This document summarizes a study on reducing handover delay in WiMAX networks. The study examines how factors like mobile terminal speed, duration time session (DTS), and number of mobile terminals impact handover delay. It presents a modified scheme using these factors. Results show handover delay decreases inversely with DTS and is lower at higher speeds and certain DTS ranges from 60-80 milliseconds. Delays are also acceptable with higher numbers of terminals at these DTS levels. In conclusion, lower DTS and higher speeds reduce handover delay, and bandwidth channels are important to further improve network performance and delay reduction.
Implementing database lookup method in mobile wimax for location management a...ijdpsjournal
The mobile WiMAX plays a vital role in accessing the delay sensitive audio, video streaming and mobi
le
IPTV. To minimize the handover delay, a Location
Management Area (LMA) based Multicast and
Broadcast Service (MBS) zone is established. The handover delay is increased based on the size of th
e MBS
zone. In this paper, Location Management Area is easily identified by using Database Lookup Method t
o
obtai
n efficient bandwidth utilization along with reduced handover delay and increased throughput. The
handover delay and throughput is calculated by implementing this scenario in OPNET tool.
Improving data transmission in the vanet using multi criteria decision making...ijfcstjournal
In vehicular ad
-
hoc networks the packets are sent using multi
-
hop methods and the receiving limit of a
message is gradually extended, but the exponential increment of the number of nodes re
-
broadcasting a
message results in broadcast storm problem in data
broadcasting in this case. Some characteristics like
high speed of nodes, rapid topological changes and repetitive discontinuities have made it difficult
to
design an efficient broadcasting protocol for these networks.
We have offered a novel fuzzy method
based on multi
-
criteria decision
-
making (MCDM) for prioritizing the
vehicles in selection of the most proper neighbor to broadcast data in this paper. With using this f
uzzy
method, the most proper vehicles participate in data broadcasting. The results of
simulation using NS show
that because of selecting the neighboring vehicles with high priority in data broadcasting, the spee
d of
sending the packs is increased and the network load is considerably decreased. This method also
considerably decreases broadca
sting traffic.
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
Hierarchical Genetic Algorithm For Dynamic Channel Units Allocation in TD-CDM...ijwmn
Hierarchical Genetic Algorithms (HGA) as a tool for search and optimizing methodology have now reached a mature stage. The minimum resource facility to carry user traffic, termed a channel unit (CU), is composed of a one time-slot and one code in the TD-CDMA/TDD system. The control of the number of CUs depends on the traffic load solves varied and asymmetrical traffic problems in the 3G system. In a cellular network, the call arrival rate, call duration and the communication overhead between the base stations and the control center are vague and uncertain, regardless of whether the criteria of concern are nonlinear, constrained, discrete or NP hard. In this paper, the HGA is used to tackle the neural network (NN) topology as well as the fuzzy logic controller for the dynamic CU allocation scheme in wireless cellular networks. Therefore, we propose a new efficient HGA CUs Allocation (HGACA) in cellular networks. It aims to efficiently satisfy the diverse quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of multimedia traffic. The results show our algorithm has a lower blocking rate, lower dropping rate, less update overhead, and shorter channel-acquisition delay than previous methods
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
SECONDARY USER UNDERCOVER COOPERATIVE DYNAMIC ACCESS PROTOCOL FOR OVERLAY COG...ijmnct
A secondary cooperative overlay dynamic spectrum access protocol in cognitive radio networks is proposed, allowing secondary users to access the primary system using full power without causing harmful
interference to primary users. Moreover, an enhancement in the primary system will be achieved as a result of secondary relaying of primary messages. A detailed description of the protocol is given and illustrated with network scenarios.
Implementing database lookup method in mobile wimax for location management a...ijdpsjournal
The mobile WiMAX plays a vital role in accessing the delay sensitive audio, video streaming and mobi
le
IPTV. To minimize the handover delay, a Location
Management Area (LMA) based Multicast and
Broadcast Service (MBS) zone is established. The handover delay is increased based on the size of th
e MBS
zone. In this paper, Location Management Area is easily identified by using Database Lookup Method t
o
obtai
n efficient bandwidth utilization along with reduced handover delay and increased throughput. The
handover delay and throughput is calculated by implementing this scenario in OPNET tool.
Improving data transmission in the vanet using multi criteria decision making...ijfcstjournal
In vehicular ad
-
hoc networks the packets are sent using multi
-
hop methods and the receiving limit of a
message is gradually extended, but the exponential increment of the number of nodes re
-
broadcasting a
message results in broadcast storm problem in data
broadcasting in this case. Some characteristics like
high speed of nodes, rapid topological changes and repetitive discontinuities have made it difficult
to
design an efficient broadcasting protocol for these networks.
We have offered a novel fuzzy method
based on multi
-
criteria decision
-
making (MCDM) for prioritizing the
vehicles in selection of the most proper neighbor to broadcast data in this paper. With using this f
uzzy
method, the most proper vehicles participate in data broadcasting. The results of
simulation using NS show
that because of selecting the neighboring vehicles with high priority in data broadcasting, the spee
d of
sending the packs is increased and the network load is considerably decreased. This method also
considerably decreases broadca
sting traffic.
