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IGHC 27Revised
- 2. 2 …and Ground Handling Now
- 3. Welcome Ground Handling Through The Decades From the Advent of Flight to Modern Times Finch-Ouess Presentation April 29, 2014
- 4. 1914 – The First Commercial Flight Airline: St. Petersburg Tampa Airboat Line Aircraft: Benoist XIV flying boat Pilot: Tony Jannus Founder: Percival Fansler Airfare: 5.00 USD Total Passengers Carried: 1204 4
- 5. Airlines in Business Since1929 (and their impact on ground handling) 1920 QANTAS 1923 Aeroflot – Czech Airlines – Finnair 1924 Delta Air Lines – Tajik Air 1927 Air Serbia – Iberia 1929 Lot Polish Airlines – LAN Airlines – Aeropostal – Garuda Indonesia – Hawaiian Airlines ________________________________________________________ 1937 Malaysia Airlines 5
- 6. 1939-1947 -Loading Docks & Motorboats6
- 7. 1968 - Fly Me To The Moon 1968 Pan Am Starts a Moon Flight listing attracting 93,000 members. 7 First Lunar GSE
- 8. January 21-22, 1970 The First B747 Commercial Flight Pan Am Flight 002 JFK-LHR 8
- 9. January 21, 1976 - The Concorde First Air France and British Airways Concordes Commercial Flights take off Simultaneously on January 21, 1976 from Paris Orly and London Heathrow Airports. BA Flight headed to Bahrain and the AF flight headed to Rio de Janeiro via Senegal. The Concordes flew over sound barrier at 1,350 miles an hour. 9
- 10. 1978 – Airline Deregulation Act Increased Airline Competition Increased Ground Handling Business. Airlines Established Hubs Ground Handlers Expanded to New Locations Some Airlines did not survive Low Cost Carriers Appeared Airports Struggled to Accommodate All. 10 Before deregulation After deregulation
- 11. The Effect of Low Cost Carriers Impact on Ground Handling Operating Procedures Service Levels Cost and Income Impact Airport Experience 11
- 12. 1986 IGHC History - The Founding Officers Abu Dhabi Airport Services Saad Dajani Aeroport de Paris Jules Hayamme Air France Alain Chapgier Ansett Gus Hatter (1st Chairman) Finnair Siggy Soderlund IATA Michael Feldman IATA Tom Murphy Lufthansa Peter Bluth Pan Am Waguih F. Ouess (T.F. Chairman) TWA Verl Cumberland Servisair John Willis 1986-1988 AHAUG Task Force – 1988 First IGHC – 2014 the 27th IGHC 12
- 13. 1988 – First IGHC Conference Montreal, Quebec, Canada Locations of IGHC Conferences 1988-2014 IGHC Officers 1988-2014 Membership 1988-2014 13
- 14. 2001 - Realities of Security Post 9-11 Impact on Ground Handling Governments Involvement Impact on Domestic & International Operations IATA Checkpoint of the Future 2020 14
- 15. 2012 – Space Shuttle Enterprise April 27, 2012, Space Shuttle Enterprise at JFK International Airport 15
- 16. SGHA Initially published in 1964 and used exclusively between IATA airlines Recognized as the industry standard, and used by airlines and both independent and airport owned handling companies. Updated every five years Main Agreement sets out the general terms Annex A 14 sections and subsections covering virtually every aspect of ground handling services. Annex B is where the parties list specific services to be provided, the price to be paid, the term of the agreement and any modifications to the provisions spelled out in the Main Agreement. In many cases, supporting documents are attached. 16 Airport Handling Manual (AHM) 34th Edition
- 17. Passenger Services “ A Self-Service & Simplified Process”17 The February 2000 IATA Initiative of Simplifying Passenger Travel Interest Group (SPTIG) evolved into the Passenger Experience Management Group (PEMG)
- 18. Departure and Arrival Steps What has Changed ! Self booking and e-tickets Remote self check-in and kiosk check-in Up to three loading bridges Quick turnaround times RFID baggage tags and containers Faster baggage delivery Various airlines alliances and smoother transfers Simplified entry clearance formalities Security screening process 18
- 19. Ramp Services Some Changes ! Stairs and loading bridges Baggage carts and dollies Conveyor belts and loaders Towbarless tractors Interline baggage transfers Fuel trucks or in-ground fuel GPU and water trucks or gate power & water 19
