This document provides a summary of Giovanni da Verrazano's letter to King Francis I of France describing his 1524 voyage along the eastern coast of North America. Some key details:
- Verrazano encountered native peoples along the coast from present-day South Carolina to New York, finding them to be of varying skin tones and customs.
- He explored coastal regions he found to be temperate with forests containing unfamiliar but fragrant trees. Rivers and lakes supported abundant wildlife.
- Notable locations visited included a large estuary resembling New York Harbor and a triangular island offshore that was likely Long Island.
http://getaccess.me/5-free-books-slideshare -- GET 5 FREE BOOKS
Heart of Darkness (1899) is a novella[citation needed] by Polish novelist Joseph Conrad, about a voyage up the Congo River into the Congo Free State, in the heart of Africa, by the story's narrator Marlow. Marlow tells his story to friends aboard a boat anchored on the River Thames, London, England. This setting provides the frame for Marlow's story of his obsession with the ivory trader Kurtz, which enables Conrad to create a parallel between London and Africa as places of darkness.
Central to Conrad's work is the idea that there is little difference between so-called civilized people and those described as savages; Heart of Darkness raises important questions about imperialism and racism.
Originally published as a three-part serial story in Blackwood's Magazine, the novella Heart of Darkness has been variously published and translated into many languages. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Heart of Darkness as the sixty-seventh of the hundred best novels in English of the twentieth century.
Joseph Conrad acknowledged that Heart of Darkness was in part based on his own experiences during his travels in Africa. In 1890, at the age of 32, he was appointed by a Belgian trading company to serve as the captain of a steamer on the Congo River. Conrad, who was born in Poland and later settled in England, had eagerly anticipated the voyage, having decided to become a sailor at an early age. While sailing up the Congo river from one station to another, the captain became ill, Conrad assumed command of the boat and guided the ship to the trading company's innermost station. He reportedly became disillusioned with Imperialism, after witnessing the cruelty and corruption perpetrated by the European companies in the area. The novella's main narrator, Charles Marlow, is believed to have been based upon the author.
Apresento aqui uma introdução à poesia de Samuel Taylor Coleridge, que em colaboração com William Wordsworth, é considerado fundador do movimento romântico na Inglaterra. Poeta inspirado e profícuo, seus versos foram as sementes das principais ideias que vicejaram durante o final do século XVIII e início do século XIX. .
DatabaseRecord 1Discovery of the New World. By Colu.docxrandyburney60861
Database:
Record: 1
Discovery of the New World. By: Columbus, Christopher. Discovery
of the New World. 8/1/2017, p1. 17p. Abstract: Presents the 15th-
century explorer's letter to the noble Lord Raphael Sanchez,
treasurer to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, about his
first voyage. Purpose of the letter; Account of his travels to various
islands, including Espanola. (AN: 21212410)
Academic Search Complete
Discovery of the New World
A Letter addressed to the noble Lord Raphael Sanchez, Treasurer to their most invincible Majesties,
Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, by Christopher Columbus, to whom our age is greatly
indebted, treating of the islands of India recently discovered beyond the Ganges, to explore which he had
been sent eight months before under the auspices and at the expense of their said Majesties.
Knowing that it will afford you pleasure to learn that I have brought my undertaking to a successful
termination, I have decided upon writing you this letter to acquaint you with all the events which have
occurred in my voyage, and the discoveries which have resulted from it. Thirty-three days after my
departure from Cadiz(n1) I reached the Indian sea, where I discovered many islands, thickly peopled, of
which I took possession without resistance in the name of our most illustrious Monarch, by public
proclamation and with unfurled banners. To the first of these islands, which is called by the Indians
Guanahani, I gave the name of the blessed Saviour (San Salvador), relying upon whose protection I had
reached this as well as the other islands; to each of these I also gave a name, ordering that one should
be called Santa Maria de la Concepcion,(n2) another Fernandina,(n3) the third Isabella,(n4) the fourth
Juana,(n5) and so with all the rest respectively. As soon as we arrived at that, which as I have said was
named Juana, I proceeded along its coasts a short distance westward, and found it to be so large and
apparently without termination, that I could not suppose it to be an island, but the continental province of
Cathay. Seeing, however, no towns or populous places on the sea coast, but only a few detached houses
and cottages, with whose inhabitants I was unable to communicate, because they fled as soon as they
saw us, I went further on, thinking that in may progress I should certainly find some city or village. At
length, after proceeding a great way and finding that nothing new presented itself, and that the line of
coast was leading us northwards (which I wished to avoid, because it was winter and it was my intention
to move southwards; and because moreover the winds were contrary), I resolved not to attempt any
further progress, but rather to turn back and retrace my course to a certain bay that I had observed, and
from which I afterward dispatched two of our men to ascertain wither there were a king or any cities in
that province. These men reconnoitred the country for three days, and found a most num.
http://getaccess.me/5-free-books-slideshare -- GET 5 FREE BOOKS
Heart of Darkness (1899) is a novella[citation needed] by Polish novelist Joseph Conrad, about a voyage up the Congo River into the Congo Free State, in the heart of Africa, by the story's narrator Marlow. Marlow tells his story to friends aboard a boat anchored on the River Thames, London, England. This setting provides the frame for Marlow's story of his obsession with the ivory trader Kurtz, which enables Conrad to create a parallel between London and Africa as places of darkness.
Central to Conrad's work is the idea that there is little difference between so-called civilized people and those described as savages; Heart of Darkness raises important questions about imperialism and racism.
Originally published as a three-part serial story in Blackwood's Magazine, the novella Heart of Darkness has been variously published and translated into many languages. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Heart of Darkness as the sixty-seventh of the hundred best novels in English of the twentieth century.
Joseph Conrad acknowledged that Heart of Darkness was in part based on his own experiences during his travels in Africa. In 1890, at the age of 32, he was appointed by a Belgian trading company to serve as the captain of a steamer on the Congo River. Conrad, who was born in Poland and later settled in England, had eagerly anticipated the voyage, having decided to become a sailor at an early age. While sailing up the Congo river from one station to another, the captain became ill, Conrad assumed command of the boat and guided the ship to the trading company's innermost station. He reportedly became disillusioned with Imperialism, after witnessing the cruelty and corruption perpetrated by the European companies in the area. The novella's main narrator, Charles Marlow, is believed to have been based upon the author.
Apresento aqui uma introdução à poesia de Samuel Taylor Coleridge, que em colaboração com William Wordsworth, é considerado fundador do movimento romântico na Inglaterra. Poeta inspirado e profícuo, seus versos foram as sementes das principais ideias que vicejaram durante o final do século XVIII e início do século XIX. .
DatabaseRecord 1Discovery of the New World. By Colu.docxrandyburney60861
Database:
Record: 1
Discovery of the New World. By: Columbus, Christopher. Discovery
of the New World. 8/1/2017, p1. 17p. Abstract: Presents the 15th-
century explorer's letter to the noble Lord Raphael Sanchez,
treasurer to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, about his
first voyage. Purpose of the letter; Account of his travels to various
islands, including Espanola. (AN: 21212410)
Academic Search Complete
Discovery of the New World
A Letter addressed to the noble Lord Raphael Sanchez, Treasurer to their most invincible Majesties,
Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, by Christopher Columbus, to whom our age is greatly
indebted, treating of the islands of India recently discovered beyond the Ganges, to explore which he had
been sent eight months before under the auspices and at the expense of their said Majesties.
