Climate change is a significant and lanting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to million of years. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that plays a major part in shaping the earth’s climate. Introduction Causes of Climate Change Global warming GHG concentrations Future Projections of Climate Change Physical Impact Biological Impact Agrobiological Impact Impact of Climate change on soil Effect of elevated CO2 in plant growth and development Effect of high temperature on crop growth and development Interaction effect of high temperature and CO2 on crop yield Impact of drought stress on crop growth and yield Technologies related to adaptation to climate change Case study

1. 1
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU KRISHI VISHWAVIDALAYA
Jabalpur (M.P)
CREDIT SEMINAR 2021-2022
PRESENTED BY
MADHANA KEERTHANA S
Ph.D(Ag.) II year
Roll No. 200130001
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE JABALPUR (M.P)
Impact of climate change on
crop growth and productivity

2. Outline
 Introduction
 Causes of Climate Change
 Global warming
 GHG concentrations
 Future Projections of Climate Change
 Physical Impact
 Biological Impact
 Agrobiological Impact
 Impact of Climate change on soil
 Effect of elevated CO2 in plant growth and development
 Effect of high temperature on crop growth and development
 Interaction effect of high temperature and CO2 on crop yield
 Impact of drought stress on crop growth and yield
 Technologies related to adaptation to climate change
 Case study

3. What is the difference between weather
and climate?

4. Climate change
 Climate change is a significant and lanting change
in the statistical distribution of weather patterns
over periods ranging from decades to million of
years.
 The greenhouse effect is a natural process that
plays a major part in shaping the earth’s climate.

5. Causes of climate change
Natural causes
 Change in earth”s orbit
 Solar variation
 Volcanic eruptions
 Ocean currents
 Internal climate variability
Anthropogenic causes
 Fossil fuels (Transport, Industries,
Urbanization)
 Agriculture ( Fertilizers)
 Land use changes ( Deforestation,
upsetting grasslands and croplands)

6. Global warming
 Global warming is defined as the increase in the temperature
of globe due to transmission of increasing shortwave radiation
from the sun and the absorption of outgoing long wave
radiation from the earth by greenhouse gases.
 Phenomenon is called Green house effect or Natural
Greenhouse effect.
 It is most commonly measured as the average increase in
Earth’s global surface temperature.
 GHG - CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs), per-
fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

8. IPCC, 2021
Global warming pre-industrial vs present globalized era

10. Period CO2 Meth
ane
Nitrous
oxide
CFC HFC Perfluro-
methane
Pre-industrial
con.
288
ppm
848
ppb
288
ppb
0 0 40
ppt
Tropospheric
Concentration
389
ppm
1940
ppb
385
ppb
268
ppt
14
ppt
80
ppt
Global
warming
potential 1 21-25 310 0.4 0.55 1
Atmospheric
life time
50 to
200
years
12-77
years
114-120
years
102
years
260
Years
>50,000
years
Earth past and current levels in global greenhouse
gas concentrations, rates of change and atmospheric lifetime

11. • Carbon dioxide concentration 415
ppm
• Mean temperature increased by
~10C
• 5 warmest years from 2015 to
2019
• Seasons shifting
• Rainfall variability and intensity is
increasing
• Glaciers retreating
• Sea level rising
• New insects and diseases
emerging
11
IPCC- Assessment Report (2014)
Climate is Changing For Worse

12. Future Projections of Climate Change
• Global mean temperature to increase by 3.7 to 4.80C by 2100
• Sea level to rise 50 cm by 2100
• Cyclones are fiercer, more frequent: Amphan, Nisarga, Fani
• Biotic stresses are more aggressive: Locust
IPCC(2018), Pathak et al.(2019)
cyclone Heat wave Flood Drought
Frequency

13. Impacts of climate change

14. 1928 2000
The South Cascade glacier retreated dramatically in the 20th century
Courtesy of the USGS glacier group
Physical Impact
Melting of Glaciers
Poleward expansion of arable land- Conversion of low
temperature limited area into agricultural land.
Glaciers are retreating all over the world

15. Occurrence of natural calamities
Source: CRED, 2020
Occurrence by disaster type: 2020 compared to 2000- 2019 annual
average.

16. Water availability

17. Coastal innundation

18. Total sea level change between 1992 and 2014, based on data collected
from the U.S./European Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1, and Jason-2 satellites.
Credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio

19. Acidification of sea water

20. Biological Impact of Climate Change

21. Loss of biodiversity/genetic erosion
As a result of climate change, species and ecosystems
are experiencing changes in:
 ranges
 growth rates
 relative abundance of species
– cycling of water and nutrients
– the risk of disturbance from fire,
insects, and invasive species

22. Timing of Biological Activity
Some seasonal biological activities
are happening 15-20 days earlier
than several decades ago:
 Trees blooming earlier
 Migrating birds arriving earlier
 Butterflies emerging earlier
Changes in timing differ from
species to species, so ecological
interactions are disrupted.
European pied
flycatcher chicks are
now born later than the
caterpillars they eat.
Images used under the
terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License.

