Immunization involves protecting individuals from disease by introducing live, killed, or attenuated organisms. It stimulates the body's immune system and is one of the most cost-effective health interventions. Immunization helps reduce communicable diseases' impact on health and has controlled or eliminated some diseases from certain areas. National immunization schedules tailored to community needs aim to protect children from six killer diseases.

2. IMMUNIZATION
Presented by
D SHOBA
3rd YEAR BSC (N)
SPGCON, TIRUPATI
Presented to
Mrs. K SRILATHA MADAM
TEACHING FACULTY
SPGCON, TIRUPATI

3. WHAT IS IMMUNIZATION
o Immunization is a process of
protecting the individual from a
disease through the introduction of
live or killed or attenuated organisms
into the individual body system.
o It is one of the ‘BEST BUYS’ in
community health and one of the most
cost effective health intervention.

4. DEFINITION
 Immunization is the process where by
a person is made immune or resistant
to an infectious disease , typically by
the administration of a vaccine .
Vaccines stimulate the body’s own
immune system to protect the person
against subseqent infection or
disease.
World health organization

5.  Immunization is the world’s safest
method to protect children from life
threatening diseases.
UNICEF

6. TYPES OF IMMUNITY
There are mainly two types , that is
1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity

7. IMMUNIZING AGENTS
1) Vaccines
2) Immunoglobulins
3) Antisera or anti toxines

8. IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNIZATION
 Immunization has helped reduce the
impact of the communicable disease
on health and wellbeing .
 Some disease have been well
controlled and other eliminated from
some parts of the world because of
vaccination .
 Stopping vaccination may again lead
to epidemic .
 Immunization protects future
generations .

9. NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
 Immunization schedule should be planned
according to the needs of coomunity . It
should be relevent with existing community
health problems .
 It must be effective , feasible and acceptlable
by the community . Every country has its own
immunization schedule .
 The WHO launched global immunization
programme in 1974 , known as expanded
program on immunization (EPI) to protect all
children of the world against six killer
diseases .

10.  In India , EPI was launched in january , 1978 .
 The EPI is now renamed as “ Universal child
immunization” , as per declaration sponsered
by UNICEF .
 In India , it is called as univeral immunization
program (UPI) and was launched in 1985 ,
november .
 National immunization schedule as
recommended by government of India for
implemantation throughout the country was
formulated .

16. CHILD MORTALITY
AND
CHILD MORBIDITY

17. CHILD MORTALITY
 “ Child mortality is the ratio of infants
deaths registered in a given year to the
total number of live births registered in the
same year ; usually expressed as a rare
per 1000 live births”.
CAUSES
-Congenital abnormalities
- injuries
- prematurity
- low birth weight
- birth asphyxia

18. CHILD MORBIDITY
 “ Morbidity refers to ill health in child or
deviation from a state of physical or mental
well being as a result of disease , injury or
impairment .
CAUSES
*Infectious disease including
- Pneumonia
- malaria
* Pre term birth
* Birth asphyxia
* Trauma
* Congenital anomalies

19. NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
 This refers to the number of deaths occuring within
the first 28 days of birth per 1000 live births .
Neonatal mortality ration remains high in India when
compared to the more developed countries of the
week .

20. STILL BIRTH RATE
 It is the ratio of still births to total number of
live births multiplied by 1000
 CAUSES
- Placenta previa
- Toxemia of pregnancy
- Tramatic deliveries

21. PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE
 It is the ratio of number of deaths including still
birth occuring and in 7 days of birth to the total
number of live and still birth multiplied by 1000.
 CAUSES
- Prematurity
- Low birth weight
- Multiple pregnancy
- Birth trauma
- Asphyxia
- Infections

22. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
 Infant mortality rate is the ratio of deaths
occuring between births and one year of the
total number of live births multiplied by 1000 .
 CAUSES
- Respiratory infections
- diarrhea
- Other infections

23.  There is a direct relationship between the size
of family and incidence of caloric malnutrition
vitamin deficiencies and common infections .
 CAUSES
-Pneumonia
- Malaria
-Diarrhoea etc .
PRESCOOL MORTLITY RATE

24. AGE SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE
 It is the number of death in a year in age
specified age group per 1000 persons .
 The very high age specific mortality rate in the
0-4 years age groups under lines the need for
priority core for this group .