Knowing that it will afford you pleasure to learn that I have brought my undertaking to a successful
termination, I have decided upon writing you this letter to acquaint you with all the events which have
occurred in my voyage, and the discoveries which have resulted from it. Thirty-three days after my
departure from Cadiz(n1) I reached the Indian sea, where I discovered many islands, thickly peopled, of
which I took possession without resistance in the name of our most illustrious Monarch, by public
proclamation and with unfurled banners. To the first of these islands, which is called by the Indians
Guanahani, I gave the name of the blessed Saviour (San Salvador), relying upon whose protection I had
reached this as well as the other islands; to each of these I also gave a name, ordering that one should
be called Santa Maria de la Concepcion,(n2) another Fernandina,(n3) the third Isabella,(n4) the fourth
Juana,(n5) and so with all the rest respectively. As soon as we arrived at that, which as I have said was
named Juana, I proceeded along its coasts a short distance westward, and found it to be so large and
apparently without termination, that I could not suppose it to be an island, but the continental province of
Cathay. Seeing, however, no towns or populous places on the sea coast, but only a few detached houses
and cottages, with whose inhabitants I was unable to communicate, because they fled as soon as they
saw us, I went further on, thinking that in may progress I should certainly find some city or village. At
length, after proceeding a great way and finding that nothing new presented itself, and that the line of
coast was leading us northwards (which I wished to avoid, because it was winter and it was my intention
to move southwards; and because moreover the winds were contrary), I resolved not to attempt any
further progress, but rather to turn back and retrace my course to a certain bay that I had observed, and
from which I afterward dispatched two of our men to ascertain wither there were a king or any cities in
that province. These men reconnoitred the country for three days, and found a most num.
C o l u m b u s s D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e D i s .docxjasoninnes20
C o l u m b u s ' s D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e D i s c o v e r y o f A m e r i c a
( 1 4 9 2 )
The passage below is taken from a version of Columbus's journals edited by Bartolomeo de Las
Casas. As you read the passage, imagine the thrill of discovery that would have been experienced
by the sailors on board Columbus's ships. For them this was truly a venture into the unknown.
For many years Columbus's landing was judged to have been made on San Salvador (Watling
Island). A recent study retracing the voyage suggests that Columbus landed on the island of
Samana Cay, more than sixty miles to the southeast of San Salvador. Many scholars will not
agree with this new assertion, and the exact location of the island does not change the nature of
the reaction shown in this journal. If you wish to examine the new evidence, see the National
Geographic 170, no. 5 (November 1986): 566–605.
. . . the Admiral requested and admonished them to keep a sharp lookout at the castle of the bow,
and to look well for land, and said that he would give to him who first saw land a silk doublet,
besides the other rewards which the King and Queen had promised, namely and annual pension
of ten thousand maravedis to him who should see it first. Two hours after midnight, the land
appeared about two leagues off. They lowered all the sails, leaving only a storm square sail,
which is the mainsail without bonnets, and lay to until Friday when they reached a small island
of the Lucayos, called Guanahani by the natives. They soon saw people naked, and the Admiral
went on shore in the armed boat. . . . As soon as they had landed they saw trees of a brilliant
green abundance of water and fruits of various kinds. The Admiral called the two captains and
the rest who had come on shore . . . and he called them as witnesses to certify that he in the
presence of them all, was taking, as he in fact took possession of said island for the king and
Queen his masters, making the declarations that were required as they will be found more fully
in the attestations then taken down in writing. Soon after a large crowd of natives congregated
there. What follows are the Admiral's own words in his book on the first voyage and discovery
of these Indies.
"In order to win the friendship and affection of that people, and because I am convinced that
their conversion to our Holy Faith would be better promoted through love than through force; I
presented some of them with red caps and some strings of glass beads which they placed around
their necks, and with other trifles of insignificant worth that delighted them and by which we
have got a wonderful hold on their affections. They afterwards came to the boats of the vessels
swimming, bringing us parrots, cotton thread in balls, and spears, and many other things which
they bartered for others we gave them, as glass beads and little bells. . . . I saw but one very
young girl, all the rest being very young me ...
American History. Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Incredible content you just do not find all in one place. Visit us. Free downloads are available.
CHAPTER I.
The Shells of the Sea of Galilee i
CHAPTER H.
The Well of Jacob, . . . . . . . 12
CHAPTER in.
The Dew of Hermon, 27
CHAPTER IV.
The Scene of our Lord's Nativity, .... 40
CHAPTER V.
The Mistletoe of Bethlehem, 56
CHAPTER VI.
The Kiblah, 66
CHAPTER VII.
The Fountain of Capernaum, 78
CHAPTER VIII.
The Bells of the Horses, 88
CHAPTER IX.
The Way to Damascus, loi
CHAPTER X.
Thu Escape of St. Paul from Damascus, , . . • 114
A verse by verse commentary on Acts chapter 21 dealing with Paul's journey to Jerusalem where he went into the temple. Jews were angry and sought to kill him, but the Romans came to his rescue and stopped the beating. Paul was then arrested, but still allowed to speak to the angry crowd.
C o l u m b u s s D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e D i s .docxjasoninnes20
C o l u m b u s ' s D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e D i s c o v e r y o f A m e r i c a
( 1 4 9 2 )
The passage below is taken from a version of Columbus's journals edited by Bartolomeo de Las
Casas. As you read the passage, imagine the thrill of discovery that would have been experienced
by the sailors on board Columbus's ships. For them this was truly a venture into the unknown.
For many years Columbus's landing was judged to have been made on San Salvador (Watling
Island). A recent study retracing the voyage suggests that Columbus landed on the island of
Samana Cay, more than sixty miles to the southeast of San Salvador. Many scholars will not
agree with this new assertion, and the exact location of the island does not change the nature of
the reaction shown in this journal. If you wish to examine the new evidence, see the National
Geographic 170, no. 5 (November 1986): 566–605.
. . . the Admiral requested and admonished them to keep a sharp lookout at the castle of the bow,
and to look well for land, and said that he would give to him who first saw land a silk doublet,
besides the other rewards which the King and Queen had promised, namely and annual pension
of ten thousand maravedis to him who should see it first. Two hours after midnight, the land
appeared about two leagues off. They lowered all the sails, leaving only a storm square sail,
which is the mainsail without bonnets, and lay to until Friday when they reached a small island
of the Lucayos, called Guanahani by the natives. They soon saw people naked, and the Admiral
went on shore in the armed boat. . . . As soon as they had landed they saw trees of a brilliant
green abundance of water and fruits of various kinds. The Admiral called the two captains and
the rest who had come on shore . . . and he called them as witnesses to certify that he in the
presence of them all, was taking, as he in fact took possession of said island for the king and
Queen his masters, making the declarations that were required as they will be found more fully
in the attestations then taken down in writing. Soon after a large crowd of natives congregated
there. What follows are the Admiral's own words in his book on the first voyage and discovery
of these Indies.
