The document discusses infant mortality rate (IMR) in India. It defines IMR as the probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births. The current IMR in India is 44 per 1,000 live births. Common causes of infant mortality include prematurity/low birth weight, infections, and asphyxia. Government programs aim to reduce IMR through improved antenatal, delivery and postnatal care as well as immunization, nutrition interventions and health system strengthening.
Home Based Newborn Care.pptx Home-based newborn care provides essential suppo...DrRizwanAhmed4
Home-based newborn care provides essential support and guidance to parents in caring for their newborns within the comfort of their own homes. This approach emphasizes education on breastfeeding, hygiene, and recognizing signs of illness. It also includes routine check-ups by healthcare professionals to monitor the baby's growth and development. By empowering parents with the knowledge and skills to care for their infants, home-based newborn care promotes bonding, reduces healthcare costs, and ensures that babies receive personalized attention in a familiar environment. This approach is particularly beneficial for families in remote areas or those who prefer the convenience of home-based services.
In 2011 to reduce neonatal mortality government of India launched Home based new born care program based on Gadchirolli model of SEARCH. This presentation will tell about how the program is enrolling in our country.
Health index in contrast of maternal healthNehaNupur8
Health index
Characteristics of maternal indicators
Commonly used maternal health indicators
Maternal mortality rate
Fertility rate
Perinatal mortality rate
Neonatal mortality rate
Postneonatal mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Health index also called health indicators depending on the measure, a health indicators may be defined for a specific population, place, or geographic area.
Indicators are defined as “variable which help to measure changes
Home Based Newborn Care.pptx Home-based newborn care provides essential suppo...DrRizwanAhmed4
Home-based newborn care provides essential support and guidance to parents in caring for their newborns within the comfort of their own homes. This approach emphasizes education on breastfeeding, hygiene, and recognizing signs of illness. It also includes routine check-ups by healthcare professionals to monitor the baby's growth and development. By empowering parents with the knowledge and skills to care for their infants, home-based newborn care promotes bonding, reduces healthcare costs, and ensures that babies receive personalized attention in a familiar environment. This approach is particularly beneficial for families in remote areas or those who prefer the convenience of home-based services.
In 2011 to reduce neonatal mortality government of India launched Home based new born care program based on Gadchirolli model of SEARCH. This presentation will tell about how the program is enrolling in our country.
Health index in contrast of maternal healthNehaNupur8
Health index
Characteristics of maternal indicators
Commonly used maternal health indicators
Maternal mortality rate
Fertility rate
Perinatal mortality rate
Neonatal mortality rate
Postneonatal mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Health index also called health indicators depending on the measure, a health indicators may be defined for a specific population, place, or geographic area.
Indicators are defined as “variable which help to measure changes
Newborn survival and perinatal health in resource-constrained settings in Asia and the Pacific: Applying Global Evidence to Priorities Beyond 2015
12 April 2013
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
This slide contains information regarding Maternal and Child Health Program. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
Newborn survival and perinatal health in resource-constrained settings in Asia and the Pacific: Applying Global Evidence to Priorities Beyond 2015
12 April 2013
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
This slide contains information regarding Maternal and Child Health Program. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Question
(A)Define Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and
indicate the current data in India.
(b) Enumerate common causes for IMR in
India and mention interventional programmes
available to combat it.
(2+1+3+2=8)
2
3. Definition and components of IMR
• Infant mortality rate - Probability of dying between birth
and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births.
Number of infant deaths during the year
------------------------------------------------------ x 1000
Number of live births during the year
• Infant mortality:
1. Neo-natal mortality:
• Early neo-natal mortality rate
• late neo-natal mortality rate.
