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IHC Chapter 5 4th edition
- 2. Importance of Math • Frequently used in health care • Requires 100% accuracy • Errors can have dire consequences
- 3. Math Anxiety • Common problem • Impedes performance • Can be overcome • False beliefs versus reality
- 4. Question • True or False: – If a person currently has problems with math, it can be assumed that it will always be a problem.
- 5. Answer • False • Math anxiety – Learned behavior – Can be overcome
- 6. Basic Calculations • Whole numbers – Add – Subtract – Multiply – Divide
- 7. Decimals • Expressed in units of ten • Placement values • Zero used before decimal point if number begins to right of decimal point
- 9. Working with Decimals • Placement of decimal – Add – Subtract – Multiply – Divide
- 10. Fractions • Represents part of a whole • Numerator • Denominator
- 11. Fraction – Comparison of Parts
- 12. Working with Fractions • Add • Subtract • Multiply • Divide • Improper fractions • Reducing fractions
- 13. Percentages • Expresses whole or part of a whole • Whole expressed as 100% (percent) • Convert to decimal – Then perform calculation
- 14. Ratios • Show relationships between numbers or like values • Compare presence of one value to another • Frequently used to express strength of solution
- 15. Converting Decimals, Fractions, and Percentages • Decimal to fraction • Decimal to percentage • Fraction to decimal • Fraction to percentage
- 16. Converting Decimals, Fractions, and Percentages • Percentage to decimal • Percentage to fraction • Percentage to ratio • Ratio to percentage
- 17. Question • True or False: – ¾, 75%, and 0.75 are all equivalent.
- 18. Answer • True • ¾ – Fraction – If converted to percentage = 75% – If converted to decimal = 0.75
- 19. Rounding Numbers • What does it mean? – Round up – Round down
- 20. Question • What is 2.346 rounded to the nearest tenth? A. 2 B. 2.3 C. 2.35
- 21. Answer • B. 2.3 • 2.346 rounded to nearest tenth = 2.3 • 2.346 rounded to nearest whole number = 2 • 2.346 rounded to nearest hundredth = 2.35
- 22. Solving with Proportions • Statement of equality between two ratios • Used for converting from one unit to another • Steps for solving problems
- 23. Estimating • Anticipate results • Determine if answer is reasonable • Calculate approximate answer • Helps prevent errors
- 24. Question • If the order is to give 2 grams of a medication and you have 1,000 milligram tablets, how many tablets would you give? A. ½ tablet B. 2 tablets C. 4 tablets
- 25. Answer • B. 2 tablets • 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams – 2 grams = 2,000 milligrams or 2 tablets • ½ tablet = 500 milligrams – 0.5 grams (too little) • 4 tablets = 4,000 milligrams – 4 grams (too much)
- 26. Military Time • 24-hour clock • No a.m. or p.m. • Avoids errors • 12th hour = noon • 24th hour = midnight
- 27. Question • True or False: – The military time of 1600 is the same as 6 p.m. traditional time.
- 28. Answer • False • 1600 = 4 p.m. • 6 p.m. would be 1800 military time
- 29. Military Clock
- 30. Roman Numerals • Arabic versus Roman numerals • All numbers from seven key numerals – I, V, X, L, C, D, and M
- 31. Roman Numerals Rules • If smaller numeral is in front of larger numeral, it is subtracted • If smaller numeral is after larger numeral, it is added • If same numeral is repeated, they are added • Limit to three the number of times numeral is placed next to itself
- 32. Question • How would 43 be written in Roman numerals? A. XLIII B. XXXXIII C. XXXI
- 33. Answer • A. XLIII • XLIII = 43 • XXXXIII incorrect – Same numeral cannot be placed next to itself more than three times • XXXI = 31
- 34. Angles • Comparison to reference plane • Using angles in health care • Measured in units – Degrees
- 35. Angles
- 36. Systems of Measurement • Three systems – Distance • Length – Capacity • Volume – Mass • Weight
- 37. Systems of Measurement • Nomenclature – Method of naming • Need to convert between systems
- 38. Household System • Used in U.S. • Nomenclature for distance/length • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight • Common equivalents • How to convert
- 39. Question • Which of the following is a capacity/volume unit in the household system? A. Inch B. Pound C. Ounce
- 40. Answer • C. Ounce – Also measurement of mass/weight • Inch = measurement of distance/length • Pound = measurement of mass/weight
- 41. Metric System • Used in Europe • More accurate • Easier to use • Based on unit of ten • Convert units by moving decimal • Common prefixes
- 42. Metric System • Nomenclature for distance/length • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight
- 43. Question • How many centimeters are there in one meter? A. 10 B. 100 C. 1000
- 44. Answer • B. 100 • Meter – Base unit for distance/length in metric system – Centi = 1/100 – 1 meter = 100 centimeters
- 45. Apothecary System • Oldest and least used • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight • Common equivalents • How to convert • Roman numerals and abbreviation for half
- 46. Converting Systems • Why converting between systems is needed in health care • Common equivalencies between systems • Equivalencies frequently not exact • Steps to convert
- 47. Question • A patient reports drinking 8 ounces (oz) of water. What is this in milliliters (mL)? A. 80 mL B. 120 mL C. 240 mL
- 48. Answer • C. 240 mL • 1 oz = 30 mL – 8 oz = 240 mL
- 49. Medication Safety • Characters that cause over 50% of error misidentifications: • l/1 • O/0 • Z/2 • 1/7
- 50. Temperature Conversion • Fahrenheit (F) used in U.S. • Celsius (C) used in Europe • Boiling point and freezing point comparisons • Converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit readings
- 52. Question • True or False: 37 degrees C is a normal reading.
- 53. Answer • True • 37 degrees C = 98.6 degrees F – Normal reading