- 20. Cargo and Mail Services Air Mail was always a high priority, it often displaced cargo and baggage March 3, 1919: U.S. Starts International Airmail Service delivery by flying 60 letters from Vancouver to Seattle. In the cockpit: Bill Boeing Although there were a few attempts to organize air freight airlines from the 1920s on, the first commercial airlines that were all-cargo did not emerge until after WW II. Ground Handlers load, unload and transport cargo and mail on and off flights, to and from warehouses and on and off airports 20
- 21. GSE Gas Emissions Survey GSE Type Total Diesel Electric Gasoline Propane Natural Gas Solar Other Baggage/Cargo Tugs 2,575 15% 17% 53% 3% 0% 0% 12% Cars/SUV/PickUps/Vans 1,132 5% 1% 84% 0% 0% 0% 11% Belt Loaders 1,102 25% 15% 45% 1% 0% 0% 15% Other 843 52% 4% 28% 2% 0% 0% 14% Aircraft Tractors/Tugs 705 68% 11% 8% 0% 0% 0% 13% Generrators/GPUs 487 61% 10% 7% 0% 0% 0% 22% Deicing Trucks 399 65% 1% 27% 0% 0% 0% 8% Lifts 344 22% 26% 27% 6% 0% 0% 20% Carts 330 1% 78% 6% 1% 0% 0% 15% Cabin Service/Catering Trucks 320 52% 0% 15% 0% 0% 0% 32% Forklifts 314 13% 9% 14% 45% 0% 0% 20% Air Conditioners/Heaters 312 76% 3% 12% 0% 0% 0% 10% Cargo Loaders 281 79% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 13% Lavatory Trucks/Lav Carts 177 18% 8% 60% 0% 0% 0% 14% Air Start Units 160 72% 1% 3% 0% 0% 0% 25% Fuel Trucks 151 65% 2% 9% 0% 0% 0% 25% Light Carts/Light Stands 111 65% 2% 7% 0% 0% 0% 17% Passenger Stairs 95 32% 1% 42% 1% 0% 0% 24% Buses 69 22% 0% 7% 0% 55% 0% 16% Hydrant Carts/Trucks 62 61% 0% 23% 0% 0% 0% 16% Maintenance Trucks 56 29% 0% 45% 0% 0% 0% 27% Surveyed GSE Average 10,025 34% 12% 37% 3% 1% 0% 15% 21
- 22. In Flight Connectivity Monitor Flight Connections and Connecting Gates Change Itinerary Reconfirm Hotel Reservation Reconfirm Ground Transportation Arrangements Arrange for Pick up Check-in for Onward Flight Check Weather and Destination Information Access e-mails 22
- 23. Ground Handling (GH) Contribution to Industry Objectives GH will help aviation reduce airports gas emissions. GH is over 990 Businesses Globally. GH employs and sustain many in aviation. GH efficiently handle 6.4 trillion of goods on and off airports & flights. GH are in contact with most of the 3 billion passengers annually. GH contribute to industry safety. 23
- 24. Closing Remarks Airlifts and Relief Operations during Natural Disasters Bridging the gap between nations and people Impact on Trade, Tourism, Hospitality Industry and Global Economies Moving People and Goods Negotiation, Cooperation, Diplomacy and Common Language Safety and Security Spearheading Creative and Innovative Solutions Airports and Terminals of the Future 24
Editor's Notes
- Good Morning and Welcome. On this historical occasion, we are both honored to be here today to share with you some of our thoughts and years of aviation experience with airlines, ground handlers and airports. Our presentation will touch on several topics including some aviation firsts, history of the IGHC, how the ground handling process has evolved with new trends, technologies, green initiatives, standard documents, and how the aviation industry contributes to the growth of global economies and brings people and nations together in good and difficult times. Before we proceed, we would like to thank IATA, the IGHC, the great country of Malaysia, the host airline “Malaysia Airlines”, the official IGHC hotel “The Mandarin Oriental Hotel” and all the sponsors and exhibitors for giving us this historical opportunity to address the 27th IGHC. (Speakers biographies to be published by IGHC as part of agenda program)
- A century ago, the St. Petersburg Tampa Airboat Line could justly claim to be the world’s first airline. Percival Fansler, the founder, chose a Benoist XIV flying boat as the aircraft and one of the famous aviators of the day, Tony Jannus as the pilot. The daily flight commenced January 1, 1914 for the 18 mile route across Tampa Bay. The fare was $5.00 and the pioneer airline carried 1204 passengers and some air express packages until the first week in April when it ceased operations.
