Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
An Overview on Different Processing Parameters in Particulate Reinforced Meta...IJERA Editor
In the past few years the global need for reduced weight, low cost, high wear resistance and good quality materials has caused a shift in research from monolithic to composite materials. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) have evoked a keen interest in recent times for potential applications in marine, aerospace and automotive industries owing to their superior strength to weight ratio and high temperature resistance. Driving force for the utilization of AMCs include performance, economic and environmental benefits. The widespread adoption of particulate metal matrix composites for engineering applications has been hindered by the high cost of producing components. Achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcement within the matrix is one such challenge which impacts directly on the properties and quality of the composite material. In the case of particle reinforced metal matrix composites, the distribution of the reinforcement particles in the matrix alloy is influenced by several factors during casting. These include the rheological behaviour of the matrix melt, the particle incorporation method, interactions of the particles and the matrix before, during and after mixing, and the changing particle distribution during solidification. In this paper, research relevant to these factors which influences the particle distribution is reviewed and discussed in order to achieve a good distribution of reinforcement particles in a cast metal matrix composite (MMC).
SiC and ZrO2 Weigh Percentage Effects on Microstructure of Al Based Matrix Co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
SiC and ZrO2 particle are succesfully reaction synthesized from powder of Al, ZrO2 and SiC using spark plasma sintering method. The XRD of sintered composite and microstructure of the aas-sintered products. With the ZrO2 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the and the ZrO2 and nano SiC particles are dispersing more uniformly in Al matrix, forming a homogeneous structure with the least porosity.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Hybrid polymer composites are the materials made by combining two or more
different type of fibers in a matrix. Hybrid polymer composite material offers the
designer to obtain the required properties in a controlled considerable extent by the
choice of fibers and matrix. The properties are tailored in the material by selecting
different kinds of fiber incorporated in the same resin matrix. They offer wide range of
properties that cannot be obtained with a single type of reinforcement. Due to its high
specific strengths, high specific modulus, low densities, light weight etc. based on its
applications. Presently they are playing a vital role in aerospace, defence, transport,
sport applications. Worldwide researches are keenly interested in finding out their
behavior in real life exposed to various environmental conditions, variety of loads etc.
In this paper, We fabricated carbon, e-glass and hybrid composites by using hand
layup technique in uni-directional orientation with epoxy as a matrix material and
conducted various tests such as tensile, compression on Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) and hardness. The results are validated with FEA and observed that Al-6061-
T6 which is used in manufacturing of military aircraft landing mats, truck bodies and
frames etc. has a tensile strength of about 310.25Mpa.The tensile strength of hybrid
fiber is 341Mpa which is higher than Al 6061-T6. We have compared the
experimental results with ansys results and found that the experimental values are
very close to the ansys results. But when compared within the fibers carbon fiber
exhibited more strength when compared to other fibers
Characterization of Graphite and Zirconium Oxide on Al 7075 Metal Matrix Comp...ijtsrd
This work investigates the mechanical properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with Zirconium Oxide and Graphite. The composite material has been prepared by Stir casting technique. Al 7075 as matrix metal, Zirconium oxide and graphite as reinforcements. Zirconium Oxide and Graphite both have been mixed in different proportions in the Aluminium Matrix. Both reinforcement constituents were added in different combinations, so as to investigate the effect of each of these two and their individual effects. Density test, Micro hardness test and Compression test were carried out on the developed hybrid composites to study the mechanical properties of composites. Micro structural studies were carried out on Al 7075 and all composites. Samples were prepared and tested as per ASTM standards. Significant improvement in micro hardness and Compressive strength was found with an increase in Zirconium dioxide in weight percentage of composites. Micro structural study reveals the uniform distribution of reinforcements ZrO2 and graphite in as cast and Al 7075 metal matrix composites. Vijay Kumar Navuluri | Prasanna Nagasai Bellamkonda | Srikanth Sudabathula "Characterization of Graphite and Zirconium Oxide on Al-7075 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCS) Fabricated by Stir Casting Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26513.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26513/characterization-of-graphite-and-zirconium-oxide-on-al-7075-metal-matrix-composites-mmcs-fabricated-by-stir-casting-technique/vijay-kumar-navuluri