"In order to win the friendship and affection of that people, and because I am convinced that
their conversion to our Holy Faith would be better promoted through love than through force; I
presented some of them with red caps and some strings of glass beads which they placed around
their necks, and with other trifles of insignificant worth that delighted them and by which we
have got a wonderful hold on their affections. They afterwards came to the boats of the vessels
swimming, bringing us parrots, cotton thread in balls, and spears, and many other things which
they bartered for others we gave them, as glass beads and little bells. . . . I saw but one very
young girl, all the rest being very young me ...
American History. Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Incredible content you just do not find all in one place. Visit us. Free downloads are available.
CHAPTER I.
The Shells of the Sea of Galilee i
CHAPTER H.
The Well of Jacob, . . . . . . . 12
CHAPTER in.
The Dew of Hermon, 27
CHAPTER IV.
The Scene of our Lord's Nativity, .... 40
CHAPTER V.
The Mistletoe of Bethlehem, 56
CHAPTER VI.
The Kiblah, 66
CHAPTER VII.
The Fountain of Capernaum, 78
CHAPTER VIII.
The Bells of the Horses, 88
CHAPTER IX.
The Way to Damascus, loi
CHAPTER X.
Thu Escape of St. Paul from Damascus, , . . • 114
A verse by verse commentary on Acts chapter 21 dealing with Paul's journey to Jerusalem where he went into the temple. Jews were angry and sought to kill him, but the Romans came to his rescue and stopped the beating. Paul was then arrested, but still allowed to speak to the angry crowd.
SMM Cheap - No. 1 SMM panel in the worldsmmpanel567
Boost your social media marketing with our SMM Panel services offering SMM Cheap services! Get cost-effective services for your business and increase followers, likes, and engagement across all social media platforms. Get affordable services perfect for businesses and influencers looking to increase their social proof. See how cheap SMM strategies can help improve your social media presence and be a pro at the social media game.
10 Video Ideas Any Business Can Make RIGHT NOW!
You'll never draw a blank again on what kind of video to make for your business. Go beyond the basic categories and truly reimagine a brand new advanced way to brainstorm video content creation. During this masterclass you'll be challenged to think creatively and outside of the box and view your videos through lenses you may have never thought of previously. It's guaranteed that you'll leave with more than 10 video ideas, but I like to under-promise and over-deliver. Don't miss this session.
Key Takeaways:
How to use the Video Matrix
How to use additional "Lenses"
Where to source original video ideas
5 big bets to drive growth in 2024 without one additional marketing dollar AND how to adapt to the biggest shifting eCommerce trend- AI.
1) Romance Your Customers - Retention
2) ‘Alternative’ Lead Gen - Advocacy
3) The Beautiful Basics - Conversion Rate Optimization
4) Land that Bottom Line - Profitability
5) Roll the Dice - New Business Models
The digital marketing industry is changing faster than ever and those who don’t adapt with the times are losing market share. Where should marketers be focusing their efforts? What strategies are the experts seeing get the best results? Get up-to-speed with the latest industry insights, trends and predictions for the future in this panel discussion with some leading digital marketing experts.
It's another new era of digital and marketers are faced with making big bets on their digital strategy. If you are looking at modernizing your tech stack to support your digital evolution, there are a few can't miss (often overlooked) areas that should be part of every conversation. We'll cover setting your vision, avoiding siloes, adding a democratized approach to data strategy, localization, creating critical governance requirements and more. Attendees will walk away with actions they can take into initiatives they are running today and consider for the future.
Monthly Social Media News Update May 2024Andy Lambert
TL;DR. These are the three themes that stood out to us over the course of last month.
1️⃣ Social media is becoming increasingly significant for brand discovery. Marketers are now understanding the impact of social and budgets are shifting accordingly.
2️⃣ Instagram’s new algorithm and latest guidance will help us maintain organic growth. Instagram continues to evolve, but Reels remains the most crucial tool for growth.
3️⃣ Collaboration will help us unlock growth. Who we work with will define how fast we grow. Meta continues to evolve their Creator Marketplace and now TikTok are beginning to push ‘collabs’ more too.
Mastering Local SEO for Service Businesses in the AI Era is tailored specifically for local service providers like plumbers, dentists, and others seeking to dominate their local search landscape. This session delves into leveraging AI advancements to enhance your online visibility and search rankings through the Content Factory model, designed for creating high-impact, SEO-driven content. Discover the Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy, a cost-effective approach to boost your local SEO efforts and attract more customers with minimal investment. Gain practical insights on optimizing your online presence to meet the specific needs of local service seekers, ensuring your business not only appears but stands out in local searches. This concise, action-oriented workshop is your roadmap to navigating the complexities of digital marketing in the AI age, driving more leads, conversions, and ultimately, success for your local service business.
Key Takeaways:
Embrace AI for Local SEO: Learn to harness the power of AI technologies to optimize your website and content for local search. Understand the pivotal role AI plays in analyzing search trends and consumer behavior, enabling you to tailor your SEO strategies to meet the specific demands of your target local audience. Leverage the Content Factory Model: Discover the step-by-step process of creating SEO-optimized content at scale. This approach ensures a steady stream of high-quality content that engages local customers and boosts your search rankings. Get an action guide on implementing this model, complete with templates and scheduling strategies to maintain a consistent online presence. Maximize ROI with Dollar-a-Day Advertising: Dive into the cost-effective Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy that amplifies your visibility in local searches without breaking the bank. Learn how to strategically allocate your budget across platforms to target potential local customers effectively. The session includes an action guide on setting up, monitoring, and optimizing your ad campaigns to ensure maximum impact with minimal investment.
Mastering Local SEO for Service Businesses in the AI Era is tailored specifically for local service providers like plumbers, dentists, and others seeking to dominate their local search landscape. This session delves into leveraging AI advancements to enhance your online visibility and search rankings through the Content Factory model, designed for creating high-impact, SEO-driven content. Discover the Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy, a cost-effective approach to boost your local SEO efforts and attract more customers with minimal investment. Gain practical insights on optimizing your online presence to meet the specific needs of local service seekers, ensuring your business not only appears but stands out in local searches. This concise, action-oriented workshop is your roadmap to navigating the complexities of digital marketing in the AI age, driving more leads, conversions, and ultimately, success for your local service business.
Key Takeaways:
Embrace AI for Local SEO: Learn to harness the power of AI technologies to optimize your website and content for local search. Understand the pivotal role AI plays in analyzing search trends and consumer behavior, enabling you to tailor your SEO strategies to meet the specific demands of your target local audience. Leverage the Content Factory Model: Discover the step-by-step process of creating SEO-optimized content at scale. This approach ensures a steady stream of high-quality content that engages local customers and boosts your search rankings. Get an action guide on implementing this model, complete with templates and scheduling strategies to maintain a consistent online presence. Maximize ROI with Dollar-a-Day Advertising: Dive into the cost-effective Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy that amplifies your visibility in local searches without breaking the bank. Learn how to strategically allocate your budget across platforms to target potential local customers effectively. The session includes an action guide on setting up, monitoring, and optimizing your ad campaigns to ensure maximum impact with minimal investment.
For too many years marketing and sales have operated in silos...while in some forward thinking companies, the two organizations work together to drive new opportunity development and revenue. This session will explore the lessons learned in that beautiful dance that can occur when marketing and sales work together...to drive new opportunity development, account expansion and customer satisfaction.
No, this is not a conversation about MQLs and SQLs. Instead we will focus on a framework that allows the two organizations to drive company success together.
