This document discusses the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and new therapies based on incretin hormones. It describes how both insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency contribute to diabetes due to impaired beta cell function. Incretin hormones like GLP-1 enhance insulin secretion and reduce glucagon levels, but are broken down quickly. New therapies include incretin mimetics like exenatide that are resistant to breakdown and have the added benefit of weight loss. DPP-IV inhibitors allow the body's own GLP-1 to remain active for longer by preventing its breakdown, and are weight neutral oral therapies like sitagliptin and vildagliptin that have few side effects. These new incretin based therapies improve
Prospects of incretin mimetics in therapeuticsDr Sukanta sen
Comparative trials show that there are important differences between
and among the GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors with
respect to glycemic lowering, weight effects, and effects on systolic
blood pressure and the lipid profile.
•Nausea, diarrhea, headaches, and dizziness are common with the
available GLP-1 receptor agonists.
•Upper respiratory tract infections, nasopharyngitis, and headaches
are common with the DPP-4 inhibitors.
•Ongoing safety evaluations should provide a clear picture regarding
long-term safety.
GLP-1 is an incretin (hormone that increases insulin secretion in response to a meal), which is a 30-amino acid peptide secreted in response to the oral ingestion of nutrients by intestinal L cells.
GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are located in islet cells, central nervous system, and other organs. GLP-1 is metabolized by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4).
Incretin effect is a phenomenon whereby a glucose load delivered orally produces a much greater insulin secretion than the same glucose load administered intravenously.
This presentation is an overview of the entire GLP-1 system, followed by an introduction to leveraging its therapeutic potential using GLP-1 analogues (Exenatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide, Albiglutide, Dulaglutide) and DPP-4 inhibitors (Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Anagliptin, Teneligliptin, Alogliptin, Trelagliptin, Omarigliptin).
Shashikiran Umakanth delivered this talk at Manipal on 30th November, 2015
Prospects of incretin mimetics in therapeuticsDr Sukanta sen
Comparative trials show that there are important differences between
and among the GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors with
respect to glycemic lowering, weight effects, and effects on systolic
blood pressure and the lipid profile.
•Nausea, diarrhea, headaches, and dizziness are common with the
available GLP-1 receptor agonists.
•Upper respiratory tract infections, nasopharyngitis, and headaches
are common with the DPP-4 inhibitors.
•Ongoing safety evaluations should provide a clear picture regarding
long-term safety.
GLP-1 is an incretin (hormone that increases insulin secretion in response to a meal), which is a 30-amino acid peptide secreted in response to the oral ingestion of nutrients by intestinal L cells.
GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are located in islet cells, central nervous system, and other organs. GLP-1 is metabolized by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4).
Incretin effect is a phenomenon whereby a glucose load delivered orally produces a much greater insulin secretion than the same glucose load administered intravenously.
This presentation is an overview of the entire GLP-1 system, followed by an introduction to leveraging its therapeutic potential using GLP-1 analogues (Exenatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide, Albiglutide, Dulaglutide) and DPP-4 inhibitors (Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Anagliptin, Teneligliptin, Alogliptin, Trelagliptin, Omarigliptin).
Shashikiran Umakanth delivered this talk at Manipal on 30th November, 2015
This Presentation Give You A brief Information About DPP4 And New Recommendations .This Presentation Guide You How To Treat Patients With Safety.
For Further Contact:03354999496
SGLT2I The paradigm change in diabetes managementPraveen Nagula
Just like ARNI, SGLT2I have changed the face of diabetes management and they have a good profile in multimodality management because of pleiotropic effects
Sitagliptin an oral anti-diabetic agentAmruta Vaidya
A concise presentation on the DPP-IV inhibitor Sitagliptin an oral anti-diabetic agent. Its general mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety is included.
Slide Presentation
Diabetes Melliuts Type 2 management basics are life style modifications followed by use of Metformin
What is the best and safest next pharmacologic choice
VILDAGLIPTIN: DPP-IV INHIBITOR
Generic name: Vildagliptin
Brand name: Galvus
Treatment for: type 2 diabetes
selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl-
peptidase IV (DPP-IV)
- the first in a new class of oral antidiabetic agents
- known as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors
(DPP-IV) inhibitors
This Presentation Give You A brief Information About DPP4 And New Recommendations .This Presentation Guide You How To Treat Patients With Safety.
