The Philippine Bill of Rights: Civil Rightsbrianbelen
Lecture slides for an undergraduate class on Philippine Politics and Governance I taught between 2003 and 2005.
This is the first of two slides dealing with the Bill of Rights enshrined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The slides specifically cover civil rights.
These slides were prepared using Powerpoint XP.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
http://brianbelen.wordpress.com
Types of writ and difference between public interest litigation and private inteAmulya Arcania Nenlore
types of writ under indian constitution
difference between public interest litigation and private interest litigation-mandamus,habeas corpus,prohibition,certiorari
The IEA’s Implementing Agreement on Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (IEA-RETD) has commissioned a study on the integration of variable renewable (VRE) generation in the electricity systems (RE-INTEGRATION). The objective of the RE-INTEGRATION study is to generate new insights for key decision makers in governments and private sector regarding the following research questions:
◦What are typical sets of country specific system and regulatory factors that determine the choice of a given portfolio of flexibility options?
◦What does a – case study based – thorough assessment of the portfolios of flexibility options along the different analytical dimensions conclude on the applicability and the effectiveness of the options?
◦What general lessons might be drawn by countries with similar underlying conditions?
The RE-INTEGRATION builds on recent and on-going IEA-RETD and IEA work, in particular IEA-RETD RES-E-NEXT, IEA-RETD RE-COST 1 and IEA GIVAR III.
The study, carried out by Mott MacDonald, U.K., concludes that the continued increase of levels of penetration of VRE technologies requires new policies in order to secure a successful integration of VRE’s into markets and power systems. The study finds that there is no ‘one size fits all’ approach: policy makers will need to tailor their policy interventions to suit their country specific factors, though many VRE integration policies have the additional benefit of promoting efficient markets. Countries with weak interconnection and electrical system flexibility will face the greatest challenge, and so they will need to implement appropriate VRE integration measures at lower levels of VRE penetration.
The Volume I: Main Report outlines the overall approach taken, the background and methodology behind the study and key findings. The study undertook a more detailed analysis, through case studies, of 10 jurisdictions around the globe. The case studies included: Canada (Alberta, Ontario), Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Japan (Hokkaido), Spain and USA (California, Texas (ERCOT)). Detailed information relating to each jurisdiction can be found in Volume II: Case Studies.
The Philippine Bill of Rights: Civil Rightsbrianbelen
Lecture slides for an undergraduate class on Philippine Politics and Governance I taught between 2003 and 2005.
This is the first of two slides dealing with the Bill of Rights enshrined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The slides specifically cover civil rights.
These slides were prepared using Powerpoint XP.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
http://brianbelen.wordpress.com
Types of writ and difference between public interest litigation and private inteAmulya Arcania Nenlore
types of writ under indian constitution
difference between public interest litigation and private interest litigation-mandamus,habeas corpus,prohibition,certiorari
The IEA’s Implementing Agreement on Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (IEA-RETD) has commissioned a study on the integration of variable renewable (VRE) generation in the electricity systems (RE-INTEGRATION). The objective of the RE-INTEGRATION study is to generate new insights for key decision makers in governments and private sector regarding the following research questions:
◦What are typical sets of country specific system and regulatory factors that determine the choice of a given portfolio of flexibility options?
◦What does a – case study based – thorough assessment of the portfolios of flexibility options along the different analytical dimensions conclude on the applicability and the effectiveness of the options?
◦What general lessons might be drawn by countries with similar underlying conditions?
The RE-INTEGRATION builds on recent and on-going IEA-RETD and IEA work, in particular IEA-RETD RES-E-NEXT, IEA-RETD RE-COST 1 and IEA GIVAR III.
The study, carried out by Mott MacDonald, U.K., concludes that the continued increase of levels of penetration of VRE technologies requires new policies in order to secure a successful integration of VRE’s into markets and power systems. The study finds that there is no ‘one size fits all’ approach: policy makers will need to tailor their policy interventions to suit their country specific factors, though many VRE integration policies have the additional benefit of promoting efficient markets. Countries with weak interconnection and electrical system flexibility will face the greatest challenge, and so they will need to implement appropriate VRE integration measures at lower levels of VRE penetration.