Effect of silicon carbide percentage on fracture toughness of aluminium silio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal matrix composites are composites in which one component will be a metal and other metal or non metal. It has wide applications in various fields like automobile, turbines blades etc which needs good mechanical properties. This thesis work studies about Aluminium Silicon Carbide metal matrix composites and their properties. Earlier studies revealed that as the percentage of Silicon Carbide is increased the properties get increased up to a limit and fracture toughness gets reduced beyond that. Here, in this work different percentage of SiC is added and fracture toughness is analyzed in terms of Stress intensity factor since fracture toughness cannot be calculated directly. Both software simulation and experimental methods has been done to find out the best percentage composition. Keywords: Metal matrix composites, Aluminium Silicon Carbide, Fracture Toughness, Stress Intensity Factor
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Development of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Using Stir Casting Methodtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Fabrication and Micro structural Analysis of Carbon Nano Tube Materials by Ad...IJERA Editor
The application spectrum of low cost material reinforced metal matrix composites is growing rapidly in various
engineering fields due to their superior mechanical and thermal properties. In the present study it is proposed to
explore the possibilities of reinforcing aluminum alloys (AlSiC and Al6061) with locally available inexpensive
rice husk and fly ash for developing a new composite material. A sample of TiB2 also added to one sample to
get better phenomena’s in matrix composites. A rice husk and fly ash particles of 5, 10 and15% each by weight
are proposed to develop metal matrix composites using liquid metal processing route. Stir cast and in-situ
methods are used to prepare composites. Fabrication did by considering constant stirrer RPM. The fabricated
samples analyzed to study internal bonding applications and properties by using SEM and OM. Thermal
conductivity voltage constants also observed in microstructure analysis and flow of material also analyzed.
An Overview on Different Processing Parameters in Particulate Reinforced Meta...IJERA Editor
In the past few years the global need for reduced weight, low cost, high wear resistance and good quality materials has caused a shift in research from monolithic to composite materials. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) have evoked a keen interest in recent times for potential applications in marine, aerospace and automotive industries owing to their superior strength to weight ratio and high temperature resistance. Driving force for the utilization of AMCs include performance, economic and environmental benefits. The widespread adoption of particulate metal matrix composites for engineering applications has been hindered by the high cost of producing components. Achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcement within the matrix is one such challenge which impacts directly on the properties and quality of the composite material. In the case of particle reinforced metal matrix composites, the distribution of the reinforcement particles in the matrix alloy is influenced by several factors during casting. These include the rheological behaviour of the matrix melt, the particle incorporation method, interactions of the particles and the matrix before, during and after mixing, and the changing particle distribution during solidification. In this paper, research relevant to these factors which influences the particle distribution is reviewed and discussed in order to achieve a good distribution of reinforcement particles in a cast metal matrix composite (MMC).
SiC and ZrO2 Weigh Percentage Effects on Microstructure of Al Based Matrix Co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
SiC and ZrO2 particle are succesfully reaction synthesized from powder of Al, ZrO2 and SiC using spark plasma sintering method. The XRD of sintered composite and microstructure of the aas-sintered products. With the ZrO2 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the and the ZrO2 and nano SiC particles are dispersing more uniformly in Al matrix, forming a homogeneous structure with the least porosity.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Hybrid polymer composites are the materials made by combining two or more
different type of fibers in a matrix. Hybrid polymer composite material offers the
designer to obtain the required properties in a controlled considerable extent by the
choice of fibers and matrix. The properties are tailored in the material by selecting
different kinds of fiber incorporated in the same resin matrix. They offer wide range of
properties that cannot be obtained with a single type of reinforcement. Due to its high
specific strengths, high specific modulus, low densities, light weight etc. based on its
applications. Presently they are playing a vital role in aerospace, defence, transport,
sport applications. Worldwide researches are keenly interested in finding out their
behavior in real life exposed to various environmental conditions, variety of loads etc.