For Further Contact:03354999496
SGLT2I The paradigm change in diabetes managementPraveen Nagula
Just like ARNI, SGLT2I have changed the face of diabetes management and they have a good profile in multimodality management because of pleiotropic effects
Sitagliptin an oral anti-diabetic agentAmruta Vaidya
A concise presentation on the DPP-IV inhibitor Sitagliptin an oral anti-diabetic agent. Its general mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety is included.
Slide Presentation
Diabetes Melliuts Type 2 management basics are life style modifications followed by use of Metformin
What is the best and safest next pharmacologic choice
VILDAGLIPTIN: DPP-IV INHIBITOR
Generic name: Vildagliptin
Brand name: Galvus
Treatment for: type 2 diabetes
selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl-
peptidase IV (DPP-IV)
- the first in a new class of oral antidiabetic agents
- known as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors
(DPP-IV) inhibitors
Newer anti-hyperglycemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus - Expanding the h...Apollo Hospitals
Diabetes mellitus is a common, chronic and progressive disease resulting in micro and macrovascular complications. Many classes of drugs are available for treatment but still the search for newer anti-hyperglycemic agents continues to combat significant adverse effect profile, loss of efficacy, progressive nature of disease and improve patient compliance. New emerging therapies in pipeline include drugs targeting various pathophysiologic mechanisms like incretin based therapies, sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, glucokinase inhibitors, 11β hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase inhibitors, drugs modulating fatty acid metabolism, selective PPARγ receptor modulators and anti inflammatory agents. Aim of this review is to describe the emerging therapies for diabetes mellitus.
Newer Anti-Hyperglycemic agents in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus e Expanding the h...Apollo Hospitals
Diabetes mellitus is a common, chronic and progressive disease resulting in micro and macrovascular complications. Many classes of drugs are available for treatment but still the search for newer anti-hyperglycemic agents continues to combat significant adverse effect profile, loss of efficacy, progressive nature of disease and improve patient compliance. New emerging therapies in pipeline include drugs targeting various pathophysiologic mechanisms like incretin based therapies, sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, glucokinase inhibitors, 11b hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase inhibitors, drugs modulating fatty acid metabolism, selective PPARg receptor modulators and anti inflammatory agents.
This prsentation explains the use of biomarker with reference to an article: Accelerating Drug Develeopment using Biomarkers-Sitagliptin.
It was presented my my 2 friends and me. Hope it helps you guys.
O futuro na terapia baseada em incretins.Ruy Pantoja
Neste belo artigo realcei em amarelo as partes que mais me instigaram. Depois traço um paralelismo com a bela conferência do Prof. Buse, realizada em San Diego há um mês.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin Resistance
• Insulin Resistance starts very early in the
course of the disease.
• insulin resistance alone will not produce
diabetes. If beta-cell function is normal,
one can compensate for insulin resistance
by increasing insulin secretion.
4. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Beta cell defect
• all type 2 patients have at least a relative defect in both
beta-cell function and mass.
• Function: in the (UKPDS), newly diagnosed people with
diabetes had, on average, only about 50% of normal
beta-cell function.[Diabetes. 1995;44:1249-1258 , Diab Res
Clin Pract. 1998;40(suppl):S21-S25.]
• Mass: Autopsy studies comparing the volume of beta
cells in nondiabetic individuals with that of people with
diabetes found a 41% decrease in beta-cell mass among
people with type 2 diabetes
5. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Beta cell defect
IV glucose infusion to a nondiabetic
individual results in a biphasic insulin
response:
- Immediate first-phase insulin response
in the first few minutes.
- Second-phase response, more
prolonged.
6. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Beta cell defect
• This first-phase insulin response is absent
in type 2 diabetic patients contributing to
the excessive and prolonged glucose rise
after a meal in those with diabetes
Diabetologia. 2004;47(suppl 1):A279.
• Infusing insulin can only partially
improve this condition.
7. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Other Factors
• Historically, hyperglycemia in diabetes has
been viewed as a failure of insulin-
mediated glucose disposal into muscle
and adipose tissue.
• This looks to be an over simplification of a
more complicated issue.
8. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Other Factors
• Two other factors:
- Glucagon.
- Gastric emptying.
9. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
The Glucagon Factor
• In response to a carbohydrate-containing meal,
individuals without diabetes not only increase
insulin secretion but also simultaneously
decrease pancreatic alpha-cell glucagon
secretion.
• The decrease in glucagon is associated with a
decrease in hepatic glucose production, and
along with the insulin response, results in a very
modest increase in postprandial glucose.
N Engl J Med. 1971;285:443-449.
10. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
The Glucagon Factor
• In contrast, the glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetics is
not decreased, and may even be paradoxically
increased.
• These insulin and glucagon abnormalities produce an
excessive postprandial glucose excursion.
• more than 35 years ago, Roger Unger presciently stated,
"One wonders if the development of a pharmacologic
means of suppressing glucagon to appropriate levels
would increase the effectiveness of available treatments
for diabetes”.
N Engl J Med. 1971;285:443-449.
11.
12. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
The Gastric Emptying Factor
• Many factors can affect the rate of gastric
emptying.
• studies suggest that all other factors being
equal, most people with type 1 and type 2
diabetes have accelerated gastric
emptying compared to those without
diabetes.
Gastroenterology. 1990;98:A378.
13. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
One last observation
• In 1930 La Barre described a greater effect of oral rather
parenteral glucose in increasing insulin secretion.
• In 1986 Nauck demonstrated that a glucose infusion
graded to achieve plasma glucose levels identical o
those achieved with oral glucose led to a insulin
response that was only one quarter as great.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:492-498.
• Incretin hormones were discovered during researchers
trials to find out interpretation to this phenomenon which
has been called the incretin effect.
14. What are incretins?
• Hormones produced by the
gastrointestinal tract in response to
incoming nutrients, and have important
actions that contribute to glucose
homeostasis.
• Two hormones:
- Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
. - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
15. What are incretins?
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
(GIP)
• Secreted by the K cells of the proximal
gut. However, type 2 diabetes patients are
resistant to its action (high blood level),
making it a less attractive therapeutic
target.
16. What are incretins?
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
• a 30-amino acid peptide secreted in
response to the oral ingestion of nutrients
by L cells, primarily in the ileum and colon.
• There are GLP-1 receptors in islet cells
and in the central nervous system, among
other places.
• GLP-1 is metabolized by the enzyme
dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) .
17. Actions of GLP-1
• It enhances glucose-dependent insulin
secretion.
• Inhibits glucagon secretion and therefore
hepatic glucose production.
• Slows gastric emptying.
• Increases satiety resulting in less food
intake.
• Appears to stimulate insulin gene
transcription and insulin synthesis.
18. Actions of GLP-1
• In animal studies it increases beta-cell
mass by:
- Decreasing beta cell apoptosis.
- Stimulating the growth of new beta
cells. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929-2940.
???... Long term benefit in reversing the
progressive insulin deficiency.
19. Actions of GLP-1
• Important, as glucose levels approach the
normal range, the GLP-1 effects on insulin
stimulation and glucagon inhibition
declined (glucose dependence - reduction
of hypoglycemia. - therapeutic advantage)
Diabetologia. 1993;36:741-744
20.
21. Actions of GLP-1
The Problem
• Unfortunately, GLP-1 is rapidly broken
down by the DPP-IV enzyme (very short
half-life in plasma - requires continuous IV
infusion).
22. The solution
Two options:
• Incretin mimetics are glucagon-like
peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists.
• Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV)
antagonists inhibit the breakdown of
GLP-1.
23. Incretin mimetics
Exenatide
• The first incretin-related therapy available
for patients with type 2 diabetes.
• Naturally occurring peptide from the saliva
of the Gila Monster.
• Has an approximate 50% amino acid
homology with GLP-1.
• Binds to GLP-1 receptors and behaves as
GLP-1.
24.
