The document discusses key concepts in health economics including economic efficiency, cost-effectiveness analysis, and the importance of defining value from multiple perspectives. It also outlines several important health indicators used to measure and analyze population health, such as birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality ratio. Quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years are introduced as metrics for evaluating health interventions.
Coorelation study between hdi and epidemiological transition ratio among indi...subhash chandra
Per capita disease burden measured as DALY rate has dropped by about a third in India over the past 26 years. However, the magnitude and causes of disease burden and the risk factors vary greatly between the states.
The change to dominance of NCDs and injuries over CMNNDs occurred about a quarter century apart in the four ETL state groups. Nevertheless, the burden of some of the leading CMNNDs continues to be very high, especially in the lowest ETL states.
This comprehensive mapping of inequalities in disease burden and its causes across the states of India can be a crucial input for more specific health planning for each state [5]
India faces a double disease burden. Concrete measures need to address the rising epidemic of NCDs but also keep the momentum towards progress on preventable infectious diseases, maternal and child mortality. NCDs along with injuries make up the largest disease burden in India (62% of DALYs) [6]
This presentation gives a basic introduction to the field of health economics and includes important concepts like that of efficiency, equity, opportunity costs, demand and supply and also includes financial evaluation
Coorelation study between hdi and epidemiological transition ratio among indi...subhash chandra
Per capita disease burden measured as DALY rate has dropped by about a third in India over the past 26 years. However, the magnitude and causes of disease burden and the risk factors vary greatly between the states.
The change to dominance of NCDs and injuries over CMNNDs occurred about a quarter century apart in the four ETL state groups. Nevertheless, the burden of some of the leading CMNNDs continues to be very high, especially in the lowest ETL states.
This comprehensive mapping of inequalities in disease burden and its causes across the states of India can be a crucial input for more specific health planning for each state [5]
India faces a double disease burden. Concrete measures need to address the rising epidemic of NCDs but also keep the momentum towards progress on preventable infectious diseases, maternal and child mortality. NCDs along with injuries make up the largest disease burden in India (62% of DALYs) [6]
This presentation gives a basic introduction to the field of health economics and includes important concepts like that of efficiency, equity, opportunity costs, demand and supply and also includes financial evaluation
Brief overview of group 2 final PowerPoint presentation pertaining to the affects of macro-trends on the U.S.Healthcare Systems and potential job growth/opportunities that will come from them.
An Analysis of Impact of Human Capital Investment on Demographic Characterist...inventionjournals
The demographic features of the 2011census of India have revealed that India is the second largest country next to China in terms of working age population (25 - 50 years) in the world. It has been known that the country’s economic growth is based on both natural and human resources available in the country. Still, there are more avenues for effective and efficient use of labour-productivity in this age group. It is well conceived by the theory that the human resources are the biggest contributor of economic growth which is augmented by a process of human capital formation. Of late, health and education have been viewed as the two dimensions of human capital which are treated as an indicator of social welfare. The variations in health status of different age groups in market and non-market labour productivities are still prevalent in many developing countries. The low health status persons contribute less to human capital formation than of others (Behrman and Deolalikar, 1988). According to them, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Therefore, it cannot be purchased by the consumers in the market as we do for other goods and services in the market. On the other hand, it can be produced by spending time upon health improving activities, as well as, purchasing medical inputs (Grossman M., 1972). Behrman has pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between low health status and human capital formation. Therefore, the economists have focused their attention to study the determinants and impact of health status on economic growth. The present study attempts to analyse the human capital investment and its impact of socio- economic status on human resources (HR) in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu. To aid our research effort, an extensive literature has also been reviewed in an attempt to answer various queries raised. On the basis of the statement of problems, the research questionnaires have been canvassed among the respondents to obtain the information. This study is based on databases obtained both from primary and secondary sources. The information through primary sources has been collected with the help of interview schedule. The secondary data on Human Capital Investment and the Impact of Socio- Economic Status on Human Resources have been collected from various sources in Chennai City. In the health sector, this study focuses its attention to reporting illness, amount spent, days lost. Some of the opted econometric techniques have been used to examine the objectives of the study. Our empirical strategy has applied the following tools of analysis. The statistical tools like OLS, PROBIT and LOGIT techniques are used to analyze the indicator ‘selfreported illnesses. And, ‘Health expenditure’ and ‘number of days lost’ are estimated by OLS and TOBIT techniques, besides by applying correlation, regression analysis.
discussion on Health Economics and Health Care in our country and abroad, and what resources are given by the private sectors and with the very scarce help from the DOH, national and local government, and from the support given by WHO.