In this paper, We fabricated carbon, e-glass and hybrid composites by using hand
layup technique in uni-directional orientation with epoxy as a matrix material and
conducted various tests such as tensile, compression on Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) and hardness. The results are validated with FEA and observed that Al-6061-
T6 which is used in manufacturing of military aircraft landing mats, truck bodies and
frames etc. has a tensile strength of about 310.25Mpa.The tensile strength of hybrid
fiber is 341Mpa which is higher than Al 6061-T6. We have compared the
experimental results with ansys results and found that the experimental values are
very close to the ansys results. But when compared within the fibers carbon fiber
exhibited more strength when compared to other fibers
Characterization of Graphite and Zirconium Oxide on Al 7075 Metal Matrix Comp...ijtsrd
This work investigates the mechanical properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with Zirconium Oxide and Graphite. The composite material has been prepared by Stir casting technique. Al 7075 as matrix metal, Zirconium oxide and graphite as reinforcements. Zirconium Oxide and Graphite both have been mixed in different proportions in the Aluminium Matrix. Both reinforcement constituents were added in different combinations, so as to investigate the effect of each of these two and their individual effects. Density test, Micro hardness test and Compression test were carried out on the developed hybrid composites to study the mechanical properties of composites. Micro structural studies were carried out on Al 7075 and all composites. Samples were prepared and tested as per ASTM standards. Significant improvement in micro hardness and Compressive strength was found with an increase in Zirconium dioxide in weight percentage of composites. Micro structural study reveals the uniform distribution of reinforcements ZrO2 and graphite in as cast and Al 7075 metal matrix composites. Vijay Kumar Navuluri | Prasanna Nagasai Bellamkonda | Srikanth Sudabathula "Characterization of Graphite and Zirconium Oxide on Al-7075 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCS) Fabricated by Stir Casting Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26513.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26513/characterization-of-graphite-and-zirconium-oxide-on-al-7075-metal-matrix-composites-mmcs-fabricated-by-stir-casting-technique/vijay-kumar-navuluri
Effect of silicon carbide percentage on fracture toughness of aluminium silio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal matrix composites are composites in which one component will be a metal and other metal or non metal. It has wide applications in various fields like automobile, turbines blades etc which needs good mechanical properties. This thesis work studies about Aluminium Silicon Carbide metal matrix composites and their properties. Earlier studies revealed that as the percentage of Silicon Carbide is increased the properties get increased up to a limit and fracture toughness gets reduced beyond that. Here, in this work different percentage of SiC is added and fracture toughness is analyzed in terms of Stress intensity factor since fracture toughness cannot be calculated directly. Both software simulation and experimental methods has been done to find out the best percentage composition. Keywords: Metal matrix composites, Aluminium Silicon Carbide, Fracture Toughness, Stress Intensity Factor
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Development of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Using Stir Casting Methodtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Fabrication and Micro structural Analysis of Carbon Nano Tube Materials by Ad...IJERA Editor
The application spectrum of low cost material reinforced metal matrix composites is growing rapidly in various
engineering fields due to their superior mechanical and thermal properties. In the present study it is proposed to
explore the possibilities of reinforcing aluminum alloys (AlSiC and Al6061) with locally available inexpensive
rice husk and fly ash for developing a new composite material. A sample of TiB2 also added to one sample to
get better phenomena’s in matrix composites. A rice husk and fly ash particles of 5, 10 and15% each by weight
are proposed to develop metal matrix composites using liquid metal processing route. Stir cast and in-situ
methods are used to prepare composites. Fabrication did by considering constant stirrer RPM. The fabricated
samples analyzed to study internal bonding applications and properties by using SEM and OM. Thermal
conductivity voltage constants also observed in microstructure analysis and flow of material also analyzed.
