This document provides sample solutions to assignment questions for the BSHF-101 EM course. It includes solutions to two 500-word questions and four 250-word questions on various topics related to the course content, such as fundamental rights, human security, the Renaissance, social structure, and more. The solutions provide concise yet comprehensive overviews of the key topics and concepts in 3 sentences or less for each question.
Gums and mucilage are plant-derived polysaccharides that are either pathological products formed from plant injury or normal metabolic products within cells. Tragacanth gum is obtained from species of Astragalus through incisions in the plant stems. It is collected primarily in Iran and Turkey. Sterculia gum comes from Sterculia urens and is produced in India. Acacia gum is obtained from various Acacia species, particularly A. senegal, through tapping or natural exudation and is primarily collected in Sudan. These gums are used pharmaceutically as suspending agents, in foods, and for other industrial purposes.
This document discusses amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. It covers the key properties of amino acids that allow them to form polymers and carry out biological functions. The 20 standard amino acids are described in detail, including their classifications based on properties like hydrophobicity, charge, and structure. The document also discusses how amino acids polymerize to form peptides and proteins, and the different levels of protein structure.
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are chemically esters of fatty acids. They function as fuels for the body, provide insulation and padding for organs, and are involved in cell membrane structures. The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids like cholesterol. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and in transporting fat-soluble vitamins. They undergo reactions like hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and oxidation. Diseases related to lipid metabolism include obesity, hyperlipidemia, and lipidosis.
Uncaria gambir is a plant native to Indonesia and Malaysia from the Rubiaceae family. It contains high levels of catechin, a polyphenol compound with antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Traditionally in Southeast Asia, extracts from U. gambir leaves and twigs called gambir have been used as remedies for diarrhea and sore throat. Gambir is composed primarily of catechin and other chemical compounds and has potential applications as a food preservative and in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products due to its antioxidant effects.
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
This document summarizes information about black pepper (Piper nigrum), including its biological source, chemical constituents, uses, marketed preparations, and references. Black pepper is the dried unripe fruit of a climbing vine that contains piperine and volatile oils. It is used as an aromatic, stimulant, and carminative and increases gastric juice and bioavailability of drugs. Marketed preparations containing black pepper extracts are used as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and dietary supplements.
This document provides information about the microscopic and chemical analysis of several plant drugs including seeds, barks, roots, and rhizomes. It examines fenugreek, linseed, black mustard, cinnamon, cinchona, liquorice, rhubarb, ginger, and turmeric. For each plant, it describes the botanical origin, plant properties, active constituents, uses, microscopic features, and chemical tests to identify major compounds. The purpose is to teach third year pharmacy students about the practical pharmacognosy of various medicinal plants through microscopic and chemical analysis.
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like energy storage, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The main classes of lipids are neutral fats/triglycerides (consisting of glycerol and fatty acids), phospholipids, and sterols. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are essential nutrients. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and are an important energy source in animals and plants.
Gums and mucilage are plant-derived polysaccharides that are either pathological products formed from plant injury or normal metabolic products within cells. Tragacanth gum is obtained from species of Astragalus through incisions in the plant stems. It is collected primarily in Iran and Turkey. Sterculia gum comes from Sterculia urens and is produced in India. Acacia gum is obtained from various Acacia species, particularly A. senegal, through tapping or natural exudation and is primarily collected in Sudan. These gums are used pharmaceutically as suspending agents, in foods, and for other industrial purposes.
This document discusses amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. It covers the key properties of amino acids that allow them to form polymers and carry out biological functions. The 20 standard amino acids are described in detail, including their classifications based on properties like hydrophobicity, charge, and structure. The document also discusses how amino acids polymerize to form peptides and proteins, and the different levels of protein structure.
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are chemically esters of fatty acids. They function as fuels for the body, provide insulation and padding for organs, and are involved in cell membrane structures. The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids like cholesterol. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and in transporting fat-soluble vitamins. They undergo reactions like hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and oxidation. Diseases related to lipid metabolism include obesity, hyperlipidemia, and lipidosis.
Uncaria gambir is a plant native to Indonesia and Malaysia from the Rubiaceae family. It contains high levels of catechin, a polyphenol compound with antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Traditionally in Southeast Asia, extracts from U. gambir leaves and twigs called gambir have been used as remedies for diarrhea and sore throat. Gambir is composed primarily of catechin and other chemical compounds and has potential applications as a food preservative and in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products due to its antioxidant effects.
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
This document summarizes information about black pepper (Piper nigrum), including its biological source, chemical constituents, uses, marketed preparations, and references. Black pepper is the dried unripe fruit of a climbing vine that contains piperine and volatile oils. It is used as an aromatic, stimulant, and carminative and increases gastric juice and bioavailability of drugs. Marketed preparations containing black pepper extracts are used as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and dietary supplements.
This document provides information about the microscopic and chemical analysis of several plant drugs including seeds, barks, roots, and rhizomes. It examines fenugreek, linseed, black mustard, cinnamon, cinchona, liquorice, rhubarb, ginger, and turmeric. For each plant, it describes the botanical origin, plant properties, active constituents, uses, microscopic features, and chemical tests to identify major compounds. The purpose is to teach third year pharmacy students about the practical pharmacognosy of various medicinal plants through microscopic and chemical analysis.
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like energy storage, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The main classes of lipids are neutral fats/triglycerides (consisting of glycerol and fatty acids), phospholipids, and sterols. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are essential nutrients. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and are an important energy source in animals and plants.
Cod liver oil is extracted from the livers of cod fish. It is mainly sourced from Scotland, Norway, Germany, Iceland, and Denmark. To produce cod liver oil, the cod liver is cleaned, minced, and heated to 80°C to destroy the lipase enzyme. The oil is then extracted and stored in barrels cooled to -2 to -5°C to precipitate palmitin, which is removed by filtration. Cod liver oil is a pale yellow, fishy-smelling oil that contains vitamins A and D. It is used to treat conditions like rickets and tuberculosis due to its nutritional and vitamin content.
This document provides information on amino acids and the urea cycle. It begins by defining amino acids and describing their basic structure of an amino group, carboxyl group, and unique R group. It then discusses peptide bond formation and how amino acids exist in molecular and zwitterion forms in aqueous solutions. The document classifies amino acids as essential, semi-essential, or nonessential and lists examples of each. It also describes various amino acid reactions and metabolic pathways. Finally, it provides details on the five step urea cycle that occurs in the liver to synthesize urea from ammonia for excretion.