Diseases and economic performance evidence from panel data, is a journal article that accesses the co-integration (long-run) relationship and effect of some selected communicable diseases i.e. Dengue, HIV/AIDS and TB on GDP in the south-east Asia... by estimating their coefficient using Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and confirmed by Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS).
‘Health’ and ‘economics’; though seem to be really different topics, they are totally interlinked. Health, in general, is the physical, mental, social and spiritual condition of an individual whereas economics, mostly deals with money, resources, ideas, time etc i.e resources needed for good health.
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
Brief overview of group 2 final PowerPoint presentation pertaining to the affects of macro-trends on the U.S.Healthcare Systems and potential job growth/opportunities that will come from them.
An Analysis of Impact of Human Capital Investment on Demographic Characterist...inventionjournals
The demographic features of the 2011census of India have revealed that India is the second largest country next to China in terms of working age population (25 - 50 years) in the world. It has been known that the country’s economic growth is based on both natural and human resources available in the country. Still, there are more avenues for effective and efficient use of labour-productivity in this age group. It is well conceived by the theory that the human resources are the biggest contributor of economic growth which is augmented by a process of human capital formation. Of late, health and education have been viewed as the two dimensions of human capital which are treated as an indicator of social welfare. The variations in health status of different age groups in market and non-market labour productivities are still prevalent in many developing countries. The low health status persons contribute less to human capital formation than of others (Behrman and Deolalikar, 1988). According to them, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Therefore, it cannot be purchased by the consumers in the market as we do for other goods and services in the market. On the other hand, it can be produced by spending time upon health improving activities, as well as, purchasing medical inputs (Grossman M., 1972). Behrman has pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between low health status and human capital formation. Therefore, the economists have focused their attention to study the determinants and impact of health status on economic growth. The present study attempts to analyse the human capital investment and its impact of socio- economic status on human resources (HR) in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu. To aid our research effort, an extensive literature has also been reviewed in an attempt to answer various queries raised. On the basis of the statement of problems, the research questionnaires have been canvassed among the respondents to obtain the information. This study is based on databases obtained both from primary and secondary sources. The information through primary sources has been collected with the help of interview schedule. The secondary data on Human Capital Investment and the Impact of Socio- Economic Status on Human Resources have been collected from various sources in Chennai City. In the health sector, this study focuses its attention to reporting illness, amount spent, days lost. Some of the opted econometric techniques have been used to examine the objectives of the study. Our empirical strategy has applied the following tools of analysis. The statistical tools like OLS, PROBIT and LOGIT techniques are used to analyze the indicator ‘selfreported illnesses. And, ‘Health expenditure’ and ‘number of days lost’ are estimated by OLS and TOBIT techniques, besides by applying correlation, regression analysis.
discussion on Health Economics and Health Care in our country and abroad, and what resources are given by the private sectors and with the very scarce help from the DOH, national and local government, and from the support given by WHO.
Diseases and economic performance evidence from panel data, is a journal article that accesses the co-integration (long-run) relationship and effect of some selected communicable diseases i.e. Dengue, HIV/AIDS and TB on GDP in the south-east Asia... by estimating their coefficient using Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and confirmed by Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS).
‘Health’ and ‘economics’; though seem to be really different topics, they are totally interlinked. Health, in general, is the physical, mental, social and spiritual condition of an individual whereas economics, mostly deals with money, resources, ideas, time etc i.e resources needed for good health.
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
A comprehensive presentation about community dentistry, health , definition, dimensions, different concepts, and indicators of health. Disease, its concepts, iceberg concept of disease. Concepts of control.
Infections, stages of infectious process, active immunity and passive immunity, difference between two.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. HEALTH ECONOMICS
Health- Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
Health Economics is a branch
of economics concerned with issues related
to efficiency, effectiveness, value and
behaviour in the production and
consumption of health and healthcare.
3. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
implies that society makes choices which
maximise the health outcomes gained from the
resources allocated to healthcare. Inefficiency
exists when resources could be reallocated in a
way which would increase the health outcomes
produced.
4. COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS is a way to examine
both the costs and health outcomes of one or more
interventions. It compares an intervention to another
intervention (or the status quo) by estimating how
much it costs to gain a unit of a health outcome, like a
life year gained or a death prevented
5. VALUE IS DEFINED BY THREE
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS
1) It is meaningful therapeutic value to the patient — where
quantity of life, productivity, and fundamentals of the
disease state are all positively affected.
2) It is a change in the cost, quality and predictability for the
health provider. This may involve shifting the site of care
to a less acute setting, being able to identify the non-
responders in advance, or identifying and placing
resources differentially to those with the highest risk of
progression or re-hospitalization.
