This document discusses different types of point defects that can occur in crystalline solids. There are three main types of point defects: 1) Stoichiometric defects include vacancies where an atom is missing from its lattice site, and interstitials where an atom occupies an interstitial space in the lattice. 2) Frenkel defects occur when a smaller cation moves from its lattice site into an interstitial space, creating both a vacancy and interstitial. 3) Schottky defects occur in ionic solids and involve an equal number of cation and anion vacancies to maintain charge neutrality, reducing the material's density.

1. IMPERFECTIONS IN
SOLIDS – POINT DEECTS
Mr. Vikram B. Nalawade
vbnalawade@sitcoe.og.in
Assistant Professor,
Mechatronics Engineering Department,
Sharad Institute of Technology College of Engineering, Yadrav -
Ichalkaranji

2. Perfect order of atoms exists throughout crystalline materials on an atomic
scale. However, such an idealized solid does not exist; all contain large
numbers of various defects or imperfections.
A crystalline defect refers to a lattice irregularity having one or more of its
dimensions on the order of an atomic diameter.
Imperfections in Solids

3. POINT DEFECTS
VACANCIES AND SELF-INTERSTITIALS
Two-dimensional representations of a vacancy
and a self-interstitial.
The simplest of the point defects is a vacancy, or vacant lattice site, one normally
occupied but from which an atom is missing. All crystalline solids contain vacancies,
and, in fact, it is not possible to create such a material that is free of these defects.
A self-interstitial is an atom from the crystal that is crowded into an interstitial site—a
small void space that under ordinary circumstances is not occupied.

4. There are 3 types of point defects:
• Stoichiometric defect
• Frenkel defect
• Schottky defect
1. Stoichiometric Defect:
In this kind of point defect, the ratio of positive and negative ions
(Stoichiometric) and electrical neutrality of a solid is not disturbed.
Sometimes it is also known as intrinsic or thermodynamic defects.
Fundamentally, they are of two types:
Vacancy defect: When an atom is not present at their lattice sites,
then that lattice site is vacant and it creates a vacancy defect. Due to
this, the density of a substance decreases.
Interstitial defect: It is a defect in which an atom or molecule
occupies the intermolecular spaces in crystals. In this defect, the
density of the substance increases.
A non-ionic compound mainly shows vacancy and interstitial
defects. An ionic compound shows the same in Frenkel and
Schottky defect.

5. 2. Frenkel Defect:
In ionic solids generally, the smaller ion (cation) moves out of
its place and occupies an intermolecular space. In this case, a
vacancy defect is created on its original position and the
interstitial defect is experienced at its new position.
It is also known as dislocation defect.
The density of a substance remains unchanged.
It happens when there is a huge difference in the size of anions
and cations.
Example: ZnS and AgCl.

6. 3. Schottky Defect
This kind of vacancy defects is found in Ionic Solids. But in
ionic compounds, we need to balance the electrical neutrality
of the compound so an equal number of anions and cations will
be missing from the compound.
It reduces the density of the substance.
In this, the size of cations and anions are of almost the same.