The document discusses the health benefits of spirulina supplement. It notes that spirulina is high in protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It also states that spirulina production is environmentally sustainable as it does not harm biodiversity, cause pollution, or contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. The document promotes spirulina as a superfood that is highly nutritious and beneficial for health and the planet.
Cassia senna is a plant originating in tropical Africa that is cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, and Sudan. Its dried leaflets are used as a laxative. The leaflets contain anthraquinone glycosides called sennosides that act on the colon to stimulate its muscles. At small doses, it is used as a laxative for occasional constipation, while large doses act as a purgative. Side effects can include nausea, cramping, and electrolyte imbalance with chronic use. Its use is contraindicated in intestinal inflammation, obstruction, or during pregnancy/lactation in some cases.
Cod liver oil is extracted from the livers of cod fish. It is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A and D, EPA, and DHA. Cod liver oil has long been used as a nutritional supplement due to these beneficial nutrients. It provides numerous health benefits, such as boosting heart health, lowering blood pressure and fats, improving skin health, and reducing depression and muscle pains. While cod liver oil offers many advantages, some people may experience mild side effects like belching or heartburn when taking it.
The document summarizes information about 6 medicinal plants found in Bangladesh: Garlic, Neem, Kalmegh, Nayantara, Aloe Vera, and Basak. For each plant, it provides the common name, scientific name, taxonomic classification, description, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, and other key details. The document is an assignment on pharmacognosy submitted by 5 students that analyzes the medicinal plants of Bangladesh and their pharmacological uses.
Introduction to protein ,classification, structure, properties, importance, q...Mohd Asad Farooqui
Protein is a macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly found in animal products, though is also present in other sources, such as nuts and legumes. Advertisement. There are three macronutrients: protein, fats and carbohydrates. Macronutrients provide calories, or energy.
This document provides information on Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi). It discusses the plant's classification, biological sources, habitat and cultivation. Microscopic and macroscopic characteristics are described. The major chemical constituents like eugenol, carvacrol, and ursolic acid are outlined. Uses in Ayurveda to treat illnesses are mentioned, along with pharmacological actions like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. Methods of cultivation and harvesting are briefly covered. Microscopic structures of leaves and seeds are shown, along with chemical constituents of essential oils and extracts.
Chemistry of amino acids with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Chemistry of Amino acids with their clinical applications for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
This document provides an overview of proteins, including their classification, structure, and functions. It discusses how proteins are formed through peptide bonds between amino acids. It describes the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins and how hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and other interactions stabilize protein structures. The document also covers different types of proteins classified by composition, shape, and solubility, including globular, fibrous, albumins, globulins, and others. Key protein functions like catalysis and structure are summarized.
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve many important functions in the body including as structural components of cell membranes, storage of metabolic energy, transport of fat-soluble vitamins and hormones, and protection and insulation. Lipids are classified based on the presence or absence of glycerol and other components. Major classes of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols such as cholesterol and vitamin D, and other compounds like prostaglandins.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
This document summarizes the structural organization of proteins from primary to quaternary structure. It discusses that proteins have a unique amino acid sequence specified by genes which form the primary structure. The primary structure is stabilized by peptide bonds. Secondary structure involves folding into shapes like alpha helices and beta sheets held by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure involves the 3D shaping of the entire polypeptide chain through various interactions. Quaternary structure involves multiple polypeptide subunits combining to form a functional protein. Overall the document provides an overview of the hierarchical structural organization of proteins from sequence to final 3D shape.
Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that are used to build proteins through peptide bonds. Amino acids contain an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and different side chains. They join together into polymers called peptides or longer chains called proteins. In humans, 10 amino acids are essential and must be obtained through diet as the body cannot synthesize them.
This presentation discusses the functions of micronutrients. It begins by defining nutrients and distinguishing between macronutrients and micronutrients. It then focuses on vitamins and minerals, which are the two main types of micronutrients. Various water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins are explained, including their functions. Major and trace minerals are also defined, with examples like calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc provided along with their roles in the body. Finally, the key vitamins and minerals found in breast milk are listed.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can be classified as omega-3, omega-6 or omega-9 fatty acids depending on the position of the double bond closest to the methyl end. The most common PUFAs are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). PUFAs play important roles in membrane fluidity, eicosanoid production, and modulating the immune system. DHA in particular may reduce inflammation by decreasing NF-kB activation and cytokine production.
The document defines and discusses the concept of rights. It begins by defining rights as fundamental norms or claims that are allowed or owed to people. It then discusses the characteristics and classifications of rights, distinguishing between natural rights, moral rights, and legal rights. Legal rights are further divided into civil rights, political rights, and economic rights. Civil rights include the right to life, liberty, privacy and property. Political rights enable participation in government. Economic rights provide basic economic security and opportunity.
This document provides an overview of what constitutes law and the legal system. It discusses how laws are created by government to regulate society and are based on moral, economic, political and social values. Laws must balance various goals like rights and responsibilities. The document also covers human rights established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, though the US has not ratified certain treaties protecting economic and social rights. It presents several hypothetical problems analyzing potential human rights issues.
Cod liver oil is extracted from the livers of cod fish. It is mainly sourced from Scotland, Norway, Germany, Iceland, and Denmark. To produce cod liver oil, the cod liver is cleaned, minced, and heated to 80°C to destroy the lipase enzyme. The oil is then extracted and stored in barrels cooled to -2 to -5°C to precipitate palmitin, which is removed by filtration. Cod liver oil is a pale yellow, fishy-smelling oil that contains vitamins A and D. It is used to treat conditions like rickets and tuberculosis due to its nutritional and vitamin content.
This document provides information on amino acids and the urea cycle. It begins by defining amino acids and describing their basic structure of an amino group, carboxyl group, and unique R group. It then discusses peptide bond formation and how amino acids exist in molecular and zwitterion forms in aqueous solutions. The document classifies amino acids as essential, semi-essential, or nonessential and lists examples of each. It also describes various amino acid reactions and metabolic pathways. Finally, it provides details on the five step urea cycle that occurs in the liver to synthesize urea from ammonia for excretion.