23. Impacts in the Pacific Coastline (Geographical shifting )
Shifting Ranges of Checkerspot Butterflies
 Edith’s checkerspot: range has shifted northward and to
higher elevations over 40+ years
 Quino checkerspot: first endangered species for which
climate change is officially listed as a threat and as a factor
in the plan for its recovery

24. Range Shifts
Species are relocating to areas
with more tolerable climate
conditions.
Range shifts particularly
threaten species that:
 cannot move fast enough
 depend on conditions that are
becoming more rare (like sea ice)
Plant hardiness zone maps, 1990 and
2006. Most zones shifted northward in
this period.
Map courtesy of the National Arbor Day Foundation.

25. Spreading of Disease and pests
Response of Insect Pests to Increased Temperature

26. Agrobiological impact
Global
warming
Enhanced GHG
emission
Enhanced microbial
decomposition &
Nutrient volatilization
loss
Occurrence of
frequent climatic
extremes
Shortening of
cooling/prolonged
warm duration
Reduced water
availability
Loss of
biodiversity
Reduction in crop
physical & chemical
quality
Reduction in
biomass & yield of
crop
Change in
cropping pattern
Shortening of crop
growth/duration
Reduction in Pn,
Increase dark &
photorespiration

27. Impact of Climate change on soil
Increased
Mineralization &
volatilization loss
Greater
Evapotranspiration
Soil moisture
deficit
Increased
salinization
Greater microbial
decomposition
Soil health

28. Effect of elevated CO2 in plant growth and development
Decrease in
-Stomatal conductance
-Stomatal index
-Rubisco content/leaf area
- Crop quality – C:N
ratio, starch, protein,
lipid, scent, grain
density
Increase in
-LAI
-Seed yield
-TDM partitioning
-Photosynthesis
-No. of grains
-Grain weight per plant
-WUE
-Requirement of macro and micro
nutrients
- Crop quality -
Chalkiness

29. Contd…
 C3 crops are benefited, C4 crops are unaffected.
 More beneficial for fodder, sugarcane, potato (root
foliage crops).
 Increase in CO2 con. increases photosynthesis.
 C/N ratio of C3 plants increases depleting nutritional
quality.

30. Effect of high temperature on crop growth and
development
 Decreased ration of photosynthesis to photorespiration
 Decreased ration of gross photosynthesis to dark respiration in
warmer condition
 Increased temperature reduced solubility of CO2 compared with
O2 and reduced specificity of Rubisco at higher temperature
 High temperature coincide with flowering and grain filling lead to
spikelet sterility and distorted seed set.
 High temperature stress is accompanied by water deficit stress
 Cell membrane stability decrease
 Leaf senescence increase
 Grain number and grain size decrease
 Starch synthesis decrease
 Grain filling rate decrease and grain filling duration decrease
 Grain quality decrease (starch decrease, protein content
decrease, Zinc and Fe content decreases).

31. Positive effect of
rising atmospheric
CO2 level on crop
productivity
Net gain in crop
productivity
Negative effect of
rising atmospheric
temperature on crop
productivity
25%
20%
(5%)
IPCC, 2007 (AR4)
Interaction effect of high temperature and CO2 on crop
yield

32. REDUCED PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is an integrated process that is being altered
by both environmental and genetic control.
Both stomatal and non stomatal limitation are seen.
In Stomatal Limitation,
a) CO2 availability at the site of Rubisco is reduced.
b) Due to this further production of sucrose is hindered .
In Non Stomatal Limitation,
a)Co2 is available but the RuBP regeneration is affected .
b) It is due to Reduced ATP synthesis and reduced NADPH
level.
Impact of drought stress on crop growth and yield

33. Why photosynthesis gets reduced?

34. Conventional Technologies related to adaptation to climate
change
 Agro-biodiversity
 Planting of drought resistant varieties of crops
 Crop diversification and new varieties
 Change in cropping pattern and calendar of planting
 Mixed cropping
 Improved irrigation efficiency
 Adopting soil conservation measures that conserve
soil moisture
 Cover crops
 Adaptive crops
 Planting of trees (afforestation) and agroforestry

35. Modern Technologies related to adaptation to climate
change
 Use of Plant growth promoting Rhizo-bacteria
 Use of Plant growth regulators
 Breeding for abiotic stress resistance
 Breeding for climate resilient ideotype
 Use of Anti-transpirants
 Application of bio-stimulants
 Transgenics for climate resilience
 Nanotechnology
 Precision Farming
 Phenomics (Non-destructive phenotyping)

36. Case study I
Objective:
To investigate the potential of salicylic acid in alleviating the adverse
effects of heat stress on photosynthesis in wheat.
Methodology
Plants were grown with/without heat stress and treated with foliar 0.5
mM SA at 15 DAS .

37. Proline content, glutamyl kinase activity and proline oxidase
activity in wheat

38. Result
 Proline accumulation increased significantly on
application of SA as well as with heat stress treatment.
Heat stress induced proline biosynthesis and increased
proline content by 84.7% in comparison to control.
 Application of 0.5 mM SA increased 120.0% glutamyl
kinase activity of heat-stressed plants compared with
control.
 Activity of PROX reduced in no-stress and heat-
stressed plants with SA treatment. Application of 0.5
mM SA reduced PROX activity by 65.8% in stressed
plants.

39. THANK YOU