2. Post neo-natal mortality.
3
4. Formulas
1. Neo-natal mortality rate (NMR)
Number of infant deaths of 28 completed days during the year
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000
Number of live births during the year
2. Early neo-natal mortality rate
Number of infant deaths of < than 7 days during the year
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000
Number of live births during the year
3. Late neo-natal mortality rate
Number of infant deaths of 7 days to < than 29 days during the year
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000
Number of live births during the year
4. Post neo-natal mortality rate(PNMR)
Number of infant deaths of 29 days to < than one year during the year
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000
Number of live births during the year
4
5. Live birth
• Live birth refers to the complete expulsion or extraction from
its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the
duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation,
breathes or shows any other evidence of life - e.g.
– beating of the heart,
– pulsation of the umbilical cord or
– definite movement of voluntary muscles - whether or not
the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached.
• Each product of such a birth is considered live born.
• Period of viability:
• fetus having birth weight >500 g (or gestation >22 weeks
or crown heel length >25 cm) or more.
5
6. Sources of data
• National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
• Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
• Indian Sample Registration System (SRS)
• Public health reporting system
6
7. Perinatal mortality
• PERINATAL PERIOD: Commences from 22 weeks (154
days) of gestation (the time when the birth weight is
500 g), and ends at 7 completed days after birth.
• Perinatal mortality rate=
(Early neonatal deaths + stillbirths) x 1000
Total births
• The Perinatal ratio is the number of perinatal deaths
per 1,000 live births.
• PMR of India in 2007 is 33/1000 total births
7
8. Values of IMR from DPH Chennai:
• Tamilnadu: SRS 2008-09 statistics per thousand
livebirths
• IMR 35
– NNMR 23
– Post Neonatal DR 12
• Perinatal MR 8.4
• CMR or U5 mortality 26
• Neonatal mortality rate is 34/1000 LB
8
9. • Under-five Mortality Rate:
• (U5MR) is measured in terms of death of number of
children (under five years of age) taking place per
1000 live births. The U5 MR declined from 69 in 2008
to 59 in 2010.
• Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR):
• MMR has reduced from 254 per 100000 live births in
2004-06 to 212 per 100000 live births in 2007-09
(SRS),
9
11. States
1. Kerala has the lowest IMR (12 /1000 live
births) and
2. Orissa the highest (65 per 1000 live births)
3. Puducherry 22/1000 live births;
4. Tamil nadu 28 - (SRS 2009)
11
12. Current figures
• India Latest IMR (SRS data 2012):
• All india: 44/ 1000 live births; urban 29;
rural 48
• Tamil nadu: 22/1000 urban 19 rural 24
• Puducheri 19/1000
• Neonatal mortality rate is 34/1000 LB
12
13. World
Country Name Value
Angola 176
Afghanistan 149
Somalia 106
India 48
China 16
United States 6
United Kingdom 5
Sweden 3
Singapore 2
Japan 3 13
17. • Neonatal mortality (2005-06) is 39/ 1000
livebirths;
• About 40% of neonatal deaths occur in the
first day of life.
• Nearly 3/4th of neonatal deaths occur within
7 days of life.
17
18. Components
India 2003
Mortality Total Rural Urban
Infant mortality rate 60 66 38
Neo-natal mortality rate 37 41 22
Early neo-natal mortality rate 25 28 12
Late neo-natal mortality rate 12 13 10
Post neo-natal mortality rate 23 25 16
18
19. Importance of IMR
• Infant and child mortality rates refect a
country's level of socio-economic development
and quality of life and are used for monitoring
and evaluating population, health programs
and policies.
• It is an outcome rather than a cause and hence
directly measures results of the distribution and
use of resources.
19
20. Differentials
• Infant mortality has declined by 35 percent
during the past fifteen years.
• Urban rural divide: Infant mortality rates in
urban (34/1000 live births) and rural areas
(55/1000 live births) (SRS2009).
• Sex differentials: In rural population IMR of
female children are relatively more due to
gender issues such as son preference and
neglect of female children.
20
21. GOALS:
• Our goal was to achieve an Infant Mortality
Rate of 45/1000 live births by 2007 (as per the
Tenth Plan) and to achieve an Infant Mortality
Rate of 30/1000 live births by the year
2010(as per the National Health Policy 2002).
