beginning of the program.
I/O BUS -:
A PLC works by continually scanning a program. We can think of this scan cycle
as consisting of 3 important steps. There are typically more than 3 but we can
focus on the important parts and not worry about the others. Typically the others
are checking the system and updating the current internal counter and timer values.
10. Step 1- Check Input Status-First the PLC takes a look at each input to determine
if it is on or off. In other words, is the sensor connected to the first input on How
about the second input How about the third... It records this data into its memory to
be used during the next step.
Step 2- Execute Program-Next the PLC executes your program one instruction at
a time. Maybe your program said that if the first input was on then it should turn
on the first output. Since it already knows which inputs are on/off from the
previous step it will be able to decide whether the first output should be turned on
based on the state of the first input. It will store the execution results for use later
during the next step.
Step 3-Update Output Status-Finally the PLC updates the status of the outputs. It
updates the outputs based on which inputs were on during the first step and the
results of executing your program during the second step. Based on the example in
step 2 it would now turn on the first output because the first input was on and your
program said to turn on the first output when this condition is true.
Process Control and Automation
Process Control
The process of recognizing the state of the process at all times, analyze the
information according to the set rules and guidelines and accordingly actuate the
control elements is referred to as process control.
PLC PROGRAMMING
Ladder Logic-:
Ladder logic is the main programming method used for PLCs. The ladder logic has
been developed to mimic relay logic. The decision to use the relay logic diagrams
was a strategic one. By selecting ladder logic as the main programming method,
the amount of retraining needed for engineers and trades people was greatly
reduced.
Modern control systems still include relays, but these are rarely used for logic. A
relay is a simple device that uses a magnetic field to control a switch, as pictured in
Fig. When a voltage is applied to the input coil, the resulting current creates a
magnetic field. The magnetic field pulls a metal switch (or reed) towards it and the
contacts touch, closing the switch. The contact that closes when the coil is
energized is called normally open. The normally closed contacts touch when the
11. input coil is not energized. Relays are normally drawn in schematic form using a
circle to represent the input coil. The output contacts are shown with two parallel
lines. Normally open contacts are shown as two lines, and will be open (non-
conducting) when the input is not energized. Normally closed contacts are shown
with two lines with a diagonal line through them. When the input coil is not
energized the normally closed contacts will be closed (conducting).
12. SCAN CYCLE OF PLC
Ladder Logic Inputs : PLC inputs are easily represented in ladder logic. In Figure
there are three types of inputs shown. The first two are normally open and
normally closed inputs, discussed previously. The IIT (Immediate Input) function
allows inputs to be read after the input scan, while the ladder logic is being
scanned. This allows ladder logic to examine input values more often than once
every cycle.
13. ADVANTAGE OF PLC
Reduced space.
Energy saving.
Ease of maintenance.
Economical.
Greater life and reliability.
Tremendous flexibility.
Shorter project time.
Easier storage, archiving and documentation.
PLCs are armored for severe conditions (such as dust, moisture,
heat, cold) and have the facility for extensive input/output (I/O)
arrangements.
PLCs read limit switches, analog process variables (such as
temperature and pressure), and the positions of complex
positioning systems.
PLCs are used in many "real world" applications. If there is
industry present, chances are good that there is a plc present. If you
are involved in machining, packaging, material handling,
automated assembly or countless other industries you are probably
already using them. If you are not, you are wasting money and
time. Almost any application that needs some type of electrical
control has a need for a plc.
14. APPLICATION OF PLC
In industry, there are many production tasks, which are of highly
repetitive nature. Although repetitive & monotonous, each stage needs
careful attention of operator to ensure good quality of final product.
Many times, a close supervision of the processes cause high
fatigue on operator resulting in loss of track of process control.
Sometimes it™s hazardous also as in the case of potentially
explosive chemical processes.
Under all such conditions we can use PLCs effectively in totally
eliminating the possibilities of human error.
Some capabilities of PLCs are as follows:
1. Logic control
2. PID control
3. Coordination & automation
4. Operator control
5. Signaling and listing etc.
In short, wherever sequential logic control & automation is desired
the PLCs are the best suited to meet the task. It includes simple
interlocking functions to complicated analog signal processing to
PID control action in closed loop control etc.
Few examples of industries where PLCs are used for control &
automation purpose are listed below: -
1. Tyre industry.
2. Blender reclaimer.
3. Bulk material handling system at ports.
4. Ship unloader.
15. 5. Wagon loaders.
6. Steel plants.
7. Blast furnace charging.
8. Brick-moulding press in refectories.
9. Galvanizing plant.
10. Dairy automation.
11. Pulp factory.
12. Printing industry etc.
Today the PLCs are used for control and automation job in a single
machine and it increases up to full automation of manufacturing or
testing process in a factory.
PLC DISADVANTAGE
In contrast to microcontroller systems that have what is called an
open architecture, most PLCs manufacturers offer only closed
architecturesfor their products.
PLC devices are proprietary, which means that parts and software
from one manufacturer can t easily be used in combination with
parts ofanother manufacturer, which limits the design and cost
options.
16. CONCLUSION
PLC is a device that is capable of being programmed to perform a
controlling function. The PLC was designed to provide flexibility in
control based programming and executing logic instruction. PLC
allowed for shorter installation time and faster commissioning through
programming rather than wiring.
The PLC have in recent years experienced an unprecedented growth as
universal element in industrial automation .It can be effectively used in
applications ranging from simple control like replacing a small number
of relays to complex automation problems.
Today the PLCs are used for control & automation job in a single
machine & it increases up to full automation of manufacturing / testing
process in a factory.