The document discusses the health benefits of spirulina supplement. It notes that spirulina is high in protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It also states that spirulina production is environmentally sustainable as it does not harm biodiversity, cause pollution, or contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. The document promotes spirulina as a superfood that is highly nutritious and beneficial for health and the planet.
Cassia senna is a plant originating in tropical Africa that is cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, and Sudan. Its dried leaflets are used as a laxative. The leaflets contain anthraquinone glycosides called sennosides that act on the colon to stimulate its muscles. At small doses, it is used as a laxative for occasional constipation, while large doses act as a purgative. Side effects can include nausea, cramping, and electrolyte imbalance with chronic use. Its use is contraindicated in intestinal inflammation, obstruction, or during pregnancy/lactation in some cases.
Cod liver oil is extracted from the livers of cod fish. It is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A and D, EPA, and DHA. Cod liver oil has long been used as a nutritional supplement due to these beneficial nutrients. It provides numerous health benefits, such as boosting heart health, lowering blood pressure and fats, improving skin health, and reducing depression and muscle pains. While cod liver oil offers many advantages, some people may experience mild side effects like belching or heartburn when taking it.
The document summarizes information about 6 medicinal plants found in Bangladesh: Garlic, Neem, Kalmegh, Nayantara, Aloe Vera, and Basak. For each plant, it provides the common name, scientific name, taxonomic classification, description, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, and other key details. The document is an assignment on pharmacognosy submitted by 5 students that analyzes the medicinal plants of Bangladesh and their pharmacological uses.
Introduction to protein ,classification, structure, properties, importance, q...Mohd Asad Farooqui
Protein is a macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly found in animal products, though is also present in other sources, such as nuts and legumes. Advertisement. There are three macronutrients: protein, fats and carbohydrates. Macronutrients provide calories, or energy.
This document provides information on Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi). It discusses the plant's classification, biological sources, habitat and cultivation. Microscopic and macroscopic characteristics are described. The major chemical constituents like eugenol, carvacrol, and ursolic acid are outlined. Uses in Ayurveda to treat illnesses are mentioned, along with pharmacological actions like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. Methods of cultivation and harvesting are briefly covered. Microscopic structures of leaves and seeds are shown, along with chemical constituents of essential oils and extracts.
Chemistry of amino acids with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Chemistry of Amino acids with their clinical applications for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
This document provides an overview of proteins, including their classification, structure, and functions. It discusses how proteins are formed through peptide bonds between amino acids. It describes the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins and how hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and other interactions stabilize protein structures. The document also covers different types of proteins classified by composition, shape, and solubility, including globular, fibrous, albumins, globulins, and others. Key protein functions like catalysis and structure are summarized.
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve many important functions in the body including as structural components of cell membranes, storage of metabolic energy, transport of fat-soluble vitamins and hormones, and protection and insulation. Lipids are classified based on the presence or absence of glycerol and other components. Major classes of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols such as cholesterol and vitamin D, and other compounds like prostaglandins.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
This document summarizes the structural organization of proteins from primary to quaternary structure. It discusses that proteins have a unique amino acid sequence specified by genes which form the primary structure. The primary structure is stabilized by peptide bonds. Secondary structure involves folding into shapes like alpha helices and beta sheets held by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure involves the 3D shaping of the entire polypeptide chain through various interactions. Quaternary structure involves multiple polypeptide subunits combining to form a functional protein. Overall the document provides an overview of the hierarchical structural organization of proteins from sequence to final 3D shape.
Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that are used to build proteins through peptide bonds. Amino acids contain an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and different side chains. They join together into polymers called peptides or longer chains called proteins. In humans, 10 amino acids are essential and must be obtained through diet as the body cannot synthesize them.
This presentation discusses the functions of micronutrients. It begins by defining nutrients and distinguishing between macronutrients and micronutrients. It then focuses on vitamins and minerals, which are the two main types of micronutrients. Various water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins are explained, including their functions. Major and trace minerals are also defined, with examples like calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc provided along with their roles in the body. Finally, the key vitamins and minerals found in breast milk are listed.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can be classified as omega-3, omega-6 or omega-9 fatty acids depending on the position of the double bond closest to the methyl end. The most common PUFAs are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). PUFAs play important roles in membrane fluidity, eicosanoid production, and modulating the immune system. DHA in particular may reduce inflammation by decreasing NF-kB activation and cytokine production.
The document defines and discusses the concept of rights. It begins by defining rights as fundamental norms or claims that are allowed or owed to people. It then discusses the characteristics and classifications of rights, distinguishing between natural rights, moral rights, and legal rights. Legal rights are further divided into civil rights, political rights, and economic rights. Civil rights include the right to life, liberty, privacy and property. Political rights enable participation in government. Economic rights provide basic economic security and opportunity.
This document provides an overview of what constitutes law and the legal system. It discusses how laws are created by government to regulate society and are based on moral, economic, political and social values. Laws must balance various goals like rights and responsibilities. The document also covers human rights established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, though the US has not ratified certain treaties protecting economic and social rights. It presents several hypothetical problems analyzing potential human rights issues.
1. The document is a power point presentation by Omveer Singh on the topic of rights submitted to his teacher Sakshi mam. It discusses the meaning, definition, features, types and basis of rights.
2. The key types of rights discussed are natural rights, moral rights, legal rights, human rights, and fundamental rights. Legal rights are further divided into civil rights, political rights, and economic rights.
3. Citizenship can primarily be acquired by birth based on parentage (jus sanguine) or place of birth (jus soli). Citizenship can also be lost through marriage to a foreign national, resignation, long absence from the country, renouncing dual citizenship, application, adoption
The document provides an introduction to the Indian constitution. It defines a constitution as the fundamental principles by which a country is governed. It explains that the Indian constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950 after being drafted over a period of around 3 years. The constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with goals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as expressed in the preamble. It outlines some key features of the Indian constitution including fundamental rights and duties of citizens.
The constitution of india by vijaya 2013Venkat Ramana
The document provides an introduction to the Indian constitution. It defines a constitution as the fundamental principles by which a country is governed. It explains that the Indian constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950 after being drafted over a period of around 3 years. The constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with goals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as expressed in the preamble. It outlines some key features of the Indian constitution including fundamental rights and duties of citizens.