- While many countries and airlines have contributed and greatly influenced the start of aviation and ground handling services, we wanted to share this list of carriers that were founded by 1929 and are still operating today. Many others have since ceased operation, were merged, or changed their names. But these carriers listed are currently in operation under their original name and if present today, we ask their representatives to stand up and be recognized.
- Lithograph on the left is of a Pan Am Boeing 314 flying boat “Dixie Clipper” that inaugurated the first Transatlantic Flights on May 20 1939. These flights departed from Port Washington, Long Island to Lisbon, Portugal via the Azores and onward to Marseille, France over 75 years ago. By March 31, 1940 Transatlantic Flights were departing from La Guardia Airport Marine Air Terminal (MAT) in New York City. This was followed by Round-the-World flight on June 17, 1947 with a Lockheed Constellation that reached its final destination, San Francisco, thirteen days later. The 22,170 mile route with 102 hours 20 minutes flying time had seventeen stops in ten countries. The picture on the right shows the Boeing 314 flying boat at La Guardia MAT. There were no passenger stairs or loading bridges, only a loading dock. As seaplanes, touched down in the Long Island Sound, they were pulled in to the docks by motorboats.
- It was Christmas Eve, 1968, and three American astronauts had just become the first human beings to orbit the moon. But it wasn’t the only major news that day. Pan Am announced plans for commercial flights to the moon – and they were so confident it would happen soon, that they started a waiting list. And so the “First Moon Flights” Club was born – attracting more than 93,000 members over the next two decades. Each member was convinced they would soon be following the astronauts into space but in more comfortable surroundings, with an in-flight magazine and a beverage service, at the very least. New members received a membership card signed by the vice-president of sales and a letter that helpfully explained what would happen next. “Starting date of service is not yet known,” but asked for patience while the “essentials are worked out” and that “Fares are not fully resolved, and may be out of this world.” On July 21, 1969, the first moon landing occurred.
- The introduction of the Boeing 747 drastically changed the way ground handling was performed. The terms “Wide-body, Containers and ULDs” were some of the new words in the aviation vocabulary. GSE makers rushed to design, test and produce specific ground support equipment to service that new aircraft. Airports were behind in upgrading their airfields and facilities, gates, lounges, conveyor belts, check-in counters and loading bridges. Handling larger volumes of passengers and baggage became both a challenge and an opportunity for the airlines and ground handlers. Cargo, mail and catering services expanded and all this before the emergence of security screening as we know it today. The B747 ushered in the age of jumbo jets and lower fares. The airlines were offered a variety of seating configurations, and variations of the B747 included the mixed passenger/cargoB747 Combi aircraft, as well as an “all-cargo” freighter version that handled twice the capacity of previous aircraft.
- From London's Heathrow Airport and Orly Airport outside Paris, the first Concorde with commercial passengers simultaneously took flight on January 21, 1976. The London flight headed to Bahrain, while the Paris flight took off for Rio de Janeiro via Senegal. At their cruising speeds, the innovative Concorde flew over the sound barrier at 1,350 miles an hour, cutting air travel time by more than half. Airlines who operated the Concorde, and the ground handlers that services these aircraft had to make some changes in ground handling procedures. Access to the Concorde’s baggage holds were through doors located directly under the belly of the aircraft, not the typical side entry as other aircraft have. The Concorde’s low wings and boxed engines also made baggage handling a real challenge. A special set of stairs was used during loading and unloading to ensure proper separation of GSE.