The Volume I: Main Report outlines the overall approach taken, the background and methodology behind the study and key findings. The study undertook a more detailed analysis, through case studies, of 10 jurisdictions around the globe. The case studies included: Canada (Alberta, Ontario), Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Japan (Hokkaido), Spain and USA (California, Texas (ERCOT)). Detailed information relating to each jurisdiction can be found in Volume II: Case Studies.
With a deep history in oil and gas, many Texans – and North Texans – are paying close attention to the trends in gas prices. In the next Topic: North Texas webinar, Keith Poli with Constellation will provide unique insights into the conditions that may affect the supply and pricing of the ERCOT power and gas load. This presentation will look at the current energy landscape and provide insights into the current market conditions including weather as a key driver, production, supply and demand.
Running Head William Jefferson Clinton v. Paula Corbin JonesP.docxrtodd599
Running Head: William Jefferson Clinton v. Paula Corbin Jones
Parties
William Jefferson Clinton v. Paula Corbin Jones
Facts
William Jefferson Clinton, the defendant, was elected President of the United States in 1992. In 1991, William Jefferson Clinton was the Governor of Arkansas. In 1991, Paula Corbin Jones was an employee of the Arkansas Industrial Development Commission. The defendant attended a conference that year at a hotel staffed by the plaintiff. Jones claims that she was summoned by Danny Fergson, a state trooper, to go to the Defendant’s suite. Jones claims that while in that room the defendant made sexual advances toward her which she rejected. She also claims that her supervisors consequently changed her duties and treated her unfairly because she rejected the defendant’s sexual advances. Plaintiff Paula Jones filed a civil action against defendant (sitting) President Bill Clinton, alleging that he made “abhorrent” sexual advances. She sought $75,000 in actual damages and $100,000 in punitive damages. Defendant Clinton sought to dismiss the claim on the ground of presidential immunity, or, alternatively, to delay the proceedings until his term of office had expired.
Procedure
The district court denied the motion to dismiss and ordered discovery to proceed, but it also ordered that the trial be stayed until the end of Clinton’s term. The court of appeals affirmed the denial of the motion to dismiss and reversed the stay of the trial. President Clinton appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Issue
Does the President have immunity from all suits against him while he occupies the office?
Explain the applicable law(s)
The doctrine of separation of powers calls for Congress, the legislative branch, to enact legislation and appropriate funds. The president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and is also charged with ensuring that the laws are faithfully executed. The judicial branch is charged with interpreting the laws in the course of applying them to particular disputes. No member of one branch owes his or her tenure in that position to a member of any other branch; no branch can encroach on the power of another. This system is often referred to as being a system of checks and balances; that is, the powers given to each branch operate to keep the other branches from being able to seize enough power to dominate the government (Kubasek, ch.5, pg. 107).
The first charges that petitioner, acting under color of state law, deprived her of rights protected by the Constitution, in violation of Rev. Stat. §1979, 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The second charges that petitioner and Ferguson engaged in a conspiracy to violate her federal rights, also actionable under federal law. See Rev. Stat. §1980, 42 U.S.C. § 1985 (Cornell Law).
Holding
The Constitution does not protect the President from federal civil litigation involving actions committed before entering office. There is no requirement to stay the case until the President leaves office. In.
Running Head William Jefferson Clinton v. Paula Corbin JonesP.docxjeffsrosalyn
Running Head: William Jefferson Clinton v. Paula Corbin Jones
Parties
William Jefferson Clinton v. Paula Corbin Jones
Facts
William Jefferson Clinton, the defendant, was elected President of the United States in 1992. In 1991, William Jefferson Clinton was the Governor of Arkansas. In 1991, Paula Corbin Jones was an employee of the Arkansas Industrial Development Commission. The defendant attended a conference that year at a hotel staffed by the plaintiff. Jones claims that she was summoned by Danny Fergson, a state trooper, to go to the Defendant’s suite. Jones claims that while in that room the defendant made sexual advances toward her which she rejected. She also claims that her supervisors consequently changed her duties and treated her unfairly because she rejected the defendant’s sexual advances. Plaintiff Paula Jones filed a civil action against defendant (sitting) President Bill Clinton, alleging that he made “abhorrent” sexual advances. She sought $75,000 in actual damages and $100,000 in punitive damages. Defendant Clinton sought to dismiss the claim on the ground of presidential immunity, or, alternatively, to delay the proceedings until his term of office had expired.