3) It is off-setting the risks borne by the payer — be this a
government or private payer
6. IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH
ECONOMICS
• Provides information to decision makers for
efficient use of available resources for
maximizing health benefits. Economic evaluation
is one part of health economics, and it is a tool
for comparing costs and consequences of
different interventions.
• Health Economics is important in determining
how to improve health outcomes and lifestyle
patterns through interactions between
individuals, healthcare providers and clinical
settings. In broad terms, health economists study
the functioning of healthcare systems and health-
affecting behaviour such as smoking, diabetes,
and obesity.
7. IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH
ECONOMICS
• To formulate health services
• To establish the true costs of
delivering healthcare
• To evaluate the relative costs and
benefits of particular policy option
• To estimate the effects of certain
economic variables on the utilization of
health services
8. HEALTH INDICATORS
• Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics
of a population which researchers use as
supporting evidence for describing the health of a
population. ... Health indicators are often used by
governments to guide health care policy.
• A health indicator is a measure designed to
summarize information about a given priority
topic in population health or health system
performance.
9. CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH INDICATORS
• It should be defined in such a way that it
can be measured uniformly
internationally.
• It must have statistical validity.
• The indicator must be data which can
feasibly be collected.
• The analysis of the data must result in a
recommendation on which people can
make changes to improve health
10. BIRTH RATE
• The proportion of births to the total population in a
place in a given time, usually expressed as a quantity
per 1000 of population.
• The birth rate for India in 2019 was 17.806 births per
1000 people, a 1.19% decline from 2018. The birth
rate for India in 2018 was 18.020 births per 1000
people, a 1.68% decline from 2017.
11. DEATH RATE
• Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths
occurring during the year, per 1,000 population
estimated at midyear.
• Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude
birth rate provides the rate of natural increase,
which is equal to the rate of population change in
the absence of migration.
• In 2019, death rate for India was 7.3 per 1,000
people. Over the last 50 years, death rate of India
was declining at a moderating rate to shrink from
17.2 per 1,000 people in 1970 to 7.2 per 1,000
people in 2019
12. IMR (INFANT MORTALITY RATE)
• Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of
deaths per 1,000 live births of children
under one year of age. The rate for a given
region is the number of children dying under
one year of age, divided by the number of
live births during the year, multiplied by
1,000.
• In 2018, the infant mortality rate in India
was at about 30 deaths per 1,000 live
births, a significant decrease from previous
years. The infant mortality rate is the
number of deaths of children under one
year of age per 1,000 live births.
13. CMR (CHILD MORTALITY RATE)
• The child mortality rate, also 'under-
five mortality rate', refers to the probability of
dying between birth and exactly five years of
age expressed per 1,000 live births. ...
However, despite advances, there are still
15,000 under-five deaths per day from largely
preventable causes.
14. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO (MMR)
• MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE is the number of
resident maternal deaths within 42 days of pregnancy
termination due to complications of pregnancy,
childbirth, and the puerperium(the period of about six
weeks after childbirth during which the mother's
reproductive organs return to their original non-
pregnant condition). in a specified geographic area
(country, state, county, etc.)
• India's Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has seen a
decline from 130 per 1 lakh live births in 2014-2016 to
122 per 1 lakh live births in 2015-2017. A decline of 8
points (6.2%) was observed during this period,
according to the latest Sample Registration System
(SRS) 2015-2017
15. MORBIDITY RATE
• Morbidity is another term for illness. A person
can have several co-
morbidities simultaneously.
So, morbidities can range from Alzheimer's
disease to cancer to traumatic brain
injury. Morbidities are NOT deaths.
Prevalence is a measure often used to
determine the level of morbidity in a
population.
16. DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS
(DALYS)
One DALY represents the loss of the
equivalent of one year of full health.
DALYs for a disease or health condition
are the sum of the years of life lost to
due to premature mortality (YLLs) and
the years lived with a disability (YLDs)
due to prevalent cases of the disease
or health condition in a population.
17. QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR (QALY)
• The QALY calculation is simple: the change in
utility value induced by the treatment is
multiplied by the duration of the treatment effect
to provide the number of QALYs gained. QALYs
can then be incorporated with medical costs to
arrive at a final common denominator of
cost/QALY.
• The QALY is primarily used in cost-effectiveness
analyses to guide decisions regarding the
distribution of limited health care resources
among competing health programs or
interventions for a population of interest, but has
also been used to aid decisions regarding clinical
management and individual patient care.
18. GENDER RATIO OR SEX RATIO IN INDIA
• Sex ratio is used to describe the
number of females per 1000 of males.
Sex ratio is a valuable source for
finding the population of women in
India and what is the ratio of women to
that of men in India