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
Hierarchical Genetic Algorithm For Dynamic Channel Units Allocation in TD-CDM...ijwmn
Hierarchical Genetic Algorithms (HGA) as a tool for search and optimizing methodology have now reached a mature stage. The minimum resource facility to carry user traffic, termed a channel unit (CU), is composed of a one time-slot and one code in the TD-CDMA/TDD system. The control of the number of CUs depends on the traffic load solves varied and asymmetrical traffic problems in the 3G system. In a cellular network, the call arrival rate, call duration and the communication overhead between the base stations and the control center are vague and uncertain, regardless of whether the criteria of concern are nonlinear, constrained, discrete or NP hard. In this paper, the HGA is used to tackle the neural network (NN) topology as well as the fuzzy logic controller for the dynamic CU allocation scheme in wireless cellular networks. Therefore, we propose a new efficient HGA CUs Allocation (HGACA) in cellular networks. It aims to efficiently satisfy the diverse quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of multimedia traffic. The results show our algorithm has a lower blocking rate, lower dropping rate, less update overhead, and shorter channel-acquisition delay than previous methods
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
SECONDARY USER UNDERCOVER COOPERATIVE DYNAMIC ACCESS PROTOCOL FOR OVERLAY COG...ijmnct
A secondary cooperative overlay dynamic spectrum access protocol in cognitive radio networks is proposed, allowing secondary users to access the primary system using full power without causing harmful
interference to primary users. Moreover, an enhancement in the primary system will be achieved as a result of secondary relaying of primary messages. A detailed description of the protocol is given and illustrated with network scenarios.
SECONDARY USER UNDERCOVER COOPERATIVE DYNAMIC ACCESS PROTOCOL FOR OVERLAY CO...ijmnct
A secondary cooperative overlay dynamic spectrum access protocol in cognitive radio networks is proposed, allowing secondary users to access the primary system using full power without causing harmful interference to primary users. Moreover, an enhancement in the primary system will be achieved as a result of secondary relaying of primary messages. A detailed description of the protocol is given and illustrated with network scenarios.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), an emerging and promising fourth generation mobile technology, is expected
to offer ubiquitous broadband access to the mobile subscribers. In this paper, the performance of Frame
Level Scheduler (FLS), Exponential (EXP) rule, Logarithmic (LOG) rule and Maximum-Largest Weighted
Delay First (M-LWDF) packet scheduling algorithms has been studied in the downlink 3GPP LTE cellular
network. To this aim, a single cell with interference scenario has been considered. The performance
evaluation is made by varying the number of UEs ranging from 10 to 50 (Case 1) and user speed in the
range of [3, 120] km/h (Case 2). Results show that while the number of UEs and user speed increases, the
performance of the considered scheduling schemes degrades and in both case FLS outperforms other three
schemes in terms of several performance indexes such as average throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR),
packet delay and fairness index.
Reducing handoff delay by adaptive thresholdijistjournal
In wireless networks data are sent and received with impressive speed and ease. Mobile WiMAX is a
broadband wireless solution that enables coverage of mobile and fixed broadband networks with flexible
network architecture. Devised as a truly broadband access solution, the WiMAX technology offers
promising features in terms of high bandwidth, extended coverage area and low cost. Despite having
many advantages, WiMAX faces major research issues like QoS based bandwidth allocation, Roaming,
Internetworking with other technologies, security and handoff. Handoff occurs when a mobile user goes
from one cell to another without interruption of ongoing session. Many approaches have been proposed
for reducing handoff delay. In this paper, we propose a new approach by which a critical area, an area
far away from serving base station but still inside the coverage of serving base station, is found. And then
overlapping area between serving base stations and neighboring base station are found and tabulated.
According to the size of overlapping area, different weights are assigned where handoff threshold is
changed adaptively to reduce handoff delay.
A bi scheduler algorithm for frame aggregation in ieee 802.11 nijwmn
IEEE 802.11n mainly aims to provide high throughput, reliability and good security over its other previous
standards. The performance of 802.11n is very effective on the saturated traffic through the use of frame
aggregation. But this frame aggregation will not effectively function in all scenarios. The main objective of
this paper is to improve the throughput of the wireless LAN through effective frame aggregation using
scheduler mechanism. The Bi-Scheduler algorithm proposed in this article aims to segregate frames based
on their access categories. The outer scheduler separates delay sensitive applications from the incoming
burst of multi-part data and also decides whether to apply Aggregated - MAC Service Data Unit (AMSDU)
aggregation technique or to send the data without any aggregation. The inner scheduler schedules
the remaining (delay-insensitive, background and best-effort) packets using Aggregated-MAC Protocol
Data unit (A-MPDU) aggregation technique.