Financial curveballs sent many American families reeling in 2023. Household budgets were squeezed by rising interest rates, surging prices on everyday goods, and a stagnating housing market. Consumers were feeling strapped. That sentiment, however, appears to be waning. The question is, to what extent?
To take the pulse of consumers’ feelings about their financial well-being ahead of a highly anticipated election, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey. The survey highlights consumers’ hopes and anxieties as we move into 2024. Let's unpack the key findings to gain insights about where we stand.
The What, Why & How of 3D and AR in Digital CommercePushON Ltd
Vladimir Mulhem has over 20 years of experience in commercialising cutting edge creative technology across construction, marketing and retail.
Previously the founder and Tech and Innovation Director of Creative Content Works working with the likes of Next, John Lewis and JD Sport, he now helps retailers, brands and agencies solve challenges of applying the emerging technologies 3D, AR, VR and Gen AI to real-world problems.
In this webinar, Vladimir will be covering the following topics:
Applications of 3D and AR in Digital Commerce,
Benefits of 3D and AR,
Tools to create, manage and publish 3D and AR in Digital Commerce.
How to Use AI to Write a High-Quality Article that Ranksminatamang0021
In the world of content creation, many AI bloggers have drifted away from their original vision, resulting in low-quality articles that search engines overlook. Don't let that happen to you! Join us to discover how to leverage AI tools effectively to craft high-quality content that not only captures your audience's attention but also ranks well on search engines.
Disclaimer: Some of the prompts mentioned here are the examples of Matt Diggity. Please use it as reference and make your own custom prompts.
Top 3 Ways to Align Sales and Marketing Teams for Rapid GrowthDemandbase
In this session, Demandbase’s Stephanie Quinn, Sr. Director of Integrated and Digital Marketing, Devin Rosenberg, Director of Sales, and Kevin Rooney, Senior Director of Sales Development will share how sales and marketing shapes their day-to-day and what key areas are needed for true alignment.
Most small businesses struggle to see marketing results. In this session, we will eliminate any confusion about what to do next, solving your marketing problems so your business can thrive. You’ll learn how to create a foundational marketing OS (operating system) based on neuroscience and backed by real-world results. You’ll be taught how to develop deep customer connections, and how to have your CRM dynamically segment and sell at any stage in the customer’s journey. By the end of the session, you’ll remove confusion and chaos and replace it with clarity and confidence for long-term marketing success.
Key Takeaways:
• Uncover the power of a foundational marketing system that dynamically communicates with prospects and customers on autopilot.
• Harness neuroscience and Tribal Alignment to transform your communication strategies, turning potential clients into fans and those fans into loyal customers.
• Discover the art of automated segmentation, pinpointing your most lucrative customers and identifying the optimal moments for successful conversions.
• Streamline your business with a content production plan that eliminates guesswork, wasted time, and money.
When most people in the industry talk about online or digital reputation management, what they're really saying is Google search and PPC. And it's usually reactive, left dealing with the aftermath of negative information published somewhere online. That's outdated. It leaves executives, organizations and other high-profile individuals at a high risk of a digital reputation attack that spans channels and tactics. But the tools needed to safeguard against an attack are more cybersecurity-oriented than most marketing and communications professionals can manage. Business leaders Leaders grasp the importance; 83% of executives place reputation in their top five areas of risk, yet only 23% are confident in their ability to address it. To succeed in 2024 and beyond, you need to turn online reputation on its axis and think like an attacker.\
Key Takeaways:
- New framework for examining and safeguarding an online reputation
- Tools and techniques to keep you a step ahead
- Practical examples that demonstrate when to act, how to act and how to recover
The Secret to Engaging Modern Consumers: Journey Mapping and Personalization
In today's digital landscape, understanding the customer's journey and delivering personalized experiences are paramount. This masterclass delves into the art of consumer journey mapping, a powerful technique that visualizes the entire customer experience across touchpoints. Attendees will learn how to create detailed journey maps, identify pain points, and uncover opportunities for optimization. The presentation also explores personalization strategies that leverage data and technology to tailor content, products, and experiences to individual customers. From real-time personalization to predictive analytics, attendees will gain insights into cutting-edge approaches that drive engagement and loyalty.
Key Takeaways:
Current consumer landscape; Steps to mapping an effective consumer journey; Understanding the value of personalization; Integrating mapping and personalization for success; Brands that are getting It right!; Best Practices; Future Trends
2. 1524 of Giovanni da Verrazano as
recorded in a letter to Francis I, King
of France, July 8th, 1524
3. • ... Since the storm that we encountered in the northern
regions, Most Serene King, I have not written to tell Your
Majesty of what happened to the four ships which you sent
over the Ocean to explore new lands, as I thought that you
had already been informed of everything--how we were
forced by the fury of the winds to return in distress to
Brittany with only the Normandy and the Dauphine, and
that after undergoing repairs there, began our voyage with
these two ships, equipped for war, following the coasts of
Spain, Your Most Serene Majesty will have heard; and then
according to our new plan, we continued the original
voyage with only the Dauphine; now on our return from
this voyage I will tell Your Majesty of what we found.
4. • We set sail with the Dauphine from the deserted rock near the
Island of Madeira, which belongs to the Most Serene King of
Portugal on the 17th day of January last; we had fifty men, and
were provided with food for eight months, with arms and other
articles of war, and naval munitions; we sailed westward on the
gentle breath of a light easterly wind. In 25 days we covered eight
hundred leagues. On the 24th day of February we went through a
storm as violent as ever sailing man encountered. We were
delivered from it with the divine help and goodness of the ship,
whose glorious name and happy destiny enabled her to endure the
violent waves of the sea. We continued on our westerly course
keeping rather to the north. In another 25 days we sailed more than
four hundred leagues where there appeared a new land which had
never been seen before by any man, either Ancient or modern.
5. • At first it appeared to be rather low-lying; having
approached within a quarter of a league, we
realized that it was inhabited, for huge fires had
been built on the seashore. We saw that the land
stretched southward, and coasted along it in
search of some port where we might anchor the
ship and investigate the nature of the land, but in
fifty leagues we found no harbor or place where
we could stop with the ship.
6. • Seeing that the land continued to the south we decided to turn and
skirt it toward the north, where we found the land we had sighted
earlier. So we anchored off the coast and sent the small boat in to
land. We had seen many people coming to the seashore, but they
fled when they saw us approaching; several times they stopped and
turned around to look at us in great wonderment. We reassured
them with various signs, and some of them came up, showing great
delight at seeing us and marveling at our clothes, appearance, and
our whiteness; they showed us by various signs where we could
most easily secure the boat, and offered us some of their food. We
were on land, and I shall now tell Your Majesty briefly what we
were able to learn of their life and customs.
7. • They go completely naked except that around
their loins they wear skins of small animals like
martens, with a narrow belt of grass around the
body, to which they tie various tails of other
animals which hang down to the knees; the rest
of the body is bare, and so is the head. Some of
them wear garlands of birds’ feathers. They are
dark in color (comment: some use the word
Black, it is entirely up to the translator), not
unlike the Ethiopians, with thick black hair, not
very long, tied back behind the head like a small
tail.