21
22. The trends
• The rapid decline and static trends in IMR:
• There was significant reduction min IMR after
the introduction of programs like EPI, ORT,
pneumonia control, vit.A prophylaxis etc.
• The contribution of neonatal mortality to IMR
remained static as they required different
interventions
22
23. • Out of total IMR more than 50% occur in
neonatal period and out of the neonatal
period more than 50 % of deaths occur in
early neonatal period
23
24. Exogenous and endogenous causes of IMR
• Bourgeois-Pichat (1964) indentified two types of factors
viz. ‘endogenous’ and ‘exogenous’ that affect infant
mortality.
• Exogenous factors:
• vaccine preventable diseases
• respiratory diseases
• diarrheal disease.
– occur in the post-neonatal period
– they are easier to control.
24
25. • Eendogenous causes:
1. More biological in nature
2. Include deaths due to congenital malformations
and birth process.
3. They occur in the neonatal period (less than 1
month of age of infant)
4. The are difficult to control
25
26. Common causes of IMR
• The causes are classified as Direct and indirect
• Direct causes:
• Infant mortality:
– Perinatal causes 46%
– ARI 22%
– ADD 10%
– Other infections 8%
– Cong.defects 3.1%
– Nutritional deficiency 2%
– Injuries 1.4%
– Malaraia 1.1%
26
28. Indirect causes
Maternal causes.
• Mother:
– Age:
• The pattern of infant mortality follows a U-
shaped curve with the age of mother
• Teen age, grand multi and elderly primi have
increased chances of infant mortality
28
29. Pregnancy
• Birth Order:
– The pattern of infant mortality by order of birth seems to
follow a U-shaped curve
– Mortality is more in 1st and 4th and above birth orders
• Birth Interval
– shorter birth interval (below 18 months)
• Prenatal Care
– 2 doses of TT, high risk identification, Iron folic acid and
feeding programs had a relatively lower risk of death
29
30. Birthing process
• Place of birth: Home delivery carries high IMR as
compared to institutional deliveries
• Birth attendant: delivery conducted by untrained
relatives and traditional birth attendants (Dhais)
cary high mortality in contrast those conducted by
VHNs and medical professionals
30
31. Social causes
1. Poverty:
2. Social status:
3. Cultural beliefs:
4. Son preference:
5. Female literacy
6. Female empowerment
7. Female infanticide
31
32. Health system factors
1. Inadequate doctor patient ratio
2. Inadequate specialists
3. Lack of tertiary care in nearer places
4. Problems of transport during emergencies
5. Lack of dedication
3 delays:
1. Delay in referral
2. Delay in transport
3. Delay in treatment
32
33. Interventions for reducing IMR
• Life cycle approach: Attention to female child
to improve the nutrition (height and weight)
and anemia, prevention of RTI etc
• Women: Strategy to prevent teen marriage
and pregnancy, multiparity, elderly pregnancy,
short pregnancy intervals etc
33
34. Antenatal
• Antenatal care: for high risk screening, TT
immunization, feeding, iron folic acid
• Antenatal fetal monitoring - FM
• Institutional delivery
• Appropriately skilled birth attendant
• Planned transport for reaching institution in
time
34
35. • Intranatal:
– Fetal monitoring (partogram)
– Emergency obstetric care
– Resuscitation of NB
• Post natal:
– Preterm/LBW care
– Colostrums and exclusive breast feeding
– Warm chain
– Prevention of sepsis
35
36. Infancy
• Immunization
• Exclusive breastfeeding
• Vit.A prophylaxis
• Care of the female child
• ARI control
• ORT
• Cultural beliefs and practices
36
37. Strategies by Government
• Implementation of Integrated management of
neonatal and childhood illness
• Establishment of first referral hospitals,
Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and
Newborn Care (CEmONC) and basic service at
PHC: BEmONC
37
38. • Establishment of tertiary care hospitals
• MTP act to regulate unwanted pregnancies
• Women empowerment
• Extended Maternity leave
• Pregnancy- financial aids
• Smokeless Chula
• Cradle Baby scheme
• Doctor – patient ratio
38
39. Strengthening of referral system
• In all home deliveries AWW worker checks the
birth weight as soon after delivery as possible
and refer those neonates with birth weight less
that 2.2 kg to hospitals where there is a
pediatrician is available and FRU/ CHCs honour
the referrals.