ENHANCEMENT OF OPTIMIZED LINKED STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR ENERGY CONSERVATIONcscpconf
Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is infrastructure less network in which nodes are mobile, self
reconfigurable, battery powered. As nodes in MANET are battery powered, energy saving is an
important issue. We are using routing protocol to save energy so as to extend network lifetime.
We have extended original Optimized Linked State Routing (OLSR) protocol by using two
algorithms and named it as Enhancement in OLSR using Residual Energy approach (EOLSRRE)
and Enhancement in OLSR using Energy Consumption approach (EOLSR-EC). To analyze
relative performance of modified protocol EOLSR-RE and EOLSR-EC over OLSR, we
performed various trials using Qualnet simulator. The performance of these routing protocols is
analyzed in terms of energy consumption, control overheads, end to end delay, packet delivery
ratio. The modified OLSR protocol improves energy efficiency of network by reducing 20 %
energy consumption and 50% control overheads.
Destination Aware APU Strategy for Geographic Routing in MANETEditor IJCATR
In this paper, we have explained the Enhanced Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc
network In Adaptive Position Update strategy, there are two techniques: Mobility prediction rule and On-demand learning rule. Proposed
system is based on the destination aware routing in which path to transfer the data over the network is based on the distance from highly
stable node to the destination node. Results of the proposed system are compared with Periodic Beaconing on the basis of packet delivery
ratio, beacon overhead, energy consumption. Experiment results show a high improvement in results on the parameters energy
consumption, packet delivery ratio and beacon overhead. Proposed work is implemented on the NS2 (Network Simulator) Environment
to perform experiments.
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
A Survey of Various Routing and Channel Assignment Strategies for MR-MC WMNsijsrd.com
One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. A WMN node needs to share a common channel with each of its neighbours in the communication range, requiring it to set up a virtual link. Moreover, to reduce network interference, a node should minimize the number of neighbours that it shares a common channel with. The objective of a channel assignment strategy is to ensure efficient utilization of the available channels (e.g., by minimizing interference) while maximizing connectivity in the network. However, since these two requirements are conflicting with each other, the goal is to achieve a balance between these two. The major constraints which need to be satisfied by a channel assignment scheme include fixed number of channels in the network, limited number of radios in mesh nodes, common channel between two communicating nodes, and limited channel capacity. Also, a channel assignment scheme should take the amount of traffic load supported by each mesh node into consideration.
A New Location Caching with Fixed Local Anchor for Reducing Overall Location ...CSCJournals
The proposed approach in this paper selects a fixed Visitor Location Register (VLR) as a Fixed Local Anchor (FLA) for each group of Registration Areas (RAs). During call delivery process, the calling VLR/FLA caches are updated with the called Mobile Terminal’s (MT’s) location information and the called VLR and FLA caches are updated with the calling MT’s location information. Furthermore, the FLA and the old VLR caches are updated with MT’s new location information during inter-RA handoff as a part of informing this to the FLA of that region. But for another case, it updates the new FLA, old FLA, and old VLR caches with new location information together with directly informing this to the HLR. This location caching policy in local anchor strategy maximizes the probability of finding MTs’ location information in caches. As a result, it minimizes the total number of HLR access for finding MT’s location information prior to deliver a call. So, it significantly reduces the total location management cost in terms of location registration cost and call delivery cost. The analytical and experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms all other previous methods regardless of the MT’s calling and mobility pattern.
OVERVIEW AND LITERATURE SURVEY ON ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE RADI...cscpconf
Ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary
network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. A
cognitive radio is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with
the environment in which it operates. The basic idea of cognitive radio networks is that the
unlicensed devices (cognitive radio users or secondary users) need to vacate the spectrum band
once the licensed device (primary user) is detected. Cognitive capability and reconfigurability
are the key characteristics of cognitive radio. Routing is an important issue in Mobile
Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (MCRAHNs). In this paper, a survey of routing protocols for
mobile cognitive radio ad networks is discussed.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
Route Reservation In Adhoc Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
this paper deals with whether and when Reservation Based (RB) communication can yield better delay performance than NRB Communication in Ad hoc Wireless Networks. In addition to posing this fundamental question (in terms of route discovery, MAC protocol and pipelining etc), the requirements for making RB switching superior to NRB switching are also identified. While the conventional wisdom in current adhoc wireless networking research favours NRB switching, when and under which conditions RB switching might be preferable. Even under these strict and futuristic conditions, while RB switching provide a better delay performances, NRB switching can generally achieve higher network good put and throughput. It is important to understand that if these conditions are not satisfied, then NRB switching will be probable preferable. A novel analytical framework is developed and the network performance under both schemes is quantified. This advantage comes at the expense of lower throughput and goodput compared to NRB schemes.