8. • As for the physique of these men, they are well proportioned, of medium
height, a little taller than we are. They have broad chests, strong arms, and
the legs and other parts of the body are well composed. There is nothing
else, except that they tend to be rather broad in the face: but not all, for
we saw many with angular faces. They have big black eyes, and an
attentive and open look. They are not very strong, but they have a sharp
cunning, and are agile and swift runners. From what we could tell from
observation, in the last two respects they resemble the Orientals,
particularly those from the farthest Sinarian regions (possibly Malay
peninsula/Indonesia). (Note on the use of Dark rather than Black: Albinos
will often use words of their own liking as a means of hiding Black
people in history, it all depends on the persons level of Racism.
Comparison to Ethiopians of course ends all debate. There are gushing
descriptions of lighter-skinned natives following, that may also be
attributed to the translators racism).
•
9. • We could not learn the details of the life and
customs of these people because of the short
time we spent on land, due to the fact that
there were few men, and the ship was
anchored on the high seas. Not far from these
people, we found others on the shore whose
way of life we think is similar.
10. • I will now tell Your Majesty about it, and describe the
situation and nature of this land. The seashore is
completely covered with fine sand 15 feet deep, which
rises in the form of small hills about fifty paces wide.
After climbing farther, we found other streams and
inlets from the sea which come in by several mouths,
and follow the ins and outs of the shoreline. Nearby we
could see a stretch of country much higher than the
sandy shore, with many beautiful fields and plains full
of great forests, some sparse and some dense; and the
trees have so many colors, and are so beautiful and
delightful that they defy description.
11. • And do not think, Your Majesty, that these forests
are like the Hyrcanian Forest or the wild
wastelands of Scythia and the northern countries,
full of common trees; they are adorned and
clothed with palms, laurel, cypress, and other
varieties of tree unknown in our Europe. And
these trees emit a sweet fragrance over a large
area, the nature of which we could not examine
for the reason stated above, not because we
found it difficult to get through the forests-
indeed, they are nowhere so dense as to be
impenetrable
12. • We think that they belong to the Orient by virtue
of the surroundings, and that they are not
without some kind of narcotic or aromatic liquor.
There are other riches, like gold, which ground of
such a color usually denotes. There is an
abundance of animals, stags, deer, hares; and
also of lakes and pools of running water with
various types of bird, perfect for all the delights
and pleasures of the hunt. This land lies at 34
degrees [on a parallel with Carthage and
Damascus] (South Carolina).
13. • The air is salubrious and pure, and free from the
extremes of heat and cold; gentle winds blow in
these regions, and the prevailing winds in
summertime, which was beginning when we
were there, are northwest and westerly; the sky
is clear and cloudless, with infrequent rain, and if
occasionally the south winds bring in clouds and
murkiness, they are dispelled in an instant, and
the sky is once more clear and bright; the sea is
calm and unruffled, its waves gentle.
14. • And although the whole shore tends to be low and has
no harbor it is not dangerous for sailors, since it is quite
distinct and without rocks; the water is deep, for at
four or five paces from land it is at least 20 feet deep
whatever the tide, and this depth increases in relation
to the distance from the shore. With such good coastal
conditions, no ship in distress in a storm could perish in
these parts unless she broke her ropes. And we proved
this by experience; for several times at the beginning of
March, when the wind usually blow fiercely in any
region, we were overwhelmed by storms as we lay at
anchor at sea, and we found the anchor broken rather
than torn from the seabed or moved at all.
15. • We left this place and continued to follow the coast,
which we found veered to the east. All along it we saw
great fires because of the numerous inhabitants; we
anchored off the shore since there was no harbor, and
because we needed water we sent the small boat
ashore with 25 men. The sea along the coast was
churned up by enormous waves because of the open
beach, and so it was impossible to put anyone ashore
without endangering the boat. We saw many people
on the beach making various friendly signs, and
beckoning us ashore and there I saw a magnificent
deed, as Your Majesty will hear.
16. • We sent one of our young sailors swimming
ashore to take the people some trinkets, such as
little bells, mirrors, an other trifles, and when he
came within four fathoms of them, he threw
them the goods and tried to turn back, but he
was so tossed about by the waves that he was
carried up onto the beach half dead. Seeing this,
the native people immediately ran up; they took
him by the head, the legs, and arms and carried
him some distance away. Whereupon the youth,
realizing he was being carried away like this, was
seized with terror, and began to utter loud cries.
17. • They answered him in their language to show him he should not be
afraid. Then they placed him on the ground in the sun, at the foot
of a small hill, and made gestures of great admiration, looking at
the whiteness of his flesh and examining him from head to foot.
They took off his shirt and shoes and hose, leaving him naked, then
made huge fire next to him, placing him near the heat. When the
sailors in the boat saw this, the were filled with terror, as always
when something new occurs, and thought the people wanted to
roast him for food. After remaining with them for a while, he
regained his strength, and showed them by signs that he wanted to
return to the ship. With the greatest kindness, they accompanied
him to the sea, holding him close and embracing him; an then to
reassure him, they withdrew to a high hill and stood watching him
until he was in the boat.
18. • The youth learned the following about these people: they are dark
in color like the other tribes, their skin is very glossy, they are of
medium height, their faces are more clear-cut, their body and other
limbs much more delicate and much less powerful, but they are
more quick-witted. He saw nothing else. We left this place [GV
footnote: We called it "Annunciata" from the day of arrival, and
found there an isthmus one mile wide and about two hundred
miles long, in which we could see the eastern sea from the ship,
halfway between west and north. This is doubtless the one which
goes around the tip of India, China, and Cathay. We sailed along this
isthmus, hoping all the time to find some strait or real promontory
where the land might end to the north, and we could reach those
blessed shores of Cathay. This ishtmus was named by the discoverer
"Varazanio," just as all the land we found was called "Francesca,"
after our Francis.]
19. • Still following the coast which veered somewhat to the north, and after fifty
leagues we reached another land which seemed much more beautiful and full of
great forests. We anchored there, and with 20 men we penetrated about two
leagues inland, to find that the people had fled in terror into the forests. Searching
everywhere, we met with a very old woman and a young girl of 18 to 20 years,
who had hidden in the grass in fear. The old woman had two little girls whom she
carried on her shoulders, and clinging to her neck a boy -- they were all about
eight years old. The young woman also had three children, but all girls. When we
met them, they began to shout. The old woman made signs to us that the men
had fled to the woods. We gave her some of our food to eat, which she accepted
with great pleasure; the young woman refused everything and threw it angrily to
the ground. We took the boy from the old woman to carry back to France, and we
wanted to take the young woman, who was very beautiful and tall, but it was
impossible to take her to the sea because of the loud cries she uttered. And as we
were a long way from the ship and had to pass through several woods, we decided
to leave her behind, and took only the boy.
20. • We found these people whiter than the previous ones;
they were dressed in certain grasses that hang from the
branches of the trees and which they weave with different
threads of wild hemp. Their heads are bare and of the same
shape as the others. On the whole they live on pulses,
which are abundant and different from ours in color and
size, but are excellent and have a delicious taste; otherwise
they live by hunting fish and birds, which they catch with
bows and snares. They make the bows of hard wood, the
arrows of reeds, and at the point they put the bones of fish
and other animals. The wild animals here are much more
ferocious than in Europe because they are continually being
molested by hunters.