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The document discusses the fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian constitution. It provides an overview of the meaning of fundamental rights, including that they ensure citizens' physical, mental and moral development. It describes the six main categories of fundamental rights - right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. It notes that while justiciable by courts, fundamental rights are subject to reasonable restrictions.
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION 8-3-23.pdfYuvaraj880160
The document discusses the fundamental rights and duties enshrined in the Indian constitution. It begins by outlining the six fundamental rights - right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. It then discusses the fundamental duties added to the constitution via the 42nd amendment, including duties to abide the constitution, promote harmony and protect the environment. The document concludes by noting that rights and duties are interrelated and fundamental duties are moral responsibilities to uphold rights and unity in India.
Political, civil,social and economics rights of citizensiamnotangelica
This document outlines the various political, civil, social, and economic rights of citizens according to the constitution of the Philippines. It discusses political rights like the right to vote, hold public office, and form political parties. It also covers civil rights such as the right to life, family life, education, personal freedom, religious freedom, freedom of expression and movement. Social rights discussed include the right to education, food, health, housing, social security, and work. Finally, it outlines economic rights such as the right to adequate wages, property, rest and leisure, and economic and social security.
Presentation on human rights for English , social studies studentstoobairshad03
This document outlines several key human rights. It begins by defining human rights as those inherent to all people regardless of attributes. It then discusses the rights to equality, education, freedom from slavery, presumption of innocence, marriage, belief/religion, social security, life/liberty. The document concludes with suggestions for supporting and protecting human rights such as speaking up, volunteering, choosing fair trade, listening to others, and standing against discrimination.
Rights are essential conditions for individuals to develop and contribute to society. They include things like life, liberty, equality, food, education, work, health, and property. Rights exist in society and are equally available claims that allow human development. They are recognized by society and protected by the state, though not absolute. Natural rights are believed to be inherited from nature, while moral rights are based on human conscience but not enforced by law. Legal rights include civil rights to a civilized life, political rights to participate in government, and economic rights to security and basic needs. The Indian Constitution protects fundamental rights through articles 12-35, including rights to life, dignity, equality, freedom, religion, and constitutional remedies.
The document discusses various topics related to human rights including the United Nations Human Rights Council, measures for protecting child rights, objectives and features of the Human Rights Act 1993 in India, constitution of the National Human Rights Commission in India, collective rights, and the scope of public interest litigation with respect to human rights in India. It provides answers to several questions related to these topics with details on international conventions, classifications of rights, duties of state institutions, and the role of courts in protecting human rights.
Fundamental rights and fundamental duties in indiaindianeducation
The document discusses fundamental rights and duties in India. It begins by explaining the meaning of rights as claims that are essential for individual development and recognized by society or the state. Duties are things expected of individuals. Rights and duties are interrelated and balance each other. The Constitution of India guarantees six fundamental rights to citizens: right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. It also lists fundamental duties expected of citizens. The document discusses each fundamental right in detail and notes that while rights are universal, the Constitution allows for some exceptions and restrictions.
Indian constitution and social legislation fundamental rightsBimal Antony
The document discusses the Indian Constitution and social legislation in India. It provides an overview of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, including rights to equality, freedom of speech and religion, and protections against exploitation. It then discusses how various social legislation acts in India, such as those relating to child marriage, maternity benefits, and senior citizens' welfare, help safeguard these fundamental rights and promote social justice. The conclusion states that social workers can use social legislation as a tool to advocate for human rights and ensure justice for vulnerable groups.
The document outlines three generations of human rights and discusses key aspects of each. The first generation encompasses civil and political rights, including norms around physical security and civil liberties. The second generation includes socio-economic rights focused on fulfilling basic needs and economic needs. The third generation comprises broad class rights related to self-determination of peoples and rights of ethnic/religious minorities. The document also discusses non-derogable rights that cannot be suspended and derogable rights that may be in times of emergency if necessary and proportionate. Finally, it outlines the importance of human rights education in enhancing knowledge, fostering respectful attitudes, and developing skills to protect rights, particularly for those in justice, government, and other professions
The document discusses key concepts related to rights outlined in the Bill of Rights including:
- Types of rights such as personal, economic, political, positive, and negative rights
- Who or what holds rights such as individuals, classes of people, and institutions
- Examples of rights protected in the Bill of Rights like freedom of speech, freedom from unlawful search and seizure, and right to a fair trial
- Initial skepticism around the Bill of Rights but it is now considered the most important document protecting individual liberties
Introduction to Civil and Political Rights Slides for the Foundation Course o...ASHUTOSHKUMARPANDEY40
The document provides an introduction to civil and political rights as outlined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). It discusses key provisions of the ICCPR including state responsibility to protect rights, and specific rights such as the right to life, freedom from torture, and right to participate in elections. It also summarizes the role of the Human Rights Committee in monitoring state compliance with the ICCPR and individuals' ability to file complaints regarding rights violations.
1. The document provides an introduction to civil and political rights as outlined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). It discusses key concepts like state responsibility to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights, and important rights like the right to life and freedom from torture.
2. The ICCPR establishes standards for states to implement civil and political rights like fair trial, privacy, freedom of religion and expression. State parties must submit reports to the Human Rights Committee on their implementation.
3. The document outlines debates around civil and political rights, such as whether they require positive or negative state action, and discusses how rights are interrelated and interdependent with economic and social rights.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA AND NEW CHALLE...DeepakTongli2
This document provides an overview of fundamental rights in the Indian constitution. It discusses the origins and evolution of fundamental rights from concepts like natural law and documents like the Magna Carta. It describes the key fundamental rights protected in the Indian constitution regarding equality, freedom, anti-exploitation, religion, culture and education, and constitutional remedies. It also analyzes the salient features and provisions of each fundamental right. Finally, it discusses how the framers of the Indian constitution were influenced by other documents and drew from various sources and ideological influences in developing the fundamental rights framework for independent India.
Similar to ignou bshf 101 eng assignment 2018-19 (20)
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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BSHF -101 EM
Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the Assignments. These Sample
Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance of the student to get an idea of how
he/she can answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100% accuracy of these sample answers as these are
based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to
prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment. As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private
teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has
been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/ Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular
Answer and for up-to-date and exact information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material
provided by the university. Some content got from internet.