SECONDARY USER UNDERCOVER COOPERATIVE DYNAMIC ACCESS PROTOCOL FOR OVERLAY CO...ijmnct
A secondary cooperative overlay dynamic spectrum access protocol in cognitive radio networks is proposed, allowing secondary users to access the primary system using full power without causing harmful interference to primary users. Moreover, an enhancement in the primary system will be achieved as a result of secondary relaying of primary messages. A detailed description of the protocol is given and illustrated with network scenarios.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), an emerging and promising fourth generation mobile technology, is expected
to offer ubiquitous broadband access to the mobile subscribers. In this paper, the performance of Frame
Level Scheduler (FLS), Exponential (EXP) rule, Logarithmic (LOG) rule and Maximum-Largest Weighted
Delay First (M-LWDF) packet scheduling algorithms has been studied in the downlink 3GPP LTE cellular
network. To this aim, a single cell with interference scenario has been considered. The performance
evaluation is made by varying the number of UEs ranging from 10 to 50 (Case 1) and user speed in the
range of [3, 120] km/h (Case 2). Results show that while the number of UEs and user speed increases, the
performance of the considered scheduling schemes degrades and in both case FLS outperforms other three
schemes in terms of several performance indexes such as average throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR),
packet delay and fairness index.
Reducing handoff delay by adaptive thresholdijistjournal
In wireless networks data are sent and received with impressive speed and ease. Mobile WiMAX is a
broadband wireless solution that enables coverage of mobile and fixed broadband networks with flexible
network architecture. Devised as a truly broadband access solution, the WiMAX technology offers
promising features in terms of high bandwidth, extended coverage area and low cost. Despite having
many advantages, WiMAX faces major research issues like QoS based bandwidth allocation, Roaming,
Internetworking with other technologies, security and handoff. Handoff occurs when a mobile user goes
from one cell to another without interruption of ongoing session. Many approaches have been proposed
for reducing handoff delay. In this paper, we propose a new approach by which a critical area, an area
far away from serving base station but still inside the coverage of serving base station, is found. And then
overlapping area between serving base stations and neighboring base station are found and tabulated.
According to the size of overlapping area, different weights are assigned where handoff threshold is
changed adaptively to reduce handoff delay.
A bi scheduler algorithm for frame aggregation in ieee 802.11 nijwmn
IEEE 802.11n mainly aims to provide high throughput, reliability and good security over its other previous
standards. The performance of 802.11n is very effective on the saturated traffic through the use of frame
aggregation. But this frame aggregation will not effectively function in all scenarios. The main objective of
this paper is to improve the throughput of the wireless LAN through effective frame aggregation using
scheduler mechanism. The Bi-Scheduler algorithm proposed in this article aims to segregate frames based
on their access categories. The outer scheduler separates delay sensitive applications from the incoming
burst of multi-part data and also decides whether to apply Aggregated - MAC Service Data Unit (AMSDU)
aggregation technique or to send the data without any aggregation. The inner scheduler schedules
the remaining (delay-insensitive, background and best-effort) packets using Aggregated-MAC Protocol
Data unit (A-MPDU) aggregation technique.
ENHANCEMENT OF OPTIMIZED LINKED STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR ENERGY CONSERVATIONcscpconf
Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is infrastructure less network in which nodes are mobile, self
reconfigurable, battery powered. As nodes in MANET are battery powered, energy saving is an
important issue. We are using routing protocol to save energy so as to extend network lifetime.
We have extended original Optimized Linked State Routing (OLSR) protocol by using two
algorithms and named it as Enhancement in OLSR using Residual Energy approach (EOLSRRE)
and Enhancement in OLSR using Energy Consumption approach (EOLSR-EC). To analyze
relative performance of modified protocol EOLSR-RE and EOLSR-EC over OLSR, we
performed various trials using Qualnet simulator. The performance of these routing protocols is
analyzed in terms of energy consumption, control overheads, end to end delay, packet delivery
ratio. The modified OLSR protocol improves energy efficiency of network by reducing 20 %
energy consumption and 50% control overheads.
Destination Aware APU Strategy for Geographic Routing in MANETEditor IJCATR
In this paper, we have explained the Enhanced Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc
network In Adaptive Position Update strategy, there are two techniques: Mobility prediction rule and On-demand learning rule. Proposed
system is based on the destination aware routing in which path to transfer the data over the network is based on the distance from highly
stable node to the destination node. Results of the proposed system are compared with Periodic Beaconing on the basis of packet delivery
ratio, beacon overhead, energy consumption. Experiment results show a high improvement in results on the parameters energy
consumption, packet delivery ratio and beacon overhead. Proposed work is implemented on the NS2 (Network Simulator) Environment
to perform experiments.
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
A Survey of Various Routing and Channel Assignment Strategies for MR-MC WMNsijsrd.com
One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. A WMN node needs to share a common channel with each of its neighbours in the communication range, requiring it to set up a virtual link. Moreover, to reduce network interference, a node should minimize the number of neighbours that it shares a common channel with. The objective of a channel assignment strategy is to ensure efficient utilization of the available channels (e.g., by minimizing interference) while maximizing connectivity in the network. However, since these two requirements are conflicting with each other, the goal is to achieve a balance between these two. The major constraints which need to be satisfied by a channel assignment scheme include fixed number of channels in the network, limited number of radios in mesh nodes, common channel between two communicating nodes, and limited channel capacity. Also, a channel assignment scheme should take the amount of traffic load supported by each mesh node into consideration.