21. • We saw many of their little boats made out of a
single tree, twenty feet long and four feet wide,
which are put together without stone, iron, or
any other kind of metal. For in the whole country,
in the area of two hundred leagues that we
covered, we did not see a single stone of any
kind. They use fire and burn the wood as much as
necessary to hollow out the boat: they do the
same for the stern and the prow so that when it
sails it can plow through the waves of the sea.
22. • The land is like the previous one in situation, fertility, and beauty; the woods are
sparse; the land is covered with different types of trees, but they are not so
fragrant, since there it is more northern and cold. We saw there many vines
growing wild, which climb up around the trees as they do in Cisalpine Gaul: they
would doubtless produce excellent wines if they were properly cultivated, for
several times we found the dry fruit sweet and pleasant, not unlike our own. The
people must value them, because wherever they grow, the bushes around them
are removed so that the fruit can ripen better. We found wild roses, violets, and
lilies, and many kinds of herbs and flowers different from ours. We did not find out
about their houses, as they were in the interior of country. We think from the
many signs we saw that they are built of wood and grasses; we also think from
various conjectures and signs that many of them who sleep in country have
nothing but the sky for cover. We learned nothing more of them. We think that all
the others of the country we visited earlier live in the same way. After staying here
for three days, anchored off the coast, we decided to leave because of the scarcity
of port and we continued to follow the coast to the northeast, sailing only during
the day an casting anchor at night.[ftnte # 10]
23. • After a hundred leagues we found a very agreeable place between two small but
prominent hills; between them a very wide river, deep at its mouth, flow out into
the sea; and with the help of the tide, which rises eight feet, any laden ship could
have passed from the sea into the river estuary. [almost certainly New York
Harbor] Once we were anchored off the coast and well sheltered, we did not want
to run any risks without knowing anything about the river mouth. So we took the
small boat up this river to land which we found densely populated. The people
were almost the same as the others, dressed in birds’ feathers of various color and
they came toward us joyfully, uttering loud cries of wonderment, and showing us
safest place to beach the boat. We went up this river for about half a league,
where we saw that it formed a beautiful lake, about three leagues in
circumference. About 30 small boats ran to and from across the lake with
innumerable people aboard who were crossing from one side to the other to see
us. Suddenly, as often happens in sailing, a violent unfavorable wind blew in from
the sea, and we were forced to return to the ship, leaving the land with much
regret on account of its favorable conditions and beauty; we think was not without
some properties of value, since all the hills showed signs of minerals.
24. • We weighed anchor, and sailed eastward since the land
veered in that direction [along the south shore of Long
Island], and covered 80 leagues, always keeping in sight
of land. We discovered a triangular-shaped island, ten
leagues from the mainland, similar in size to the island
of Rhodes [ likely Block Island ]; it was full of hills,
covered in trees, and highly populated to judge by the
fires we saw burning continually along the shore. We
baptized it in the name of your illustrious mother, but
did not anchor there because the weather was
unfavorable.
25. • We reached another land 15 leagues from the island, where we found an excellent harbor [in
lalmost certainly Newport in lower Narragansett Bay]; before entering it, we saw about boats full of
people who came around the ship uttering various cries of wonderment. They did not come nearer
than fifty paces but stopped to look at the structure of our ship, our persons, and our clothes; then
all together they raised a loud cry which meant that they were joyful. We reassured them
somewhat by imitating their gestures, and they came near enough for us to throw them a few little
bells and mirrors and many trinkets, which they took and looked at, laughing, and then they
confidently came on board ship. Among them were two kings, who were as beautiful of stature and
build as I can possibly describe. The first was about 40 years old, the other a young man of 24, and
they were dressed thus: the older man had on his naked body a stag skin, skillfully worked like
damask with various embroideries; the head was bare, the hair tied back with various bands, and
around the neck hung a wide chain decorated with many different-colored stones. The young man
was dressed in almost the same way. These people are the most beautiful and have the most civil
customs that we have found on this voyage. They are taller than we are; they are a bronze color,
some tending more toward whiteness, others to a tawny color; the face is clear-cut; the hair is
long and black, and they take great pains to decorate it; the eyes are black and alert, and their
manner is sweet and gentle, very like the manner of the ancients I shall not speak to Your Majesty
of the other parts of the body, since they have all the proportions belonging to any well-built man.
26. Bronze and the Albino People
• Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper,
commonly with about 12% tin and often with the
addition of other metals (such as aluminium,
manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-
metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus
or silicon. These additions produce a range of
alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or
have other useful properties, such as stiffness,
ductility or machinability. The historical period
where the archeological record contains many
bronze artifacts is known as the Bronze Age.
27. • Albinos often use code words to encourage
the reader to imagine Albino people as they
read historical documents. This is all part of
the Albinos continuing efforts to falsify
history, and interject Albinos in place of the
original Blacks. The word "Bronze" is a word
that they often use for this purpose. It's use
automatically causes us to think of a Tanned
Albino - but is that accurate?
28. • No it is not - We know of no Albino people
with these skin colors
29. • Their women are just as shapely and beautiful; very gracious, of attractive manner
and pleasant appearance; their customs and behavior follow womanly custom as
far as befits human nature; they go nude except for stag skin embroidered like the
men’s, and some wear rich lynx skins on their arms; their bare heads are
decorated with various ornaments made of braids of their own hair which hang
down over their breasts on either side. Some have other hair arrangements such
as the women of Egypt and Syria wear, and these women are older and have been
joined in wedlock. Both men and women have various trinkets hanging from their
ears as the Orientals do; and we saw that they had many sheets of worked copper
which they prize more than gold. They do not value gold because of its color; they
think it the most worthless of all, and rate blue and red above all other colors. The
things we gave them that they prized the most were little bells, blue crystals, and
other trinkets to put in the ear or around the neck. They did not appreciate cloth
of silk and gold, nor even of any other kind, nor did they care to have them; the
same was true for metals like steel and iron, for many times when we showed
them some of our arms, they did not admire them, nor ask for them, but merely
examined the workmanship. They did the same with mirrors; they would look at
them quickly, and then refuse them, laughing.
30. • They are very generous and give away all they have.
We made great friends with them, and one day before
we entered the harbor with the ship, when we were
lying at anchor one league out to sea because of
unfavorable weather, they came out to the ship with a
great number of their boats; they had painted and
decorated their faces with various colors, showing us
that it was a sign of happiness. They brought us some
of their food, and showed us by signs where we should
anchor in the port for the ship’s safety, and then
accompanied us all the way until we dropped anchor.
31. • We stayed there for 15 days, taking advantage of the place to refresh ourselves. Every day the
people came to see us on the ship, bringing their womenfolk. They are very careful with them, for
when they come aboard and stay a long time, they make the women wait in the boats; and
however many entreaties we made or offers of various gifts, we could no persuade them to let the
women come on board ship. One of the two kings often came with the queen and many attendants
for the pleasure of seeing us, and at first they always stopped on a piece of ground about two
hundred paces away from us, and sent a boat to warn us of their arrival, saying they wanted to
come and see the ship: they did this as a kind of precaution. And once they had a reply from us,
they came immediately, and watched us for a while; but when they heard the irksome clamor of
the crowd of sailors, they sent the queen and her maidens in a light little boat to wait on a small
island about a quarter of a league from us. The king remained a long while, discussing by signs and
gestures various fanciful notions, looking at all the ship’s equipment, and asking especially about its
uses; he imitated our manners, tasted our food, and then courteously took his leave of us.