25. Incretin mimetics
Exenatide
• Resistant to DPP-IV inactivation. Following
injection, it is measurably present in
plasma for up to 10 hours. Suitable for
twice a day administration by
subcutaneous injection.
Regul Pept. 2004;117:77-88.
Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62:173-181.
26.
27. Clinical Trials of Exenatide
• Three pivotal randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trials
were conducted to support the approval of
exenatide (the AMIGO studies).
• patients with type 2 diabetes who had not
achieved adequate glycemic control despite
treatment with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or the
combination of metformin and a sulfonylurea.
• Patients were randomized to two well matched
groups to receive either placebo or exenatide (5
and 10 (mcg) twice daily by subcutaneous
injection).
28.
29. Weight Loss With Exenatide
After adding exenatide:
• the group that was on metformin alone lost about 3 kg of
body weight at 30 weeks,
• while the sulfonylurea group experienced a 1.5- to 2-kg
weight reduction.
• Patients receiving metformin and a sulfonylurea in
combination along with exenatide lost an average of 2
kg.
• Weight loss of up to 10 kg has been documented, but it
varies from person to person.
• recently published findings have shown progressive
weight loss continuing for 82 weeks. Patients
convenience
Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2628-2635, 2005;28:1092-1100,
2005;28:1083-1091. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2006;
8(4):436; ISSN: 4.
30. Nausea With Exenatide
• was seen uniformly across the clinical
trials, although most episodes were mild-
to-moderate in intensity and generally
intermittent.
• more frequent at the initiation of treatment
and decreased over the course of several
weeks.
31. Incretin mimetics
Recent Advances
• Liraglutide: Another GLP-1 analog with
longer half-life, similar to exenatide with
once-daily injection. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1608-
1610
• Long acting exenatide: Highly effective
with once weekly injection. Diabetes Care.
2007;30:1487-1493
32. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV
Antagonists
• The concept is to allow the endogenous GLP-1
to remain in circulation for a longer period.
• DPP-IV inhibitors are oral, rather than injectable.
• Weight neutral.
• associated with a low incidence of hypoglycemia
or gastrointestinal side effects. Diabetes Care.
2004;27:2874-2880.
• Preliminary long-term studies suggest a durable
effect on glycemia and improvement in some
parameters of beta-cell function.
(www.glucagon.com).
33.
34. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Antagonists
Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin
• Sitagliptin and vildagliptin are the first agents in
this class to have received FDA approval.
• Incidence of adverse reactions was reported to
be very low in a pooled safety data from 5141
patients. ADA meeting, Chicago, June 2007.
• They are indicated as monotherapy and in
combination with metformin, thiazolidinediones
and insulin.
• They look to be at least weight neutral.
35. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Antagonists
Recent Advances
• During the last ADA meeting in Chicago, Illiois,
22-26 June 2007, fifty-five presentations
addressed 12 different DPP-IV inhibitors and “…
more will be seen during the coming months…”
• Some members seem particularly interesting as
saxagliptin (? potent) and alogliptin (long
acting… ? Better affecting fasting glucose).
36. Summary
• Insulin resistance and relative insulin
secretory defect are key elements of the
pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
• GLP-1 deficiency is another key
component in diabetic pathophysiology
contributing to:
- insulin secretory deficit.
- excess of plasma glucagon.
- postprandial hyperglycemia.
37. Summary
• Incretin mimetics offer a new approach in
the management of type 2 diabetes.
• Exenatide is the first agent in this class
and is administered via injection twice a
day.
• In addition to improving glycemic control,
exenatide has the unique benefit of
causing weight loss that appears to be
prolonged based on initial studies.
38. Summary
• DPP-IV inhibitors raise GLP-1 levels 2- to 3-fold.
• They appear to be weight neutral and have a
remarkable low incidence of adverse reactions.
• Sitagliptin ad vildagliptin are the first of the DPP-
IV inhibitors to receive FDA approval.
• these promising new therapies should be
undertaken in combination not only with existing
oral antidiabetes medications as indicated, but
also with other proven cardiovascular risk-
reduction strategies, including lifestyle reduction
and pharmacologic therapy, as needed.