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Wear Behavior of Aluminum based MMCs using Taguchi MethodsRSIS International
composite material is a material system composed of a mixture or combination of two or more micro or macro constituents that differ in form and chemical composition and which are essentially insoluble in each other. Stir casting method is used to fabricate Metal Matrix composites (MMCs) having fly ash in 3, 6, 9 wt% and e-glass fibre in 3 wt%. The dry sliding wear tests were conducted on composite material using a pin-on-disc wear testing setup with a normal pin load of 20N, 40N and 60N, and wear rate for each load is calculated for different sliding speeds. Analytical modelling of composite material is carried out by Taguchi’s design of experiments (DOE) using L27 orthogonal array. The experimental results were transformed into a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the design parameters significantly influencing the wear rate of the composite material. Based on the experimental results, a multiple linear regression model was developed. A regression equation thus generated establishes correlation between the significant terms obtained from ANOVA, namely, load, sliding speed, fly ash content and their interactions. In order to validate the regression model, confirmation wear tests were conducted with parameter levels that were different from those used for analysis. The error associated with the relationship between the experimental values and the computed values of the regression model for hybrid composites was around ±5%.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...IOSR Journals
In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing ProcessIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Burnishing, a cold working process, is a very simple and effective method of improving surface properties, which can easily be carried out using existing machines, such as lathe. With changing trends in manufacturing industry, special attention is given on surface finish along with dimensional accuracy and tight geometrical tolerances. Burnishing comes in mind as one of popular finishing process because it is completely chip-less as compared to other finishing processes such as grinding, honing etc. The purpose of the research was to demonstrate burnishing process on ferrous metals namely mild steel alloy. Parametric analysis was done using speed and feed rate as input parameters and surface roughness & surface micro hardness as response variables. Burnishing was performed using Hindustan machine tools (HMT) power lathe (NH 26 model)
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
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Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
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1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol 2, No 4, 2011
Development and strengthening of aluminium alloy (Al-Cu) by
mechanical working and heat treatment
Raji Kasiram (Corresponding Author)
Holy Cross College (Auto), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu, India.
rajdavey59@yahoo.co.in
Alfred Cecil Raj
St.Joseph’s College (Auto), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu, India
mkumarudai@yahoo.com
Abstract
Understanding the mechanical properties of materials is one of the most difficult tasks faced by the
solid –state physicist and progress in this direction has not been as great as in the case of the electrical,
thermal and magnetic properties. For the purpose of discussion it is convenient to classify the
mechanical properties as elastic or plastic and as structure – sensitive or structure insensitive. Elastic
properties are the appropriate elastic constants, while plastic properties include the strength properties
and the creep, fatigue and fracture characteristics. Modern cutting tools, gadgets, aerospace parts made
from hard alloys have caused a real revolution in this field and they depend on the above properties.
The finished parts are produced without machining and for an example, in the manufacture of gears by
P/M, the technological process consists of simple and labour saving operations, obtaining the powder
pressing, sintering and sizing. Based on the above fact the project is undertaken and keen interest is
shown on the development and strengthening of aluminium alloy (Al- Cu Composites) by mechanical
working and heat treatment.
Key words: Powder Compact, Densification, Extrusion, Composites
.
1. Introduction
The properties of metals are the most important factor as far as their use is concerned. On the other hand service
conditions require that metals resist a great variety of stresses without undergoing appreciable deformation. Keeping
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in mind the investigation is carried out for different composition of aluminum and copper and their characteristics
studied at stages and the results recorded are discussed.
2. Stages of Experiment
The principal stages of powder metallurgy process therefore include:
a) Obtaining the metal powders in a suitable degree of fineness & purity (H.F. Fischmeister, 1983)
b) Subjecting them to a sufficient pressure in a suitable mould to cause cohesion (G.A.J.Hack, 1984)
to occur among the particles.
c) Sintering the compacted mass (Karl Sieber, 1971) at a temperature high enough to cause
diffusion & inter granular crystal growth to occur.
d) Finishing sizing &inspecting the product.
2.1 Advantages and Limitations
An alloy is a macroscopically homogeneous substance which possesses good metallic properties. The products of
semi finished and finished are produced using alloys by the process of casting, forging, rolling and extrusion. The
products produced also have desired mechanical and physical properties (K.A.Natarajan , 1977), so, before put to
use they are subjected to heat treatment and tested.
2.2 Preparation of Powder Composition
The first step of the PM process is mixing of the metallic powder in the proportions needed for the final properties
of the product. The important task of mixing is to achieve a homogeneous mixture to avoid porosity and to get good
plasticity of the material. The plastic deformation of a given metal or alloy is influenced by the following:
a) Alloy composition b) Grain size c) Segregation of alloying elements. The smaller the Grain size of a metal, the
greater will be the cohesive force of the metallic structure , therefore, smaller grain size means ( Fig : 1 ) greater
tensile strength and greater hardness( Niels Hansen , 1967 ) .