Sometimes when our men stayed on a small island near the ship for two or three days for their
various needs, as is the custom of sailors, he would come with seven or eight of his attendants,
watch our operations, and often ask us if we wanted to stay there any length of time, offering us all
his help. Then he would shoot his bow and run and perform various games with his men to give us
pleasure.
32. • We frequently went five to six leagues into the interior, and found it as pleasant as I can possibly
describe, and suitable for every kind of cultivation-grain, wine, or oil. For there the fields extend for
25 to 30 leagues; they are open and free of any obstacles or trees, and so fertile that any kind of
seed would produce excellent crops. Then we entered the forests, which could be penetrated even
by a large army; the trees there are oaks, cypresses, and others unknown in our Europe. We found
Lucullian apples, plums, and filberts, and many kinds of fruit different from ours. There is an
enormous number of animals-stags, deer, lynx, and other species; these people, like the others,
capture them with snares and bows, which are their principal weapons. Their arrows are worked
with great beauty, and they tip them not with iron but with emery, jasper, hard marble, and other
sharp stones. They use the same kind of stone instead of iron for cutting trees, and make their little
boats with a single log of wood, hollowed out with admirable skill; there is ample room in them for
fourteen to xv men; they operate a short oar, broad at the end, with only the strength of their arms,
and they go to sea without any danger, and as swiftly as they please. When we went farther inland
we saw their houses, which are circular in shape, about 14 to 15 paces across, made of bent
saplings; they are arranged without any architectural pattern, and are covered with cleverly worked
mats of straw which protect them from wind and rain. There is no doubt that if they had the skilled
workmen that we have, they would erect great buildings, for the whole maritime coast is full of
various blue rocks, crystals, and alabaster, and for such a purpose it has an abundance of ports and
shelter for ships.
33. • They move these houses from one place to another according to the
richness of the site and the season. They need only carry the straw mats,
and so they have new houses made in no time at all. In each house there
lives a father with a very large family, for in some we saw 25 to 30 people.
They live on the same food as the other people-pulse (which they produce
with more systematic cultivation than the other tribes, and when sowing
they observe the influence of the moon, the rising of the Pleiades, and
many other customs derived from the ancients), and otherwise on game
and fish. They live a long time, and rarely fall sick; if they are wounded,
they cure themselves with fire without medicine; their end comes with old
age. We consider them very compassionate and charitable toward their
relatives, for they make great lamentations in times of adversity, recalling
in their grief all their past happiness. At the end of their life, the relatives
perform together the Sicilian lament, which is mingled with singing and
lasts a long time. This is all that we could learn of them.
34. • This country is situated on a parallel with Rome at 40 2/3s degrees, but is
somewhat colder, by chance and not by nature, as I shall explain to Your Majesty at
another point; I will now describe the position of the aforementioned port. The
coast of this land runs from west to east. The harbor mouth [GV footnote: which
we called "refugio" because of its beauty] faces south, and is half a league wide;
from its entrance it extends for 12 leagues in a northeasterly direction, and then
widens out to form a large bay of about 20 leagues in circumference. In this bay
there are five small islands, very fertile and beautiful, full of tall spreading trees,
and any large fleet could ride safely among them without fear of tempest or other
dangers. Then, going southward to the entrance of the harbor, there are very
pleasant hills on either side, with many streams of clear water flowing from the
high land into the sea. In the middle of this estuary there is a rock of "viva pietra"
[a nonporous rock] formed by nature, which is suitable for building any kind of
machine or bulwark for the defense of the harbor. [GV footnote: which we called
"La Petra Viva," on account of both the nature of the stone and the family of a
gentlewoman; on the right side of the harbor mouth there is a promontory which
we call "Jovius promontory]
35. • Having supplied all our needs, we left this port on the sixth day of May
and continued along the coast, never losing sight of land.[Likely along the
southern coast of Cape Cod, first past Martha's Vineyard and then
Nantucket] We sailed one hundred and fifty leagues [GV footnote: within
this distance we found sandbanks which stretch from the continent fifty
leagues out to sea. Over them the water was never less than three feet
deep; thus there is great danger in sailing there. We crossed them with
difficulty and called them "Armellini] and found the land similar in nature,
but somewhat higher, with several mountains which all showed signs of
minerals. We did not land there because the weather was favorable and
helped us in sailing along the coast: we think it resembles the other. The
shore ran eastward. At a distance of fifty leagues, keeping more to the
north, we found high country full of very dense forests, composed of
pines, cypresses, and similar trees which grow in cold regions. [This is
likely along the coast of southern Maine.]
36. • The people were quite different from the others, for while the previous ones had been courteous in
manner, these were full of crudity and vices, and were so barbarous that we could never make any
communication with them, however many signs we made to them. They were clothed in skins of
bear, lynx, sea-wolf and other animals. As far as we could judge from several visits to their houses,
we think they live on game, fish, and several fruits which are a species of root which the earth
produces itself. They have no pulse, and we saw no sign of cultivation, nor would the land be
suitable for producing any fruit or grain on account of its sterility. If we wanted to trade with them
for some of their things, they would come to the seashore on some rocks where the breakers were
most violent, while we remained in the little boat, and they sent us what they wanted to give on a
rope, continually shouting to us not to approach the land; they gave us the barter quickly, and
would take in exchange only knives, hooks for fishing and sharp metal. We found no courtesy in
them, and when we had nothing more to exchange and left them, the men made all the signs of
scorn and shame that any brute creature would make [GV footnote: such as showing their buttocks
and laughing.] Against their wishes, we penetrated two or three leagues inland with 25 armed men,
and when we disembarked on the shore, they shot at us with their bows and uttered loud cries
before fleeing into the woods. We did not find anything of great value in this land, except for the
vast forests and some hills which could contain some metal: for we saw many natives with
"paternostri" beads of copper in their ears.
37. • We departed, skirting the coast in a northeasterly direction; we
found the country more beautiful, open and bare of trees, with high
mountains in the interior which slope down toward the seashore. In
fifty leagues we discovered 32 islands, [GV footnote: we are in 43
2/3 [degrees] all near the continent: they were small and pleasant
in appearance, but high, and followed the curve of the land; some
beautiful ports and channels were formed between them, such as
those formed in the Adriatic Gulf in Illyria and Dalmatia. We made
no contact with the people and we think they were, like the others,
devoid of manners and humanity. After sailing 150 leagues in a
northeasterly direction we approached the land which the Britons
once found, which lies in 50 degrees; and since we had exhausted
all our naval stores and provisions, and had discovered seven
hundred leagues or more of new land, we took on supplies of water
and wood, and decided to return to France.
38. • Due to the lack of [a common] language, we were unable to find
out by signs or gestures how much religious faith these people we
found possess. We think they have neither religion nor laws, that
they do not know of a First Cause or Author, that they do not
worship the sky, the stars, the sun, the moon, or other planets, nor
do they even practice any kind of idolatry; we do not know whether
they offer any sacrifices or other prayers, nor are there any temples
or churches of prayer among their peoples. We consider that they
have no religion and that they live in absolute freedom, and that
everything they do proceeds from Ignorance; for they are very
easily persuaded, and they imitated everything that they saw us
Christians do with regard to divine worship, with the same fervor
and enthusiasm that we had.