- Airline Deregulation in the United States opened up a world of opportunity for the U.S. Domestic airline industry. Airlines were allowed to establish their own airfares, operate new routes and merge with other airlines. Competition was fierce, and new airlines were formed to compete against established traditional line carriers, and some did not survive. Airline route structures changed with the expansion of the “Hub and Spoke” system. Point to Point operations were reduced, and connections became more the norm. From the beginning of commercial aviation, airlines mostly handled their ground service work with their own staff and equipment. As airlines began to outsource these services, ground handlers gradually expanded their business into new airports and with newer technologies offered. Today, many ground handling companies have expanded their operations globally and airlines have, with some exceptions, focused on flying the aircraft instead of servicing aircraft, people and goods.
- In the early phase of LCC’s or “Budget” Airlines, ground handling these carriers was an interesting and challenging experience. Most were not familiar with the IATA Standard Ground Handling Agreement (SGHA), and they chose to negotiate other form of agreements, generally with security deposits or letter of credits as collateral. These airlines principally operated narrow body aircraft and on short distance routes. Over the years, LCC’s started to expand internationally challenging the major carriers, airports and ground handlers with changes in schedule frequencies and, quick turnaround times. Their often “low fare promotions” caused operational disruptions at airports as they were inundated with volumes of passengers who had never been able to afford to fly. Some of the startup airlines became a success and continued to grow and expand while others have suspended operations or were acquired by other airlines.
- In 1986, as a Pan Am representative to the Airport Handling Agreements User Group, I was elected Task Force Chairman to form a new ground handling organization that would involve all industry stakeholders. In 1988 the IATA Ground Handling Council (IGHC) was formed and we both had the honor to serve as Vice Chairman over a period of time. Over those years the IGHC has introduced the Simplified Procedure Annex B, updated and revamped the SGHA, the Annex A and started new standard documents for catering and trucking. The above picture is a February 1988 task force meeting held in AUH with the founding fathers of the IGHC before the 1st IGHC meeting in Montreal.
- When the IGHC was created, the independent ground handler was a minority and the majority of ground handing was one by airlines or airlines owned subsidiaries. This had changed as airlines increasingly divest themselves of non-core activities and core competency for all aspects of Ground Handling has mostly migrated to the independent ground handler from the airlines. The first IGHC was held in Montreal, Canada and attracted ………….. Participants. Since that time, the IGHC met 26 times at various locations worldwide and in some instances at the same location multiple times. Some of the cities include: (YUL, HKG, DPR, SIN, KUL, LAS, JBG, VRN, SJU, FW, MNL, FRA, MUC, IST, CAI, PRG and SAN. Membership increased annually from …….. in 1988 to …………. at last year’s conference in Vancouver, Canada. IGHC Officers represented various companies from around the world including: (List companies and names of representatives who served as IGHC officers). We want to take a moment to recognize all the companies and officers who have served over the last 27 years and for the work they have done in support of the industry.
- In the late 60’s, passenger screening at some airports started with airline employees questioning passengers and searching carry-on luggage at departure gates. Eventually security companies were introduced with new screening techniques and uniformed staff. Much of that changed in the USA after the events of September 11, 2001 when the U.S. Federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was formed. These changes had a major impact on the travelling public and employees working at the airports. Airport terminals had to dedicate large areas for security screening to meet government requirements. Signs were posted to guide passengers who were advised to report to airports earlier. Employees working at an airport required a background check. New systems and technologies were tested and implemented that allowed business travelers to enroll in federally approved trusted traveler programs. All these new requirements have increased cost to all stakeholders. Today much remains to provide consistency, speed up departure process and arrival entry clearances. Working with governments and ICAO, the IATA Checkpoint of the Future for 2020 using biometrics and new technologies is a high industry priority.
- While we do not have specifics on who amongst ground handlers or airlines may have provided handling for the Space Shuttle program, we both had a role to play with our former employers. It is not often that a space shuttle lands at a commercial airport. It happened on April 27, 2012 when NASA Space Shuttle Enterprise was carried on the back of a B747 that landed at JFK International Airport. It was an amazing sight to watch the approach, the landing, the parking and eventual unloading of the Space Shuttle and transported by sea to its final destination at the Intrepid Museum. Special Ground Handling and support equipment played an important role that day.