2.3 Powder Mixing
Powder mixing is an important operation. When two or more varieties of powders are used as shown in (TABLE: 1),
these powders should be mixed well and in an efficient way in order to obtain a homogeneous mixture. For this
purpose electrically operated double cone apex mixer is used. When powders are not properly mixed segregation is
likely to occur.
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2.4 Physical Properties of Powder
The powder as it is produced is loose and there is considerable swell when compacted in the die and it is reduced in
volume as most of the voids are filled up due to interlocking of the grains. The compression ratio ‘r’ is the ratio of
the density of the compact to the apparent density of the powder is also studied. In practice it varies from 2: 1 to 3:
1. This factor is very important and should be taken into consideration while designing the compaction die (Niels
Hansen , 1969), as the final shape and size of the components which are produced on a mass scale which should be
uniform. The apparent density (Table: 1), theoretical density and also the tap density of the above mentioned powder
composition is studied.
2.5 Tap Density or Load Factor
This is the apparent density after the powder has been shaken down or consolidated by vibration and the related
information is shown in (TABLE: 1). The tap density is sometimes used as a basis of die design, and it is increasing
with the increase in number of taps and the characteristics curve is shown in the (GRAPH: 1) and the observations
are recorded in the Table: 2.
2.6 Alloy Composition
The development of mass production of sintered items from Al Powders is currently a top priority task. Al is readily
compacted and consolidated at pressures which are considerably lower than those used in iron powder pressing
practice. Because, the powder compaction is a popular route for the production of light engineering components and
it is suitable for automobile parts. So keeping this point in mind 3% weight of copper is added with aluminium and
compacted at a pressure of 174 MPa. The Compact is sintered at a 550 0C in order to burn the lubricant and also to
increase the strength. It is known that the particle size influences mould strength, density of the compact
permeability flow (J.D Talati ,1982) etc. The particle size distribution is specified by undertaking the sieve analysis
in studying the flow rate and fluidity for the above composition.
3. Porous Products
By controlling the particle size and distribution and the pressure during compaction, the percentage of porosity can
be controlled within narrow limits. If high porosity is required the powders are mixed with substance which
produces foam. Foam exerts a pressure on the individual particles during sintering and tries to separate them.
Ultimately the foams will be burnt during sintering process. Ideally metal powders for use should be spherical in
shape with a minimum of fine dust and no larger particles. They should not have internal porosity, high bulk density
and the ability to flow readily into the die. But powders like angular, flake like, dendrites and irregular shape both
dense and porous structure depend on a great degree upon the characteristics of the powder which in turn influence
by the method used for manufacturing the powder . Further the compacts are extruded.
4. Extrusion
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After studying the green density, sintered density and % growth, the compacts are extruded to understand the
extrusion process and inter relationship between process variables and forces involved. The tensile specimens are
prepared which is shown in figure: 2, and the properties measured are indicated in Tables: 3 & Table: 4 and the
corresponding Graphs: 2 and Graphs: 3 are drawn.
5. Results and Discussion
The above mentioned readings are of initial stage of proposed composition. The project is a long process and more
findings are there. Tap density is increasing with respect to number of taps and it is well obtained and it is shown in
the Graph: 1. The results show good densification behavior of the composition. It is evident that the coarse pores get
closed earlier than the smaller pores.
Aluminium alloy composites are becoming potential engineering materials offering excellent combination of
properties such as high specific strength, high specific stiffness good degree of deformation. The degree of
deformation is decreased with the increase in copper content in aluminium. The plasticity, strain hardening and
densification parameter are some how similar irrespective of the copper addition in aluminium alloy. From the tables
3 & 4 it is evident that a thin layer of alumina is formed and the addition of copper in alumina is becoming sintered
aluminium product, SAP.
6. Conclusion
Sintered Aluminium Product is dispersion strengthened alloy and it consists of fine dispersion of alumina. The
industrial manufacture of items from aluminium base powders has been organized in several countries and its scale
may exceed in future than the production of iron - base items. Al 2 O3 would have been dispersed into a poly
crystalline Al matrix. The presence of II phase may give interesting properties as that may be helpful to strengthen
the material. Till date the air craft industry throughout the world is still dependant in the production of Al alloys of
greater strength.