• Ambulance services
39
40. Under five children
1. 15% of population
2. Period of growth and development
3. Prone for malnutrition
4. More deaths due to PEM, Pneumonias , ADD and
tuberculosis, measles, Pertusis and other VPDs
5. Behavior and developmental disorders
6. Nephrotic syndrome
7. Febrile fits
8. CHDs and other defects
41. U5 clinic
• The concept of under five clinics was proposed by
David Morley in South Africa.
• Concept : comprehensive system of health care
within the resources available, making use of non-
professional auxiliaries, :
a. Prevention: immunization
b. Treatment: minor ailments
c. Health supervision: routine check up
d. Nutritional surveillance: Growth chart
e. Health education: Child to child ; child to family
f. Available to a larger proportion of children
42. David Morley
Published a book, Paediatric Priorities in the Developing
World, which challenged the concept of hospitals as
"disease palaces".
He clearly showed the impact of simple, community-based
technologies and healthcare systems in contrast to hospital
based approaches
David Morley started Under-Fives
Clinics and he devised the ‘Road to
Health’ growth chart
44. Aims and Objectives
Symbol of under 5 clinic
Care in
illness
Growth
monitoring
Preventive
care
Family planning
45. Care in illness
• This is a mother’s “felt need”.
• Studies have shown that 70-90 percent of the care of sick
children can be handled skilfully by trained health
personnel
• The illness care for children will comprise:
1.Diagnosis and treatment of:
1. Acute illness
2. Chronic illness including physical, mental congenital and
acquired abnormalities
3. Disorders of growth and development
2.X-ray and laboratory services
3.Referral services
46. Preventive care
1. Immunization
a. Immunization is the world’s greatest public heath
tool.
b. In the context of HFA/2000,one of the health goal
was to immunize the all children against the “big six”
disease
c. Together these diseases kill about 5 million children
in a year and disable another 5 million worldwide.
47. Nutritional surveillance
• Common nutritional disorders in U5:
– PEM,
– anaemia,
– rickets,
– Vit.A deficiency
– Nutritional surveillance is extremely important for
sub clinical nutrition as it tends to be over looked.
– Growth chart and referral
– The ICDS
48. Health check -ups
1. Physical examination
2. Appropriate laboratory tests;
3. Provided every 3-6 months.
4. The child health card provides a check list for
these examinations;
5. Are in use in all ICDS projects.
6. Useful in identifying ‘at risk’ children so that
they can be given special attention
49. Oral rehydration
• On an average, child in the developing
country, suffer from ADD 2-6 times in a year
• Sets in vicious cycle of infection-malnutrition
• risk of death from dehydration.
• The home use of ORT has opened the way to
the drastic reduction of child deaths and
malnutrition.
50. Family planning
• In the centre of the symbol is the symbol of
family planning triangle of in India.
• This puts the topic in the centre of concern for
the health and well-being of the child.
• It is possible to conduct family planning
programmes through these clinics, as the mother
can receives counselling about family planning.
51. Health education
• Around the whole symbol is a border that
touches all the other areas.
• This simply represents health education that
mother automatically receives when she goes
with her baby.
• She is taught about how to keep baby clean,
about feeding, immunizations, hand washing,
nutritious diet etc
52. Growth monitoring
1. weigh the child:
1. every monthly during the first year,
2. every 2 month during the second year
3. every 3 months thereafter
2. This is plotted on o growth chart
3. Detect early onset of growth failure due to:
1. failure of breast feeding,
2. intestinal parasites etc.
3. Inter current illness
4. Cultural beliefs and customs