The document discusses the fundamentals of image processing, highlighting its reliance on high-resolution imaging and techniques for enhancing images for human viewers or measurements. It covers various transformations, image statistics, and applications in numerous fields including scientific imaging and computer graphics. Key requirements for effective image processing on computers are also detailed, emphasizing the importance of display quality, memory, and computing power.

3. • INTRODUCTION
• ACQUIRING IMAGES
– HUMAN RELIANCE ON IMAGES FOR
INFORMATION
– ELECTRONICS AND BANDWIDTH
LIMITATIONS
– HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGING
– COLOR IMAGING
– COLOR SPACES
– COLOR DISPLAYS
– IMAGE TYPES
• ITS TIME FOR DEMO
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY

4. IMAGE PROCESSING INVOLVES PROCESSING
OR ALTERING AN EXISTING IMAGE IN A
DESIRED MANNER.
THE NEXT STEP IS OBTAINING AN IMAGE IN A
READABLE FORMAT.
THE INTERNET AND OTHER SOURCES PROVIDE
COUNTLESS IMAGES IN STANDARD FORMATS.

5. IMAGE PROCESSING ARE OF TWO ASPECTS..
IMPROVING THE VISUAL APPEARANCE OF
IMAGES TO A HUMAN VIEWER
PREPARING IMAGES FOR MEASUREMENT OF
THE FEATURES AND STRUCTURES PRESENT.

6. SINCE THE DIGITAL IMAGE IS “INVISIBLE” IT MUST BE
PREPARED FOR VIEWING ON ONE OR MORE OUTPUT
DEVICE (LASER PRINTER,MONITOR,ETC)
THE DIGITAL IMAGE CAN BE OPTIMIZED FOR THE
APPLICATION BY ENHANCING OR ALTERING THE
APPEARANCE OF STRUCTURES WITHIN IT (BASED ON:
BODY PART, DIAGNOSTIC TASK, VIEWING
PREFERENCES,ETC)
IT MIGHT BE POSSIBLE TO ANALYZE THE IMAGE IN THE
COMPUTER AND PROVIDE CUES TO THE RADIOLOGISTS
TO HELP DETECT IMPORTANT/SUSPICIOUS STRUCTURES
(E.G.: COMPUTED AIDED DIAGNOSIS, CAD)

7. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS COMMONLY
PRODUCE IMAGES TO COMMUNICATE RESULTS
TO THE OPERATOR, RATHER THAN GENERATING
AN AUDIBLE TONE OR EMITTING A SMELL.
SPACE MISSIONS TO OTHER PLANETS AND
COMET HALLEY ALWAYS INCLUDE CAMERAS AS
MAJOR COMPONENTS, AND WE JUDGE THE
SUCCESS OF THOSE MISSIONS BY THE
QUALITY OF THE IMAGES RETURNED.

8. IMAGE-TO-IMAGE TRANSFORMATIONS
IMAGE-TO-INFORMATION TRANSFORMATIONS
INFORMATION-TO-IMAGE TRANSFORMATIONS

9. ENHANCEMENT (MAKE IMAGE MORE USEFUL,
PLEASING)
RESTORATION
EGG. DEBLURRING ,GRID LINE REMOVAL
GEOMETRY
(SCALING, SIZING , ZOOMING, MORPHING ONE
OBJECT TO ANOTHER).

10. IMAGE STATISTICS (HISTOGRAMS)
HISTOGRAM IS THE FUNDAMENTAL TOOL FOR
ANALYSIS AND IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE COMPRESSION
IMAGE ANALYSIS (IMAGE SEGMENTATION,
FEATURE EXTRACTION, PATTERN RECOGNITION)
COMPUTER-AIDED DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS
(CAD)

11. DECOMPRESSION OF COMPRESSED IMAGE DATA.
RECONSTRUCTION OF IMAGE SLICES FROM CT OR MRI RAW DATA.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS, ANIMATIONS AND VIRTUAL REALITY (SYNTHETIC OBJECTS).

12. THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING AN HIGH
RESOLUTION (HR) IMAGE OR A SEQUENCE OF HR
IMAGES FROM A SET OF LOW RESOLUTION (LR)
OBSERVATIONS.
HR TECHNIQUES ARE BEING APPLIED TO A
VARIETY OF FIELDS, SUCH AS OBTAINING
IMPROVED STILL IMAGES
HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION,
HIGH PERFORMANCE COLOR LIQUID CRYSTAL
DISPLAY (LCD) SCREENS,
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE,
REMOTE SENSING, AND
MEDICAL IMAGING.

13. CONVERSION FROM RGB (THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE
INDIVIDUAL RED, GREEN, AND BLUE SIGNALS AT DEFINED
WAVELENGTHS) TO YIQ/YUV AND TO THE OTHER COLOR
ENCODING SCHEMES IS STRAIGHTFORWARD AND LOSES NO
INFORMATION.
Y, THE “LUMINANCE” SIGNAL, IS JUST THE BRIGHTNESS OF
A PANCHROMATIC MONOCHROME IMAGE THAT WOULD BE
DISPLAYED BY A BLACK-AND-WHITE TELEVISION RECEIVER

14. • MOST COMPUTERS USE COLOR MONITORS THAT HAVE
MUCH HIGHER RESOLUTION THAN A TELEVISION SET BUT
OPERATE ON ESSENTIALLY THE SAME PRINCIPLE.
• SMALLER PHOSPHOR DOTS, A HIGHER FREQUENCY SCAN,
AND A SINGLE PROGRESSIVE SCAN (RATHER THAN
INTERLACE) PRODUCE MUCH GREATER SHARPNESS AND
COLOR PURITY.

15. Digital processing requires images to be obtained in the
form of electrical signals. These signals can be digitized into
sequences of numbers which then can be processed by a
computer. There are many ways to convert images into
digital numbers. Here, we will focus on video technology, as
it is the most common and affordable approach.

16. • MULTIPLE IMAGES MAY CONSTITUTE A SERIES
OF VIEWS OF THE SAME AREA, USING
DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT OR OTHER
SIGNALS.
• EXAMPLES INCLUDE THE IMAGES PRODUCED BY
SATELLITES, SUCH AS
– THE VARIOUS VISIBLE AND INFRARED
WAVELENGTHS RECORDED BY THE LANDSAT
THEMATIC MAPPER(TM), AND
– IMAGES FROM THE SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE (SEM) IN WHICH AS MANY AS A
DOZEN DIFFERENT ELEMENTS MAY BE
REPRESENTED BY THEIR X-RAY INTENSITIES.
• THESE IMAGES MAY EACH REQUIRE
PROCESSING.

17. A general-purpose computer to be useful for image
processing, four key demands must be met: high-
resolution image display, sufficient memory transfer
bandwidth, sufficient storage space, and sufficient
computing power.
A 32-bit computer can address
up to 4GB of memory(RAM).

18. • ADOBE PHOTOSHOP
• COREL DRAW
• SERIF PHOTOPLUS

20. In electrical engineering and computer science, image
processing is any form of signal processing for which the
input is an image, such as photographs or frames of video;
the output of image processing can be either an image or a
set of characteristics or parameters related to the image.
Most image-processing techniques involve treating the
image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard
signal-processing techniques to it.

21. THANK YOU
“Things that think…
don’t make sense unless they link.”