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Note: All questions are compulsory. Marks are indicated against each question.
DCQ: Answer any two in about 500 words each.
2 . Are the Fundamental Rights are basic to our Constitution? Discuss.
SOLUTION . people in democratic countries enjoy certain rights, which are protected by judicial system of the
country concerned. Their violation, even by the State, is not allowed by the courts. India respects the rights of the
people, which are listed in our Constitution, under the heading “Fundamental Rights”. In lesson, a mention has
been made of the Fundamental Rights as one of the salient features of the Constitution. In this lesson, we will
discuss in detail various Fundamental Rights which are incorporated in chapter III of the Constitution. Importance
Of Fundamental Rights The rights, which are enshrined in the Constitution, are called ‘Fundamental Rights’.
These rights ensure the fullest physical, mental and moral development of every citizen. They include those basic
freedoms and conditions which alone can make life worth living. Fundamental Rights generate a feeling of
security amongst the minorities in the country. They establish the framework of ‘democratic legitimacy’ for the
rule of the majority. No democracy can function in the absence of basic rights such as freedom of speech and
expression. Fundamental Rights provide standards of conduct, citizenship, justice and fair play. They serve as a
check on the government. Various social, religious, economic and political problems in our country make
Fundamental Rights important. In our Constitution, Fundamental Rights are enumerated in Part III from Article 14
to 32. These rights are justiciable. Our Constitution does not permit the legislature and the executive to curb
these rights either by law or by an executive order. The Supreme Court or the High Courts can set aside any law
that is found to be infringing or abridging the Fundamental Rights. You will read about it in detail in the lesson on
‘Judiciary’. Some of the Fundamental Rights are also enjoyed by foreigners, for example, the Right to Equality
before Law and Right to Freedom of Religion are enjoyed by both i.e. citizens as well as foreigners. The
Fundamental Rights though justifiable are not absolute.
The Constitution empowers the government to impose certain restrictions on the enjoyment of our rights in the
interest of public good. Seven Fundamental Rights were enshrined in the Constitution of India. However the Right
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to Property was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment Act of the Constitution in
the year 1976. Since then, it has been made a legal right. There are now six Fundamental Rights.
The Fundamental Rights are:
1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedy
Recently by the 86th Amendment Act, the Right to Education has been included in the list of Fundamental Rights
as part of the Right to Freedom by adding Article 21(A). Fundamental Rights have been incorporated in part III of
our Constitution from article 14- 32. These rights protect and safeguard the dignity and status of the citizens.
These rights are justiciable i.e. are enforceable by the court of law. At present there are six Fundamental Rights.
Recently by an Amendment Act of the Constitution, Right to Education has been added. These Rights are not
absolute, reasonable restrictions can be imposed on these rights in the interest of peace, national defence,
morality, common good and good relations with other countries. The first right that comes under Fundamental
Rights is the Right to Equality.
Under the Constitution, all are equal before law and the state cannot discriminate between citizens on the basis
of religion, race, sex, place of birth or any of them. Untouchability has been abolished and made an offence
punishable by law. The state has been forbidden from conferring honorary titles on citizens that create social
disparities. Right to Freedom has been granted for the all round development of the body, mind and spirit of all
the citizens. It provides six freedoms to citizens. This Right helps protection of life and personal liberty. It also
protects the individual from arbitrary arrest and detention. Our Constitutions prohibits traffic in human beings
and forced labour. Employment of children below the age of fourteen years in mines, factories and hazardous
jobs is banned. India is a multi religious country. Our Constitution neither promotes nor interferes in their
religious affairs. India believes in secularism. Every religious community is free to establish, maintain and run its
own religious institutions. Every citizen has been granted freedom to profess and propagate his/her religion.
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Cultural and Educational rights provide the right to conserve our culture. Educational institutions maintained by
the state on getting financial aid from the state cannot refuse MODULE – 2 Notes 67 Fundamental Rights Aspects
of the Constitution of India admission to children on the grounds of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
The minorities have been given the right to establish and manage institutions of their own for the preservation
and propagation of their language and culture. While giving financial aid to any institution, the state will not
discriminate on the basis of religion or language. Lastly the Constitution guarantees enjoyment of Fundamental
Rights by citizens under the Right to Constitutional Remedies. The Supreme Court and High Courts have been
given powers to issue orders, directions and writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights . Dr. B.R Ambedkar
has rightly called the writs as the “ Soul of the part III of the Constitution”
4. What do you understand by the term 'human security'? Discuss.
SOLUTION. Human security refers to the security of people and communities, as opposed to the security of
states. It recognizes that there are many different dimensions to feeling safe, ranging from freedom from fear,
freedom from want and freedom to live in dignity. A people-centred approach to security has implications for
how we do and understand conflict assessment, programme planning, implementation and evaluation of peace
building initiatives. It addresses sustainable peace by recognising the social, economic and political grievances
that are often at the root of violent conflict and societal violence. It challenges us to consider participative ways
of doing and evaluating our work. The human security approach is not only centred on people as objects of
interventions, but also as providers of security in their own right. The concept of human security represents a
powerful, but controversial, attempt by sections of the academic and policy community to redefine and broaden
the meaning of security. Traditionally, security meant protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of
states from external military threats. This was the essence of the concept of ‘national security’, which dominated
security analysis and policy-making during the cold war period. In the 1970s and 1980s, academic literature on
security, responding to the Middle East oil crisis and the growing awareness of worldwide environmental
degradation, began to think of security in broader, non-military terms. Yet, the state remained the object of
security, or the entity that is to be protected. The concept of human security challenges the state-centric notion
of security by focusing on the individual as the main referent object of security. Human security is about security
for the people, rather than of states or governments. As such, it has generated much debate.