A New Location Caching with Fixed Local Anchor for Reducing Overall Location ...CSCJournals
The proposed approach in this paper selects a fixed Visitor Location Register (VLR) as a Fixed Local Anchor (FLA) for each group of Registration Areas (RAs). During call delivery process, the calling VLR/FLA caches are updated with the called Mobile Terminal’s (MT’s) location information and the called VLR and FLA caches are updated with the calling MT’s location information. Furthermore, the FLA and the old VLR caches are updated with MT’s new location information during inter-RA handoff as a part of informing this to the FLA of that region. But for another case, it updates the new FLA, old FLA, and old VLR caches with new location information together with directly informing this to the HLR. This location caching policy in local anchor strategy maximizes the probability of finding MTs’ location information in caches. As a result, it minimizes the total number of HLR access for finding MT’s location information prior to deliver a call. So, it significantly reduces the total location management cost in terms of location registration cost and call delivery cost. The analytical and experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms all other previous methods regardless of the MT’s calling and mobility pattern.
OVERVIEW AND LITERATURE SURVEY ON ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE RADI...cscpconf
Ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary
network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. A
cognitive radio is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with
the environment in which it operates. The basic idea of cognitive radio networks is that the
unlicensed devices (cognitive radio users or secondary users) need to vacate the spectrum band
once the licensed device (primary user) is detected. Cognitive capability and reconfigurability
are the key characteristics of cognitive radio. Routing is an important issue in Mobile
Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (MCRAHNs). In this paper, a survey of routing protocols for
mobile cognitive radio ad networks is discussed.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
Route Reservation In Adhoc Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
this paper deals with whether and when Reservation Based (RB) communication can yield better delay performance than NRB Communication in Ad hoc Wireless Networks. In addition to posing this fundamental question (in terms of route discovery, MAC protocol and pipelining etc), the requirements for making RB switching superior to NRB switching are also identified. While the conventional wisdom in current adhoc wireless networking research favours NRB switching, when and under which conditions RB switching might be preferable. Even under these strict and futuristic conditions, while RB switching provide a better delay performances, NRB switching can generally achieve higher network good put and throughput. It is important to understand that if these conditions are not satisfied, then NRB switching will be probable preferable. A novel analytical framework is developed and the network performance under both schemes is quantified. This advantage comes at the expense of lower throughput and goodput compared to NRB schemes.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS IN WIMAXIJCSEA Journal
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks were expected to be the main Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technology that provided several services such as data, voice, and video services including different classes of Quality of Services (QoS), which in turn were defined by IEEE 802.16 standard. Scheduling in WiMAX became one of the most challenging issues, since it was responsible for distributing available resources of the network among all users; this leaded to the demand of constructing and designing high efficient scheduling algorithms in order to improve the network utilization, to increase the network throughput, and to minimize the end-to-end delay. In this study, we presenedt a simulation study to measure the performance of several scheduling algorithms in WiMAX, which were Strict Priority algorithm, Round-Robin (RR), Weighted Round Robin (WRR), Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), Self-Clocked Fair (SCF), and Diff-Serv Algorithm.
Reducing handoff delay by adaptive threshold tuning and location updates in m...ijistjournal
In wireless networks data are sent and received with impressive speed and ease. Mobile WiMAX is a broadband wireless solution that enables coverage of mobile and fixed broadband networks with flexible network architecture. Devised as a truly broadband access solution, the WiMAX technology offers promising features in terms of high bandwidth, extended coverage area and low cost. Despite having many advantages, WiMAX faces major research issues like QoS based bandwidth allocation, Roaming, Internetworking with other technologies, security and handoff. Handoff occurs when a mobile user goes from one cell to another without interruption of ongoing session. Many approaches have been proposed for reducing handoff delay. In this paper, we propose a new approach by which a critical area, an area far away from serving base station but still inside the coverage of serving base station, is found. And then overlapping area between serving base stations and neighboring base station are found and tabulated. According to the size of overlapping area, different weights are assigned where handoff threshold is changed adaptively to reduce handoff delay.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Journals
Abstract One of the most complicated issues is to measuring the delay performance of end to end nodes in Multi-hop Wireless Networks. The two nodes are communicating via hopping over the multiple wireless links. The fact that is each node has to concentrate not only its own generated traffic, but also relayed one. Observing unfairness particularly for transmissions among nodes that are more than one hop Most of the existing works deals with the joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm, which does not focusing the delay performance. In turn, considering the throughput metric alone although for congestion control flows, throughput is the repeated difficult performance metric Packet delay is also important because practical congestion control protocols need to establish the timeouts for the retransmissions based on the packet delay, such parameters could significantly impact the speed of recovery when loss of packets occurred. The related issues on the delay-performance First, for long flows, the end to end delay may grow in terms of square with based on the number of hops. Second, it is difficult to control the end-to-end delay of each flows. TDMA schedules the transmissions in a fair way, in terms of throughput per connection, considering the communication requirements of the active flows of the network. It does not work properly in the multi-hop scenario, because it is generated only for single hop networks, We propose The Leaky Bucket Algorithm, in addition to joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm in multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed algorithm not only achieves the provable throughput and also considering the upper bounds of the delay of each flow. It reduces the transmission time by delivering packets at a constant bit rate even it receives the packet at a busty way. Keywords- Multi-hop wireless networks, congestion control, Performance, Delay, Flow, Throughput.