Acknowledgement
The author is thankful to the UGC, India for extending the FDP and to the constant supporters of author’s family
members Mr. Udaikumar, Mr. Sudhichan, Mr. Ghadadhar and Mat Lab Technician of Bishop College, Mr.
Chakravarthy.
References
Fischmeister H.F. and E. Arzt , (1983 ) , Densification of powders by particle deformation , Powder metallurgy ,
26, 2 , P 82-86.
Hack G.A.J., (1984), Developments in the production of oxide dispersion strengthened super alloys, Powder
metallurgy, 27, 2, P 73-79.
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Karl Sieber, (1971), Cold extrudes in Europe, American Society for metals, January, P35-39.
K. A. Natarajan, (1977), Design and selection of materials for marine environments, Chemical Concepts, February,
P 31-35.
Niels Hansen, (1967), Dispersion Strengthened aluminium powder products for nuclear application, Powder
metallurgy, 10, 20, P94-115
Niels Hansen, (1969), Dispersion strengthened aluminium products manufactured by powder blending, Powder
metallurgy, 12, 23, P23 -30
J. D. Talati and D.K.Gandhi, (1982), Triphenylmethane dyes as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium –copper alloy in
hydrochloric acid, Materials and corrosion, 33, Issue 3, P 155-163.
TABLE 1 Different composition of Powder of Al-Cu
Composition Al Powder gm CuO gm Duration Apparent Sintering
Density gm/cc Temperature
3% 970 30 1 Hr 30 min .84628 550 0 C
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5% 950 50 1 Hr 30 min .81752 550 0 C
7% 930 70 1 Hr 30 min .8816 550 0 C
9% 910 90 1 Hr 30 min .87192 550 0 C
11% 890 110 1 Hr 30 min .898 550 0 C
13% 870 130 1 Hr 30 min .91992 550 0 C
15% 850 150 1 Hr 30 min .9092 550 0 C
17% 830 170 1 Hr 30 min .77752 550 0 C
Table: 2 Tap Density VS. Number of Taps for 3 % Cu in Alumina
Number of Taps Tap Density gm /cc
0 1.1708
4 1.2169
8 1.2363
12 1.2988
16 1.3088
20 1.3477
24 1.4275
28 1.5082
32 1.5436
Table: 3 Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu
Die Diameter: 12 mm Temperature: 350 0 C and 4500 C
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Composition % Elongation % Reduction % Elongation % Reduction
3% 2.47 12.13 1.04 20.08
5% 4.72 4.40 18.04 3.96
7% 11.26 6.99 6.58 1.81
9% 8.88 0.44 21.88 7.78
Table: 4 Mechanical Properties of Al –Cu composites at 3500 C
Composition % Degree of Plasticity Strain Densification Poisson’s Ratio
Deformation θ hardening η υ
% φ Parameter ρ
3% 5.61 0.5017 0.711 3.8789 0.358
5% 4.8 0.333 0.467 2.6144 0.3215
7% 1.1 2.745 0.523 2.887 0.4015
9% 0.38 0.2872 0.454 3.3164 0.3926
Figure: 1 Grain Size in Al-Cu Composite
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Fig 1: Smaller Grain Size
Size
Figure: 2 Tensile Specimens of Al-Cu Composites
Size
OF POROSITY
Graph :1 Tap Density VS.Number of Taps
Tap Density gm / Cc
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Number Of Taps
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Graph: 2 Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu
Mechanical Properties Al-Cu Composite
Elongation at 350 C
Properties Reduction IN A
50
Elongation at 450 C
Properties
0 Elongation at 350 C Elongation at 450 C
3% 5% 7% 9%
Composition of Al-Cu Reduction In A
Graph: 3 Mechanical Properties of Al –Cu composites at 3500 C
Graph: 3 Mechanical Properties
Poisson's Ratio
Densification Parameter
6
4 Strain Hardening Properties
2 Plasticity
0 Degree of Deformation
3% 5% 7% 9%
Composition
137