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Critics wonder whether such an approach would widen the boundaries of security studies too much, and whether
‘securitizing’ the individual is the best way to address the challenges facing the international community from the
forces of globalization. On the other side, advocates of human security find the concept to be an important step
forward in highlighting the dangers to human safety and survival posed by poverty, disease, environmental
stress, human rights abuses, as well as armed conflict. These disagreements notwithstanding, the concept of
human security captures a growing realization that, in an era of rapid globalization, it must encompass a broader
range of concerns and challenges than simply defending the state from external military attack. Critics of the
concept argue that its vagueness undermines its effectiveness, that it has become little more than a vehicle for
activists wishing to promote certain causes, and that it does not help the research community understand what
security means or help decision makers to formulate good policies. Alternatively, other scholars have argued that
the concept of human security should be broadened to encompass military security: 'In other words, if this thing
called ‘human security’ has the concept of ‘the human’ embedded at the heart of it, then let us address the
question of the human condition directly. Thus understood, human security would no longer be the vague
amorphous add-on to harder edged areas of security such as military security or state security The emergence of
the human security discourse was the product of a convergence of factors at the end of the Cold War. These
challenged the dominance of the neorealist paradigm’s focus on states, “mutually assured destruction” and
military security and briefly enabled a broader concept of security to emerge. The increasingly rapid pace of
globalisation; the failure of liberal state building through the instruments of the Washington Consensus; the
reduced threat of nuclear war between the superpowers, the exponential rise in the spread and consolidation of
democratisation and international human rights norms opened a space in which both ‘development’ and
concepts of ‘security’ could be reconsidered. At the same time the increasing number of internal violent conflicts
in Africa, Asia and Europe (Balkans) resulted in concepts of national and international security failing to reflect
the challenges of the post Cold War security environment while the failure of neoliberal development models to
generate growth particularly in Africa, or to deal with the consequences of complex new threats (such as HIV and
climate change) reinforce the sense that international institutions and states were not organised to address such
problems in an integrated way.
MCQ: Answer any four questions in about 250 words each.
6. What do you understand by the term 'renaissance'. Discuss.
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SOLUTION Renaissance , (French: “Rebirth”) period in European civilization immediately following the Middle
Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values.
The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the
Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy , the decline of the feudal system and the growth of
commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing , the
mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of
the revival of Classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.
Origins And Rise Of Humanism
The term Middle Ages was coined by scholars in the 15th century to designate the interval between the downfall
of the Classical world of Greece and Rome and its rediscovery at the beginning of their own century, a revival in
which they felt they were participating. Indeed, the notion of a long period of cultural darkness had been
expressed by Petrarch even earlier. Events at the end of the Middle Ages, particularly beginning in the 12th
century, set in motion a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations that culminated in the
Renaissance. These included the increasing failure of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire to
provide a stable and unifying framework for the organization of spiritual and material life, the rise in importance
of city-states and national monarchies, the development of national languages, and the breakup of the old feudal
structures. Humanism had several significant features. First, it took human nature in all of its various
manifestations and achievements as its subject. Second, it stressed the unity and compatibility of the truth found
in all philosophical and theological schools and systems, a doctrine known as syncretism . Third, it emphasized
the dignity of man. From Italy the new humanist spirit and the Renaissance it engendered spread north to all
parts of Europe, aided by the invention of printing, which allowed literacy and the availability of Classical texts to
grow explosively. Artistic Developments And The Emergence Of Florence It was in art that the spirit of the
Renaissance achieved its sharpest formulation. Art came to be seen as a branch of knowledge, valuable in its own
right and capable of providing man with images of God and his creations as well as with insights into man’s
position in the universe. In the hands of men such as Leonardo da Vinci it was even a science , a means for
exploring nature and a record of discoveries. Art was to be based on the observation of the visible world and
practiced according to mathematical principles of balance, harmony, and perspective , which were developed at
this time. In the works of painters such as Masaccio , the brothers Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti , Fra Angelico ,
Sandro Botticelli , Perugino , Piero della Francesca ,
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Raphael , and Titian ; sculptors such as Giovanni Pisano , Donatello , Andrea del Verrocchio , Lorenzo Ghiberti ,
and Michelangelo ; and architects such as Leon Battista Alberti , Filippo Brunelleschi , Andrea Palladio ,
Michelozzo , and Filarete , the dignity of man found expression in the arts.
In Italy the Renaissance proper was preceded by an important “proto-renaissance” in the late 13th and early
14th centuries, which drew inspiration from Franciscan radicalism. St. Francis of Assisi had rejected the formal
Scholasticism of the prevailing Christian theology and gone out among the poor praising the beauties and
spiritual value of nature. The great poet Dante lived at about the same time as Giotto, and his poetry shows a
similar concern with inward experience and the subtle shades and variations of human nature . Although his
Divine Comedy belongs to the Middle Ages in its plan and ideas, its subjective spirit and power of expression look
forward to the Renaissance. Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio also belong to this proto-renaissance period, both
through their extensive studies of Latin literature and through their writings in the vernacular . Unfortunately, the
terrible plague of 1348 and subsequent civil wars submerged both the revival of humanistic studies and the
growing interest in individualism and naturalism revealed in the works of Giotto and Dante. The spirit of the
Renaissance did not surface again until the 15th century.
7. What do you understand by the term 'social structure'?
SOLUTION . The word structure meant originally, the construction of building. Gradually, structure began to
imply inter-relations between the parts of any whole. It also began to be used in anatomical studies. The concept
of social structure became popular amongst the sociologists and social anthropologists, in the decade following
World War II. During that period it became so fashionable to use this term, that it came to be applied to “almost
any ordered arrangement of social phenomenon” (see Leach 1968 : 482). It is essential to look at the different
ways, in which sociologists and social anthropologists, have applied this concept. In this process you will learn
how it was understood by the structural-functionalists, the structuralists, and the Marxists – the three main
schools of sociological thought. But before proceeding to these three views of social structure, let us also look at
the difference between social structure and social organisation. We also briefly mention how some scholars used
the notion of social structure in terms of social groups and roles. Social structure is sometimes defined simply as
patterned social relations—those regular and repetitive aspects of the interactions between the members of a
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given social entity. Even on this descriptive level, the concept is highly abstract: it selects only certain elements
from ongoing social activities. The larger the social entity considered, the more abstract the concept tends to
be. For this reason, the social structure of a small group is generally more closely related to the daily activities of
its individual members than is the social structure of a larger society. In the study of larger social groups, the
problem of selection is acute: much depends on what is included as components of the social structure. Various
theories offer different solutions to this problem of determining the primary characteristics of a social group .