MULTI-HOP BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJMIT JOURNAL
An admission control scheme should play the role of a coordinator for flows in a data communication network, to provide the guarantees as the medium is shared. The nodes of a wired network can monitor the medium to know the available bandwidth at any point of time. But, in wireless ad hoc networks, a node must consume the bandwidth of neighboring nodes, during a communication. Hence, the consumption of bandwidth by a flow and the availability of resources to any wireless node strictly depend upon the neighboring nodes within its transmission range. We present a scalable and efficient admission control scheme, Multi-hop Bandwidth Management Protocol (MBMP), to support the QoS requirements
in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We simulate several options to design MBMP and compare the performances of these options through mathematical analysis and simulation results, and compare its effectiveness with the existing admission control schemes through extensive simulations.
Wap based seamless roaming in urban environment with wise handoff techniqueijujournal
This paper highlights the studies performed to arrive at a novel handoff scheme in achieving uninterrupted connectivity. Every wireless communication user prefers seamless mobility and uninterrupted communication. Achieving this scenario is quite challenging both technologically and economically. Few of the reasons are geographical and man made constraints. Dynamic changes in environment and ever changing geographical landscape also pose serious difficulties to engineers involved in design of wireless systems. The following schemes have been suggested in an effort to improve Q.o.S of wireless mobile communication scenarios.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
An Implementation and Analysis of RTS/CTS Mechanism for Data Transfer in Wire...iosrjce
In this paper, the implementation and analysis of RTS/CTS mechanism for data transfer in wireless
network is being studied. The Request-To-Send (RTS) and Clear-To-Send (CTS) mechanism is widely used in
wireless networks to avoid collisions due to hidden nodes by reserving the channel for transmitting data from
source to destination. The collisions caused by the hidden nodes reduce the network throughput and efficiency.
In RTS/CTS mechanism, RTS/CTS packets set the timer for the neighboring nodes so that these nodes defer their
transmission for the entire data packet transmission period. But there may be the case when the intended
transmission completes before the expiration of this timer, so a kind of delay has been developed. To reduce this
delay, the proposed methodology in this paper provides RTR (Ready-To-Receive) packets along with RTS/CTS
packets. The receiving node sends RTR packets to notify all the neighboring nodes that the intended
communication has finished. The results show that this method improves the data transfer rate resulting in
higher throughput and network efficiency and the system will be more efficient. This will reflect in the overall
information transfer time.
A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase the capacity of hybrid w...
Impact Duration Time Session over The 19-Copy
1. Keywords— WiMAX, Handover Delay, DTS, MT speed .
Abstract— Throughout history of the communication and
broadband networks particularly a major challenge and the battle still
to speed up the development of quality of services (QoS) and to pay
more attentions to reduce the delay of delivering signals and data
over the entire network. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) network has one of these challenge , it's the
handover delay (HD) during crossing borders with different speeds ,
the researches among many schemes and models presented succeeds
to reduces the delay, in most cases used different facts , factors and
principles which have an influence over delay, Mobile Terminal
Speed (MT), Distances between the BSs and MT, Radio Strength
Signal (RSS), Locations Management Area (LMA) and Cell size..etc,
all these parameters have a significant effect on the handover delay.
In this paper the modified scheme used Duration Time Session (DTS)
, MTs speeds and Number of MTs in location area and zones,
targeting the handover delay, the comparison results showed the
effect of all these factors and parameters over the handover delay
and at which certain levels of MT speed and DTS the handover delay
has been reduced.