Procedure
The district court denied the motion to dismiss and ordered discovery to proceed, but it also ordered that the trial be stayed until the end of Clinton’s term. The court of appeals affirmed the denial of the motion to dismiss and reversed the stay of the trial. President Clinton appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Issue
Does the President have immunity from all suits against him while he occupies the office?
Explain the applicable law(s)
The doctrine of separation of powers calls for Congress, the legislative branch, to enact legislation and appropriate funds. The president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and is also charged with ensuring that the laws are faithfully executed. The judicial branch is charged with interpreting the laws in the course of applying them to particular disputes. No member of one branch owes his or her tenure in that position to a member of any other branch; no branch can encroach on the power of another. This system is often referred to as being a system of checks and balances; that is, the powers given to each branch operate to keep the other branches from being able to seize enough power to dominate the government (Kubasek, ch.5, pg. 107).
The first charges that petitioner, acting under color of state law, deprived her of rights protected by the Constitution, in violation of Rev. Stat. §1979, 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The second charges that petitioner and Ferguson engaged in a conspiracy to violate her federal rights, also actionable under federal law. See Rev. Stat. §1980, 42 U.S.C. § 1985 (Cornell Law).
Holding
The Constitution does not protect the President from federal civil litigation involving actions committed before entering office. There is no requirement to stay the case until the President leaves office. In.
PowerPoint for Administrative Law
Topic: Administrative Adjudication
ACCORDING TO LEGAL DICTIONARY IT IS A PROCESS BY WHICH AN ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY ISSUES AN ORDER, SUCH ORDER BEING AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, INJUNCTIVE, OR DECLARATORY IN FORM.
Learn what is Administrative Adjudication, types, nature and its background.
Formulated By: Francisco Pante Jr.
Managing Cultural Resources in Water Infrastructure through the Framework of the TRWD/DWU IPL Project by: Mason D. Miller, M.A. AmaTerra Environmental, Inc. Austin, TX - Las Cruces, NM - TWCA Annual Convention 2015
Ronald T. Green, Ph.D., P.G., F. Paul Bertetti, P.G.,
and Nathanial Toll Geosciences and Engineering Division Southwest Research Institute® Presented on behalf of the Irrigation Panel - TWCA Annual Convention 2015
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Statutory “Employee” Immunity
• Since the most recent amendment to the Tort Claims Act,
employees, as defined by § 101.001(2), are essentially immune
from suits for torts
• Employee means a person who is in the paid service of a
Governmental Unit by a competent authority, but does not include an
independent contractor.
• To the extent board members are not “in the paid service,” they should be to
benefit from this legislative enactment.
• The filing of a suit under the Texas Tort Claims Act against a
governmental unit constitutes an irrevocable election by the
plaintiff and immediately and forever bars any suit or recovery
by the plaintiff against any individual employee of the
governmental unit regarding the same subject matter.
• Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.106(a)
3. Statutory “Employee” Immunity
• The settlement of a claim arising under the Texas Tort Claims Act shall
immediately and forever bar the claimant from any suit against or
recovery from any employee of the same governmental unit regarding
the same subject matter.
• Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.106(c).
• If a suit is filed under the Texas Tort Claims Act against both a
governmental unit and any of its employees, the employees shall
immediately be dismissed on the filing of a motion by the governmental
unit.
• Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.106(e).
• If a suit is filed against an employee of a governmental unit based on
conduct within the general scope of that employee’s employment and if it
could have been brought under the Texas Tort Claims Act against the
governmental unit, the suit is considered to be against the employee in
the employee’s official capacity only. On the employee’s motion, the suit
against the employee shall be dismissed unless the plaintiff files
amended pleadings dismissing the employee and naming the
governmental unit as defendant on or before the 30th day after the date
the motion is filed.
• Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.106(f).
4. Common law immunity
• Government officers and employees who are sued in their
individual capacities are entitled to immunity from suit
arising from the performance of their (1) discretionary
duties, (2) in good faith, and so long as they are (3) acting
within the scope of their authority.
• City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1994).
• This immunity is referred to as “official immunity,”
“qualified immunity,” or “quasi-judicial immunity.”
• See, e.g., Perry v. Texas A & I University, 737 S.W.2d 106, 109
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1987, ref. n.r.e.).