39. • It remains for me to tell Your Majesty of the progress of this voyage as regards Cosmography. As I
said earlier, we departed from the aforementioned rocks which lie at the limit of the Occident as
the ancients knew it, and in the meridian of the Fortunate Islands, at a latitude Of 32 degrees north
from the Equator in our hemisphere, we sailed westward until we first found land at 1200 leagues-
which is equal to 4800 miles, counting four miles to a league in accordance with the maritime
practice of naval experts: geometrically, according to the ratio of three plus 1 1/2 times one seventh
[3’ 3/14] of the diameter to the circumference, that is, 92 54164/47233 degrees. This is correct. For,
since the chord [diameter] of an arc of the greatest circle is 114 6/11 degrees, and the chord
[diameter] of the parallel of 34 degrees where we first found land, according to the same ratio, is
95 233/450 degrees, then the circumference of the whole circle is 300 713/1575 degrees; allowing
62 1/2 miles for each degree* (which most of those who have experimented confirm as the
distance on earth corresponding to the proportion of the sky), this should give us 188759 31/126
miles, divided into 36o parts, which would come to 52 989/9072 miles each. And this is the length
of a degree of longitude in the said parallel [of latitude] Of 34 degrees; on the basis of this we
calculated our departure by taking a straight line from the meridian of the aforesaid rocks which lie
in latitude 32 degrees. Using these 1200 leagues on a straight line in an east-west direction in 34
degrees [of latitude], we found therefore that this amounts to 92 54164/472773 degrees, and so
we have navigated in this parallel of 34 degrees this much farther to the westward than was ever
known to the ancients.**
40. • [Editor's footnote: ** Verrazzano’s reference to the number of "degrees" in the
"chord," etc., is confusing to one who does not understand what he means. In
plain language, his argument is as follows, using his figures but changing his words:
If a great circle, such as the equator, be divided into 36o parts, each part will
contain 62 1/2 miles. If there are 36o such parts in the circumference of the circle,
then, according to the ratio of circumference to diameter, 3 3/14 to 1, there are in
the diameter only 114 6/11 such parts of 62 1/2 miles each. (He uses the word
"chord" for diameter.) Now, if the diameter of a great circle contains 114 6/11 such
parts, the diameter of a circle lying in the plane of 34’ of latitude will contain only
95 233/450 such parts, and multiplying that diameter by 3 1/7, he finds the
circumference of a circle in 34’ of latitude to contain 300 713/1575 such parts of
62 1/2, miles each. The last two figures multiplied together give him 18,759
31/126 miles in the circumference of the circle in 34’. Then dividing 18,759 31/126
into 36o equal parts or degrees, he finds that a degree of longitude at the height
Of 34’ of latitude measures 52 989/9072 0 miles. As he estimated that he had
sailed westward 1,200 leagues or 4,800 miles in that latitude, he divides 4,8oo by
52 989/9072 and finds that he sailed through 92 54164/472733 degrees of
longitude. That is the substance of his method, although his fractions are not
always accurate.-E. H. H.]
41. • This longitudinal distance was known to us by navigating
with various instruments (but without observing lunar
eclipses or other phenomena), by the motion of the sun
(always taking the altitude at whatever hour we wished)
[and] by the distance the ship ran on the various courses;
thus we found the distance between one meridian and
another geometrically. I have noted all this fully in a little
book, together with the rising of the tide in all the regions
in every season and at every time of day, which I think
would prove rather useful to navigators. I hope to discuss
the matter with Your Majesty with a view to promoting
science.
42. • My intention on this voyage was to reach Cathay and the extreme
eastern coast of Asia, but I did not expect to find such an obstacle
of new land as I have found; and if for some reason I did expect to
find it, I estimated there would be some strait to get through to the
Eastern Ocean. This was the opinion of all the ancients, who
certainly believed that our Western Ocean was joined to the
Eastern Ocean of India without any land in between. Aristotle
supports this theory by arguments of various analogies, but this
opinion is quite contrary to that of the moderns, and has been
proven false by experience. Nevertheless, land has been found by
modern man which was unknown to the ancients, another world
with respect to the one they knew, which appears to be larger than
our Europe, than Africa, and almost larger than Asia, if we estimate
its size correctly; I shall give Your Majesty a concise account of it.
43. • Beyond the Equator, at 20 32060/4781 [32060/46781?] degrees westward
from the Fortunate Islands, the Spaniard [Magellan] sailed to 54 degrees
south where they found land without end. They then turned to the north
along the same meridian and followed the coast as far as 8 degrees. They
have sailed to 89 2970/46781 degrees, which added to the 20
3206o/46781 degrees makes 110 44830/46783 degrees. So they have
sailed this far westward from the aforementioned meridian of the
Fortunate Islands in the parallel of 21 degrees of latitude. We have not
measured this distance as we have not made this particular voyage; it
could vary a little one way or the other. We have calculated it
"geometrically" from the reports of many naval experts who have made
the voyage-who assert it to be i6oo leagues, to judge the ship’s course
arbitrarily and to allow for the ship’s deviation from its straight course
according to strength of the wind. I hope we shall soon be absolutely
certain about these facts.
44. • 0n the other hand, on this voyage we made by order of Your Majesty, in
addition to the degrees etc. that we sailed from the said meridian to the
west of the first land we found 34 degrees, we sailed 300 leagues
northeastward, and almost 400 leagues to the east, following the coast
until we reached 54 degrees; we then left the land which the Lusitania
[Portuguese] found long ago and which they followed northward as far as
the Arctic Circle without finding an end to it. So if we add the northerly
latitude to the southern -- that is, 54 degrees to 66 degrees -- we have 120
degrees, which is more than latitude covered by Africa and Europe: for
from the northernmost point of Europe, form by the limits of Norway at
71 degrees, to the tip of Africa, which is the Cape of Good Hope at 35
degrees, there are only 106 degrees; and if the territorial area of this
[new] land corresponds in size to its maritime shore, there is no doubt
that it is larger than Asia. In this way we find that the extension of the land
is much greater than the ancients believed, a contrary to the
Mathematicians who considered that there was less land than water, have
proven it by experience to be the reverse.
45. • And as for the corporeal volume, we judge that there cannot be less land
than water, I hope to establish to Your Majesty at a better time by more
reasoned and tried argumen All this land or New World which we have
described above is joined together, but is not linked with Asia or Africa (we
know this for certain), but could be joined to Europe Norway or Russia;
this would be false according to the ancients, who declare that almost all
the north has been navigated from the promontory of the Cimbri to the
Orient, and affirm that they went around as far as the Caspian Sea itself.
Therefore the continent would lie between two seas, to the east and west;
but these two seas do not in fact surround either of the two continents,
for beyond 54 degrees south from the Equator the New World tends
eastward for a great distance, and to the north of the Equator it passes 66
degrees and continues eastward as far as 70 degrees. I hope that with
Your Majesty’s help we shall have more certain knowledge of this; may
God Almighty prosper you in everlasting glory, that we may see the perfect
end to our cosmography, and that the sacred word of gospel may be
fulfilled: "their sound has gone out into every land."
46. • In the ship Dauphine on the 8th day of July,
1524