I. INTRODUCTION
owards to achieve the high data rate in wireless services
such as VoIP and IPTV, the Mobile WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access) based on the IEEE
802.16e [1] standard is developed as broadband wireless
solution to the wired backhaul. Fixed WiMAX, based on IEEE
802.16 standard is a cost effective fixed wireless alternative to
cable, and DSL services. IEEE 802.16e is the new version to
the Fixed WiMAX [2] with the mobility features WiMAX
provides high data rate mobile wireless services for
metropolitan areas, and coverage range is up to thirty mile
radius and data rates between 1.5 Mbps To 75 Mbps
theoretically. Handover (HO) is one of the key requirements
to sit mobility and quality of service( QoS) for the subscribers
in IEEE 806.16e. Handover refers to the process in which an
MT transition from the air interface provided by one BS to an
air interface provided by other BS, the IEEE 802.16 defines
three types of handover [3]: hard handover (HHO), Marco
Diversity Handover ( MDHO) and Fast Base Station
Switching (FBSS). MDHO and FBSS are soft handover and
adopt the make- before- break scheme , HHO is imperative in
Wimax system but MDHO and FBSS are elective. In HHO the
MS is connected to only one BS at a time , if the MS decides
to connect to the new target BS, its selects only one target BS
from a group of BSs and MTs stops its radio link with the
serving BSs before establishing its radio link with the target
BS, HHO is causes long handover delay when velocity of
MS is high. in MDHO or FBSS scheme, a MS is registered to
several BSs at the same time for MDHO a MS communicate
with two or more BSs in a given interact while FBSS
services flows are set up with multiple BSs.
few published papers are proposed several models in this area
some researchers have been used soft handovers and the
others used hard handover models. In this paper the handover
delay modified scheme has been introduced with different
factors such as Duration Time Session (DTS) with different
MSs speeds and number of MSs in location areas which play
important keys , the results based on the comparison showed
how these factors have significant influence on the handover
delay, and how these factors in certain level of speed and
DTS reduce the handover delay. This paper is organized as
following, in section 2 describes the architecture of Wimax ,
the WiMAX reference model and handover process, section 3
the modified model is presented, section 4 the analytical
comparison results, finally the conclusion.
. WiMAX NETWORK ARCHITECURE
With IEEE 802.16 limiting itself to PHY and MAC layer the
WiMAX forum is developing end to end network architecture
[4], specifying the access and the core systems and its
functionalities ,it contains procedures and protocols for how
the network will support the mobility and security and
interworking and authentication to a WiMAx subscribers
stations.
A depiction of the network architecture is presented in the
network reference models figure (1) its contains entities such
as Mobile subscriber station or Mobile terminal (MT), Access
Service Network (ASN)and connectivity services networks
(CSN). This reference model contains interface between the
different entities these interface defined procedures and
protocols, rather than physical links across the entities The
ASN consist of one of several ASN Getaways ,the base
stations supplying WiMAX radio coverage to geographical
area. ASN mange MAC access functionalities such as Paging,
location, Radio Resources Management (RRM) and mobility
between base station. The ASN thus services as management
Impact Duration Time Session over The
Handover Delay in Broadband Network
E. Elgembari , K. Seman
T
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2. of the WiMAX radio links only, leaving much of the high level
management to the CSN. The ASN is deployed by the business
entity called Network Access Provider (NAP) which provides
a SS/MSS with L2 connectivity to a WiMAX radio network
and connect MT to Network Services Providers (NSP)
management. The ASN Gateway serves as the
interconnections between ASN and CSN, this logical partition
of the access network from the services network enables
individual access networks to be deployed.
Fig.1 Network Reference Model
III. Network Topology Acquisition (NTA)
.
Its consist of Network Topology Advertisement , MT scanning
of neighbor BSs and association process before HO procedure
the BS periodically send an advertisement message
MOB_NBR_ADV, which includes channel information of the
neighboring BSs such as BS ID (identifier), radiation power,
frequency assignment , mobility and handover support, and
their UCD (Uplink channel descriptor),and DCD( Down
channel descriptor) information. The information contained in
MOB_NBR_ADV message process faster handover to one BS
out of all neighboring BSs. After synchronizing with
neighboring BSs scanning of neighboring BSs can be started.
The MOB_SCAN_RSP message contains the information
about scanning procedure n procedure with the serving BS.
All down link and uplink transmission are paused during
scanning process and the next step, the association procedure
optionally, perform between MS and neighboring BSs. Initial
ranging process performed during MT's scanning interval is
optional . the association procedure is to enable the MT to set
and record ranging parameters and other parameters and other
information by reusing those information MT is able for future
HO to a target BS. If MT decided to skip the association
process . it must perform an initial ranging procedure with the
target BS.
To shorten the HO delay and to reduce wireless channel
resources waste a good handover scheme should be present.
But in spite of that, some factor degrading the system
performance also exist in the HO process. Suppose that a MT
moves with low velocity, the network topology architecture
may maintain the same in a long time. Thus in the cell
reselection stage, the MT can use the same network topology
information and skip this stage since the channel information
of the neighboring BSs do not change . MT could synchronize
to target BS downlink by performing non contention ranging
and therefore the HO delay minimizes , on the other hand
when the MT moves with high velocity the rapid change of
channel condition makes per obtained information useless so
during actual HO procedure the neighboring BSs scanning
and contention based ranging operation must be performed
which generates long handover delay and wireless channel
resources waste at higher speed of the MT.
the user spatial disruption is follows a two dimensional
Poisson disruptions with net rate which defined the average
number of users per unite area. The average number of user
per unite area for i-th popular session is :
(1)
Total number of MBS session duration time S is based on the
exponential distribution with means of and is the
condition probability that the arriving signaling request are
made for all the rank sessions [6], is given by
= ,
where , 0˂α ˂ 1 (2)
The residence time in cell and LMA and MBS are based on
the exponential distribution with means , and
, respectively.