• It is essentially outdated for torts claims in light of
amendments to Tort Claims Act
• But could have applicability to non-tort claims.
5. Common Law Immunity
Discretionary vs. Ministerial Acts
• Official immunity extends to acts that are discretionary in
character.
• An act is discretionary if it requires personal deliberation, decision,
and judgment.
• Government officers and employees who are sued in their
individual capacities have no immunity for “ministerial
acts,” and are liable for their tortious conduct to the same
extent as private individuals when their conduct involves
such acts.
• Ministerial acts require obedience to orders or the performance of a
duty as to which the official has no choice or discretion.
6. Legislative Immunity
• Absolute, legislative immunity attaches to all actions taken
in the sphere of legitimate legislative activity.
• Accordingly, local legislators are entitled to absolute immunity from
liability for their legislative activities.
• Includes state law claims
• Torres v. Owens, 380 S.W.2d 30, 34 (Civ. App.—Corpus Christi 1964, ref.
n.r.e.) (members of Board of Navigators and Canal Commissioners, who were
sued in their individual capacities, acted in quasi-judicial capacity in making
contract for dredging and letting it to particular contractor).
• and federal claims such as civil rights violations
• Bogan v. Scott-Harris, 523 U.S. 44, 49, 118 S.Ct. 966, 970 (1998)
…local legislators are absolutely immune from suit under § 1983 for
their legislative activities.
7. Legislative Immunity
• Functional analysis applies to determine applicability
• first test focuses on nature of the facts used to reach the
decision.
• where the facts are legislative facts which relate to policy or a state of
affairs, decision is legislative and legislative privilege applies
• test involves the challenged action
• where action establishes a general policy it is legislative, but where the
action singles out individuals and allegedly disparate treatment results,
the action is administrative in nature and the legislative privilege will not
likely apply.
• Ultimately, when a legislator acts to create a policy which constitutes a
prospective rule, an overall plan, or overall policy, the act is protected by the
legislative privilege.
• Where, instead, legislative action is characterized as enforcement, or singles
out specific individuals, it is considered executive action subject only to a
qualified privilege or immunity.
8. Legislative Privilege
• Tied to legislative immunity and emanates from
considerations underlying the “speech and debate” clause
• "The purpose of the doctrine is to prevent legislators from having to
testify regarding matters of legislative conduct, whether or not they
are testifying to defend themselves.“
• Further related to the fact that the legitimacy of any legislative
enactment is judged on its face and not the description given by
any legislator.
• legislative act expresses the collective will of the legislative body
• “[w]hether an act is legislative turns on the nature of the act, rather than
on the motive or intent of the official performing it.” Bogan, 523 U.S. at
54, 118 S.Ct. at 973.
• Supported under state and federal jurisprudence
• Belongs to the governmental entity, even if not urged by an
individual.
• In re Perry, 60 S.W.3d 857, 859 (Tex. 2001)
9. Exception for ultra vires acts
• While statutory immunity likely would to some extent, common
law immunity does not, protect from individual liability for ultra
vires acts.
• To fall within the ultra vires exception, a suit must not complain of a
government officer’s exercise of discretion, but rather must allege, and
ultimately prove, that the officer acted without legal authority or
failed to perform a purely ministerial act.
• City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 372 (Tex. 2009).
• In the context of condemnations, direct or inverse, not likely to affect
individual board members
• Will of the majority of the board controls
• Decision of public purpose accorded high degree of deference
• A legislative declaration “is binding on the court unless it is manifestly wrong or
unreasonable, or the purpose for which the declaration is enacted is clearly and
palpably private. City of Arlington, Tex. v. Golddust Twins Realty Corp., 41 F.3d
960, 963 (5th Cir. 1994).
• Legal authority exists, even if propriety of decision is questioned
10. Take-aways
• Be in the “paid service” to be an Employee and thus
protected by the Tort Claims Act immunity for individuals
• Don’t act ultra vires
• Don’t act or take actions that could be construed as derogating
from ministerial duties.
• Few likely apply to board members
• Don’t take or participate in actions without legal authority
• Individual, as opposed to board, actions are much more dangerous
• Don’t take or participate in actions that could be construed as
advancing a self-interest.
• Would likely be argued as acting without legal authority