This document defines and discusses vital statistics, which are numerical records of life events like births, deaths, marriages, and sickness in a population. It provides definitions of key vital statistics like birth rate, maternal mortality rate, and infant mortality rate. It discusses how these statistics are calculated and their importance for evaluating community health, developing public health policies and programs, and conducting research. The roles of nurses include collecting, analyzing, and communicating vital statistics data to assess health issues and plan interventions in communities.

1. VITAL STATISTICS

2. INTRODUCTION
• A vital events refers to the events of human life.
• Vital statistics are the numerical records, analysis and
interpretation of vital events occurring in human population
• The process of maintaining vital statistics is a purposeful
mechanism required for organizing and operating health
services and also research and training.

3. DEFINITION
“Vital statistics are conventionally numerical records
of marriage, birth, sickness and death by which the
health and growth of community may be studied.
- By B. Benjamin

4. PURPOSES
1) To describe the level of community health, diagnose
community illness and solution of health problem.
2) To determine success or failure of specific health problem.
3) To promote health legislation at local and national level.
4) To develop policies and procedure at state and centre level.

5. IMPORTANCE
1) To evaluate the impact of various national health
program.
2) To plan for better future measures of disease control.
3) To explain hereditary nature of disease.
4) To evaluate economic and social development.
5) It is a primary tool of research.

6. INDICATORS FOR MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
Birth rate
Maternal mortality rate
Maternal morbidity rate
Perinatal mortality rate
Neonatal mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Fertility rate

7. 1. BIRTH RATE
Birth rate is defined as “the number of live births per 1000 in
the estimated mid year population in a given year"
Number of live births during the year
Birth Rate = X 1000
Estimated mid-year population

8. 2. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
“Maternal mortality refers to deaths of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of pregnancy, from
any cause related or aggravated by pregnancy”
- By WHO
Maternal mortality rate is expressed as an annual number of female deaths per
1000 live births.
Total no. of female deaths in an area during a given year
X 1000
Total no. of live birth in the same area and year

9. Causes of maternal mortality
1. Direct :
• Abortion
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Preeclampsia - Eclampsia
• Antepartum and postpartum haemorrhage
• Puerperal sepsis.

10. 2. Indirect :
• Anemia
• Cardiac disease
• Diabetes
• Thyroid disease
• Viral hepatitis
3. Non-obstetrics deaths :
• Accident
• Typhoid
• other infectious diseases

11. 3. MATERNAL MORBIDITY RATE
Maternal morbidity originates from any cause related to
pregnancy or it's management during Antepartum,
Intrapartum and postpartum period usually upto 42 hours
after confinement or childbirth.

12. Causes of maternal morbidity
1. Direct :
(a) Temporary :
- Antepartum Hemorrhage.
- Postpartum Hemorrhage.
- Eclampsia.
- Obstructed labour
- Rupture of uterus
- Ectopic pregnancy

13. (b) Permanent :
• Ureterovaginal fistula (UVF)
• Dyspareunia
• Third degree perineal tear.
• Secondary infertility
• Sheehan's Syndrome
2. Indirect :
• Malaria
• Hepatitis
• Tuberculosis
• Anaemia

14. Preventive and social measures
1) Early registration of pregnancy
2) Atleast 3 Antenatal checkups
3) Prevention of infection and haemorrhage during puerperium
4) Prevention of complications
5) Treatment of medical conditions
6) Clean and aseptic delivery practice
7) Institutional delivery
8) Promotion of family planning services
9) Dietary supplementation
10) Identification of maternal death and searching it's cause.

15. 4. PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE
Perinatal mortality is defined as deaths among fetus weighing 1000 gm or
more at birth (28 weeks of gestation), who die before or during delivery or
within the first 7 days of delivery.
Perinatal mortality rate is expressed in terms such deaths per 1000 total
births.
Late fetal deaths (28 weeks of gestation and more)
+ Early neonatal deaths (1 week) in 1 year
X 1000
Live Birth in the same year

16. Causes of perinatal mortality rate
Antenatal
Intranatal
Postnatal

17. (1) Antenatal causes :
• Maternal diseases
• Pelvic diseases
• Anatomical defects
• Blood incompatibility
• Malnutrition
• Antepartum hemorrhage
• Advance maternal age

18. (2) Intranatal causes :
• Birth injuries
• Asphyxia
• Prolonged effort time
• Obstetric complication
(3) Postnatal causes :
• Prematurity
• Respiratory distress syndrome
• Respiratory and alimentary infection
• Congenital anomalies

19. Prevention of perinatal mortality :
1. Pregnancy health care and counselling
2. Genetic counselling
3. Detection and management of medical disorder in pregnancy
4. Screening of high risk patient
5. Provision of referral neonatal services
6. Health care education of the mother about the care of the
newborn
7. Educating the community about family planning services.

20. 5. NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
Neonatal mortality is the death of the infant within 28 days
after birth.
Neonatal mortality rate is the number of such deaths per 1000
live births.
Number of deaths of children under 28 days of age in a year
X 1000
Total live births in the same year.

21. Causes of neonatal mortality :
• Low Birth weight
• Asphyxia
• Birth injuries
• Difficulty labor
• Congenital anomalies
• Haemolytic disease of newborn
• Diarrheal disease
• Acute respiratory infection
• Tetanus

22. 6. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infant in a given
year to the total number of birth registered in the same year.
It is usually expressed as a rate per 1000 live birth.
Number of deaths of children less than 1 year
of age in a year
X 1000
Number of live births in the same year

23. Causes of infant mortality :
• Low Birth weight
• Birth injuries
• Congenital anomalies
• Cord prolapse
• Acute respiratory infection
• Other communicable diseases

24. Preventive measures
1. Prenatal nutrition
2. Prevention of infection
3. Breast feeding practice
4. Growth monitoring
5. Family planning
6. Sanitation
7. Provision primary health care
8. Education.

25. 7. FERTILITY RATE
It attempts to measures the rate at which women of reproductive age are
successfully reproducing.
Fertility may be measured by a number of indicators as given below :
 General Fertility Rate : It is the number of live births per 1000 women
in the reproductive age group (15-45 years) in a given year.
Number of live births in an area during the year
X 1000
Mid-year female population age (15-44 yr) in the same year

26. Total Fertility Rate : It represents the average number of
children that would be born per if all the women lived to the
end of the child bearing year and born children according
to a given fertility rate at each age group.
- It is average number of children that would be born to a
women.

27. ROLE OF NURSE IN VITAL STATISTICS
(1)Collection of Information regarding Vital Statistics in an particular area.
(2)Observing the information collected by nursing and health worker.
(3)Sending data of vital statistics to concerned official / Institutions.
(4)Analysing the data, making community diagnosis and providing
treatment.
(5)Spreading the importance of vital statistics in the community, creating
awareness regarding registration.
(6) Current knowledge regarding data collection / communication.
(7) Participation in health survey.

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