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3. Assuming Z, L and C be the random variables for the number
of MBS zones crossings per session , if Z3 the number of intra
MBS zone handovers [7] then E[Z] = E[Z1]+E[Z2] and
E[C]=E[Z]+E[Z3]. .
Where D is the handover delay , the average services
disruption time for an i-th session in MZ can be;
TM Z,i = E[Z1,i] . DZ1 + E[Z2,i] . DZ2 + E[Z3,i] . DZ3 (3)
Assuming the random variable for session duration time is ts, tz
and tc so probability crossing MBS zones and cells are given
in [8] as a following:
(4)PZ = Pr (ts >tz) =
PC = Pr (ts >tz) = (5)
Assuming p(k,i,A) denote the probability that there are k
users subscribing the i-th popular session in an area A
P(k,i ,A) = (6)
average number of inter MBS zone handover to active MBS
zones can be denoted as
(7)
On the other hands, the average number of cell crossing is
given by ,
(8)
average number of cell crossing is given by ,
(9)E[Z3,i]=
So the disruption time in MZ and LMA can be given by
TMZ,i = [
(10)
D LMA,I = [
(11)
Suppose that MBS zones LMAs and cells are square shaped
where there are NZ cells in a MBS zones and NL cells in an
LMAs then by the fluid flow mobility model in [9] the cell
boundary crossing rate can be expressed as = (16v)/(πl) ,
where v is the average velocity of MTs and l is the perimeter
of a cell . in addition the average duration session time is
and S is total number of MBS session.
. THE RESULTS
In Figure. 2, the effect of the duration session time on the
handover delay is clear ,the results showed that, when the
duration session time is 60, with different speeds of mobile
terminal the handover delay is becomes very high in the
lower Mobile terminal speed . in the other hand the handover
delay is decrease when the mobile terminal speed is becomes
higher , but comparing the graduating time of the decreasing
of delay within different mobile speeds its clear in speed of 30
(km/h)up to 60 (km/h) it has a high drop delay comparing to
speed from 60 to 100, the point is the handover channels as a
bandwidth cannot handle all the signaling traffics within lower
mobility and speed with 60 duration session time ,however the
high speed it will be more reliable for the handover processing
to handle it with less the effect .
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6065707580859095100110120130140150
HandoverDelayUnit
MT Speed (Km/h)
Fig 2. Handover delay using different MT speed with fixing the
duration session time
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4. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
050100150
HandoverDelayUnit
Duration Session Time (ms)
Fig. 3 Handover delay within different Duration Session Time
In Figure. 3, The results shown that the handover delay has
inverse proportional with the duration session time so when
the session time is high the delay goes down and vice versa
with consider fixed mobile terminal speed ,this scenario
applies to figure 4, 5 and 6, although the number of mobile
terminals is changed from 100 to 150 and 200 respectively.
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.1
1.11
1.12
1.13
050100
HandoverDelayUnit
MTs
Fig. 4 Effect Duration Session Time on handover delay based on
100 mobile terminals
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
020406080100
Handverdelayunit
Duration Session Time
Fig. 5 Effect Duration Session Time on Handover Delay Based On
150 Mobile Terminal
1.02
1.025
1.03
1.035
1.04
1.045
1.05
1.055
1.06
1.065
020406080100
HandoverDelayUnit
Duration Session Time
Fig. 6 Effect Duration Session time on Handover Delay Based on
200 Mobile Terminal
In Fig. 7, comparison the handover delay based on different
duration session time and different numbers of mobile
terminals is shown that the delay has inverse proportion
relation with the duration session time under the certain
criteria such as the fix speeds and locations areas. Obviously
this relation has real impact on the bandwidth channels where
the connections between the session duration and the
bandwidth should be on the same tone when the processing
itself deal with the handover delay, in this figure result shown
that delay comes lower and closer between 60 to 80 duration
session time to all different number of mobile terminals.
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5. Indicated that in such this case its good scenario of lower delay
if the duration session could be in this range of time but still
the higher number of terminals has an acceptable lower
handover delay than the others.
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
1.14
304050607080
HandoverDelayUnit
Duration Session Time
Dly,M
T=100
Dly,M
T=150
Dly,
MTs=
200
Fig.7 Handover Delay based on Mobile Terminals and Different
Duration Session Time
VI. CONCLUSION
The influence of the session duration time , MTs numbers and
speed has an obvious impact to the handover delay, as far as
the session duration time is low the network performance shall
record a positive quality of service and low handover delay.
with high speed and low session duration time the handover
has lower delay, its necessary not to be neglect the importance
of bandwidth channels which has an additional positive value
to all overcome the network performance, particularly when
the reduction the handover delay is the main target to achieve.
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H. Fattah, H. Alnuweiri, “A New Handover Mechanism for
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