- And now we also have Service Level Agreement (SLA) and ISAGO plays a very important role.
- The SPTIG Mission was to measurably improve the entire travel experience while increasing passenger satisfaction and enhancing security. According to IATA (StB), Passengers are not only accepting high-tech travel options, but are also demanding even more opportunities to take control of their travel experience. 89% of passengers preferred e-tickets, 56% experienced internet check-in, and 69% used self-service kiosks. When asked if they wanted more self-service options, 54% said yes from all regions of the world. Self-service features ranked as follow: Online booking 75%, Online Reservation Changes 69%, Online Check-in 61%, Printing Boarding Pass at home 58%, CUSS 53%, Remote Bag Drop 33% and Post Arrival Assistance 28%.
- Many of the departure functions have switched to self-service. Bar coded baggage tags and RFID technology were introduced to better track baggage and cargo and increase safety and security. Passenger screening started in the mid 60’ but it was not until 1973 that it became mandatory. While much has improved in the industry to speed up the arrival and departure process, we can still witness congestion during peak operations and during flight delays and cancellations.
- Ramp and aircraft services remain one of the most likely function to be outsourced by airlines due to the capital investments required for the GSE and the training and licensing of staff to operate such equipment.
- The whole history of airfreight, however, really began with PR stunt: in November 1910, an American businessman came up with the brilliant idea of flying ten bales of silk from Dayton/Ohio to Columbus/Ohio. He soon reached agreement with the aviation pioneers the Wright brothers, who took on the job for 5,000 dollars. The flight distance was only 100 kilometers. On December 1, 2013 Amazon CEO announced that Amazon PrimeAir Drones could be delivering small packages by 2015 subject to further testing and FAA approval.
- An interesting data from the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 78 of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences in Washington DC. The findings are not surprising and indicate that Diesel, Electric and Gasoline are most commonly used by GSE. While many are testing new ramp service concepts, we recall an experiment called “Equipment Free Ramp” that was tested some years ago by Stockholm Arlanda Terminal 2 when some ramp equipment previously on vehicles was built into the tarmac.
- Aircraft makers, airlines and new technologies have done much to increase connectivity and improve communication on the ground and in the air. Today it is the new normal to make calls at 35,000 feet in the air and often we take advances in communication and technologies for granted. We want to take a moment to acknowledge those companies that have introduced new technologies that are helping the industry and the travelling public.
- The IGHC has been successful because it brought together the ground handling community and airlines to develop and maintain the SGHA and provide oversight on technical and procedural aspects of ground handling. Today communication is faster thanks again to the internet and the many communication tools at our disposal and the standard documents that support IGHC pillars of Safety, Efficiency, Quality, Open Effective Market and Sustainability. According to IATA data 50% of ground handling services is outsourced by airlines. The challenges facing ground handlers and airlines is how to balance the need to reduce costs with the imperative of safety and security while maintaining the desired service quality levels in a competitive environment. Of the 990 Global Ground handling businesses, Africa has 189 ground handlers - Caribbean 47 - Central America 20 - Central Asia 35 - Europe 343 - Far East 41 - Indian Subcontinent 62 - Middle East 64 - North America 78 - South America 54 and Southeast Asia 57.
- IGHC Members get involved in international negotiations, diplomacy, new technologies, airports and terminal designs and humanitarian work. You have teamed up with government authorities and helped load and unload medical supplies, food, water to those in harm’s way. You brought nations and people closer together with a common goal of safety, security and quality service levels; you moved people and goods in an efficient way; you have and continue to make a positive impact on the global economies, world tourism, the hospitality industry and business trade; you focused on safety, security and customer services; you created a universal language with standard documents and; you continue to seek creative and innovative solutions to reduce gas emissions. We cannot imagine a world of aviation without ground handling. We can however imagine how the future of aviation and ground handling will look like. IATA, IGHC, ACI, ICAO and many others are at work to visualize and prepare for the future, it will be amazing. In closing, thank you for giving us this opportunity to be with you today to celebrate the first 100 years of flight and to salute all for the work that you and your staff do every day. Note: The source of many comments and statements in this presentation are from various industry publications, materials, internet sources, contribution of several individuals and personal experiences of the presenters.