Fred Eggan, an American anthropologist, describes that the component or units of social structure, are around
the interpersonal relations which ‘become part of the social structure in the form of status positions’ occupied by
individuals. He was not the only one who has defined social structure in terms of social status and position
occupied by individuals in society. One of the major theories of social structure has been outlined by Nadal in his
book, The Theory of Social Structure (1969). He, too, has defined social structure in terms of the roles played by
the individual actors in society and their consequent social status. Nadel (1969 : 5) says : “We arrive at the
structure of a society through abstracting from the concrete population and its behaviour the pattern or network
(or “system”) of relationships obtaining between actors in their capacity of playing roles relative to one another”.
His definition of roles is far more specific than the one given by most other sociologists.
10. Who are the Scheduled Tribes?
SOLUTION. SCHEDULED TRIBES India's Constitution, enacted on 26 January 1950, established compensatory
benefits for members of India's "scheduled tribes." For centuries, tribes in India had been called "aboriginals,"
"hill tribes," "forest tribes," "animists," "backward Hindus," "criminal tribes," "primitive tribes," "backward
tribes," and "depressed classes." They generally spoke their own languages, observed their own political and
cultural patterns, lived in isolated areas, and were regarded as economically and socially "backward." In the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Indian and European reformers called on the British government of
India to do something to improve the lot of India's most disadvantaged groups. The 1935 Government of India
Act announced that certain "degraded" groups in India would have special electoral representation in India's
forthcoming elections. In anticipation, in 1936 India's provincial governments prepared lists ("schedules") of local
groups meeting the "degraded" criteria. Castes considered to be "degraded" because they suffered ritual
disabilities (such as denial of admission to Hindu temples) were called scheduled castes (SCs). Tribes considered
to be "degraded" were referred to as "backward tribes." The 1941 census recorded 24.5 million tribals (about
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6.6% of India's population). In 1950, with the enactment of India's Constitution, these "backward tribes" were
referred to as scheduled tribes (STs) Scheduled Tribes after India's Independence India's Constitution called for
equality of status and opportunity for all citizens. In an effort to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the
scheduled castes and tribes, the government of India initiated a policy of affirmative action called "protective
discrimination" or "compensatory discrimination." Article 15(4) declared that the state could make "special
provision" for the advancement of SCs and STs. Articles 330 and 331 reserved seats in the national Parliament
and the state assemblies for members of SCs and STs. To address the guarantees in Article 16 of equal rights for
all Indian citizens, the Constitution stipulated that these reservations of legislative seats and government jo for
SCs and STs would end after ten years. Over subsequent decades, Parliament periodically amended the
Constitution to extend the SC and ST reservations another ten years. Stat governments introduced their own
"compensatory discrimination provisions for scholarships, admissions to colleges an professional schools, low-
interest loans, and other benefits. The recipients of these benefits were members of the groups name on the
government lists of SCs and STs. In 1960 the government of India published an all-India list of 405 SCs and 225
STs. In 1976 the government of India published an amended state-by-state list of 841 SCs and 510 STs, showing
that certain tribes were "scheduled" in some locations but not in neighboring locations, and certain tribes were
called by a variety of different names. When designations were unclear, India's Constitution assigned to
Parliament and the president the final decision regarding a group's "scheduled" or "nonscheduled" status.
According to the published lists, SCs made up about 17 percent of India's population, STs about 7.5 percent. The
Indian Constitution's fifth schedule, in conjunction with Article 244(1), provided for the administration and
control of scheduled areas and STs in parts of India other than Assam. The Constitution's sixth schedule, in
conjunction with Article 244(2), provided for the administration of autonomous tribal areas I Assam. The
president of India had the authority to declare which areas were or were not scheduled. In most cases, the
authority for administering the designated areas rested with the local governor (in consultation with advisory
councils) and the central government. The local governor could decide which legislative enactments in the
Republic of India applied to the scheduled are under the governor's control. In the most autonomous regions,
local councils were authorized to assign and collect taxes, regulate forms of shifting cultivation, manage
unreserved forests, deal with inheritance, marriage, and social customs, administer justice, and control money
lending and trading with non tribals. During the decades after independence, tribe-inhabited territories north,
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east, and south of Assam became states within the Republic of India. These included Nagaland (1963), Manipur
(1972), Meghalaya (1972), Arunachal Pradesh (1987), and Mizoram (1987).
11. What are the functions of the family? Briefly discuss.
SOLUTION The importance of family is closely related to the various functions which it performs towards society.
Through functions of family may differ with cultures, yet they can be broadly divided into two main categories:
Basic or Universal Functions This class of functions includes those functions that are essential and common in all
cultures and societies. These are further classified into two types:
(a) Biological Functions:
These functions are performed by the family since its very
formation. These include:
(i) Satisfaction of sexual desires:
Sexual desires are basic human instincts. It is an important function performed by the family. But every society
has social control over an individual's sex desires in its own traditions.
(ii) Reproduction:
It is yet another important biological function which is essential for the survival of the human beings. Though this
function is possible outside the family also but then it does not have social approval. The reproductive function
depends upon the relation between husband and wife through the marriage bonds and bears social approval. It
also provides stable nature to family.
(iii) Nurture of children:
Since time immemorial family has provided a security to children and environment for their growth. This function
of family has been tried out to be performed by other social institutions at many places, but the results are not
fully satisfactory.
(b) Psychological Functions:
This is also a very important universal function of family. The feelings of love, affection, respect, cooperation
faith, etc., play a very crucial role in the development and mental status of each member of family. These feelings
make family bonds more stronger.
(i) Psychological security:
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This is the first psychological function that a family performs. This aspect is very significant especially for younger
and immature members of the family. They feel secured and get solace in home from the outside world. The
psychological security provided by family gives them confidence to face adversities of the world. It develops their
total personality- mental as well as physical.
(ii) Affection:
Another important aspect of psychological functions of family is affection. The sentiment of love and affection
makes a family member to feel that he is wanted in the world and is an important entity as others are. This
affects the personality he develops. The people, who are denied such feelings by the family, generally develop
criminal tendencies or unbalanced personalities. Some functions of the family are traditional functions. These
depend upon culture and traditions of family. Since different societies differ in their culture and tradition, their
traditional functions also vary.
Traditional Functions
These are the functions of family which are linked to particular community or cultural. They vary according to
different cultures.
(a) Physical Functions:
These functions refer to care of each and care of the weaker
members of the family.
(i) Physical care:
It is the duty of the family to take physical care of the weaker
members of the family like children, ladies, old people and the
disabled.
(ii) Provision of shelter:
The family provides a home or shelter for its members so that they feel secure in it and are able carry out their
day-to-day work.
(iii) Provision of food and clothing:
Family provides nutritious and balanced food for its members. On this depends the health and growth of its
members. In the similar manner, clothing requirement of each member is also fulfilled by the family. Purchasing,
stitching, leaning, ironing, storage, etc., are the various aspects of clothing requirements of family. Both these
needs can be partially looked after for particular period or exigency by other agencies like hotels, lodges, etc., in
case of food requirements and laundry and washer man in case of clothing requirements. But still, the
responsibility for both these requirements, i.e., food and clothing is fulfilled by the
family.
(b) Economic Functions:
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In addition to biological, psychological and physical functions, the family also fulfills the economic requirements
of the family.
These are:
(i) Labour division:
A family comprises of members of all ages, genders and capabilities according to which they work. Male
members are considered to be the earning members who work outside whereas the females have to look after
the household duties.
(ii) Determination of inheritance:
The family has its own money and property. The head of the family runs and controls the family. The inheritance
is handed over to the next senior members according to the system prevalent in the particular family. In the
modern families, inheritance is the right of both daughters and sons.
(iii) Productive unit:
Family is the center of productive activities as well as being a consumer unit. The traditional work of the family
continues from one generation to the next. Today however, this trend is not followed much.
(iv) Management of income:
The family has to manage the total requirements of food, clothing, shelter, health and education of all members
of the family within the family income. In the modern times, all the members of the family try to contribute
towards the total family income.
(c) Social Functions:
Family is the basic entity of the society. Though it may be big or small, it is very important to a society because of
various functions it performs. The social functions performed by the
family are:
(i) Determining social status:
Each family holds a definite place in the society. The social status of the family determines the living standard,
socializing standard and marriage standard of the family. The status of the family generally runs from generation
to generations. The family members, functioning as a unit constantly strive to work accordingly in the society to
maintain and improve the status.
(ii) Socialization:
A newborn child is not a social being. But by living in the society (interacting through family), learns and
understands the rules of the society according to which one has to speak, eat, behave and move around. All this
shapes the personality of the individual.
(iii) Social control:
Each person has to behave in society according to some social rules and regulations which are taught to him by
the family.
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(iv) Perpetuation of human of human achievements from one generation to other generation:
The elder members of family teach the younger generation about the social values, traditions, customs and moral
values of their particular family. The achievements of the family are also passed on from senior member to other
members of the family.
(v) Helpful in selection of life partner:
The family in our society performs the duty of setting their children in marriage. This is done according to the
social status of the family and is facilitated by the amount of socialization of family does. On the other hand, in
the western culture, the process of choosing life partners is done by children themselves.
This trend is being adopted gradually in our country also.
(d) Religious Functions:
Every family follows the rituals of a particular religion. The family teaches the child about God, the faith, its
teaching, etc.
(e) Political Functions:
The political functions of a family are important in smaller societies where the head of the family has the power
to take decisions on behalf of other members regarding social, religious
and political matters.
(f) Cultural Functions:
The culture of the society is kept alive due to the family. The family teaches its younger members regarding the
lifestyle, traditions, moral values and social values which the family follows. Family, thus, inculcates and transfers
the culture from one generation to next.
(g) Educational Functions:
Family is said to be the first school which a child attends. Children are like wet cement; whatever falls upon them
leaves an impression. The family inculcates preschool education in the child and provides a proper environment
for the child's education. Both of these play very important role in achieving the future success of an individual as
a member of society.
(h) Recreational Functions:
The family provides relaxation through recreation to its members. The personal interaction between various
members of a family, mutual jokes and playful activities of children serve as recreation for other members of the
family.
SCQ: Write short notes on any two in about 100 words each:
(i) The Iron Age
SOLUTION. The Iron Age was a period in human history that followed the Bronze and Stone Ages. During the Iron
Age, people across much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa began making tools and weapons from iron and
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steel. The Iron Age started between 1200 B.C. and 600 B.C., depending on the region. For some societies,
including Ancient Greece, the start of the Iron Age was accompanied by a period of cultural decline. The Iron Age
began around 1200 B.C. in the Mediterranean region and Near East with the collapse of several prominent
Bronze Age civilizations, including the Mycenaean civilization in Greece and the Hittite Empire in Turkey. Ancient
cities including Troy and Gaza were destroyed, trade routes were lost and literacy declined throughout the
region.
The cause for the collapse of these Bronze Age kingdoms remains unclear. Archaeological evidence suggests a
succession of severe droughts in the eastern Mediterranean region over a 150-year period from 1250 to 1100
B.C. likely figured prominently in the collapse. Earthquakes, famine, socio political unrest and invasion by
nomadic tribes may also have played a role
(iii) Social Change
SOLUTION
Definition of Social Change
Ginsberg (By social change I understand a change in the social structure). Kingsley Doris "By social change is
meant only such alterations as occur in social organization i.e. the structure & functions of society". Merrill &
Elbridge "Social change means, that large no. of persons are engaging in activities that differ from those which
they or their immediate fore-fathers engaged in some time before." Gillin & Gillin "Social changes are variations
from the accepted mode of life, whether due to alteration in geographical condition, in cultural equipment,
composition of the population. Or ideologies & whether brought about by diffusion or inventions within the
group." Jones ' "Social change is a term used to describe variations in or modification of any aspect of social
process, social patterns, social interaction or social organization." M.D.Jenson – Describes –Social change as
"modification in ways of doing & thinking of people."
Characteristics of Social change
1. Social change is universal or it is an essential law.
2. Change with diff. in speed & form simple society … change was slower.
3. Change is unpredictable in general Revol is a process of social change. What speed & in
what form the change takes place is not easily predictable.
4. Social change is change in community
5. Social change generally changes in direction.
There are 3 patterns of social change.
1. linear failure change generally leads to progress (change for good) can't cycle –car – train –plane
2. Fluctuating change – the change may be upward & downward. The demographic change is such also
economic change,
3. Cyclical change – the change is in a cycle. Fashion, sometimes also in economical aspect (Karl marx gave
this idea. He says earlier there was no private property & we may go back to it)