The presentation looks at: 1. Taking Stock of Agricultural R&D Capacity and Investment in India and Beyond. 2. Institutional structure of agricultural research. 3. Agricultural research investment. Recent trends in agricultural research capacity, investment and outputs in India was organized jointly by IFPRI and NAARM on Wednesday, August 17, 2016 at the NASC Complex, PUSA, New Delhi. During this event, NAARM and IFPRI’s Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) program presented the key findings of a recent comprehensive survey, targeting more than 200 Indian agricultural research agencies.

1. Taking Stock of Agricultural R&D
Capacity and Investment in India and Beyond
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
New Delhi, August 2016
Gert-Jan Stads
Senior Program Manager, ASTI
AgriculturalScienceandTechnologyIndicators

2. ASTI’sthreeprogrammaticcomponents
DATA COLLECTION
AND SYNTHESIS
ANALYSIS
OUTREACH AND
ADVOCACY

3. Identified 215 public Indian agencies
involved in agricultural R&D:
• 107 ICAR agencies
• 31 other government agencies
• 77 universities
• Includes research on crops, livestock,
fisheries, forestry, postharvest, socio-
economics, etc.
• Private-sector was excluded
• Financial data include salaries, operating,
and capital costs
• Financial time-series data are adjusted for
inflation
• Human resource data were FTE-adjusted
ASTI / NAARM survey in India

4. Reboundofagriculturalresearchcapacity

5. Institutionalstructureofagriculturalresearch

6. Researcherquantityandquality
India
73%
Bangladesh
35%
Sri Lanka
23%
Pakistan
21%
Nepal
14%
PhD-qualified researchers as a share of
total agricultural researchers
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Nepal
(2012)
India
(2014)
Bangladesh
(2012)
Pakistan
(2012)
Sri Lanka
(2009)
FTE researchers per
100,000 farmers
4.6

7. Distributionofresearchersbygender
Women are severely
underrepresented in
agricultural R&D in
many Asian countries.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Bangladesh
Cambodia
India
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Share of total researchers
Female Male

8. SteadygrowthinIndianagriculturalR&Dspending
59.2 billion rupees
(current prices)
2014
974 million US$
(current prices)

9. IndianresearchspendinginanAsiancontext
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2000 2005 2010 2013
MillionPPPdollars
(inflation-adjusted;baseyear=2011)
China India Indonesia Other Asia
Note: Other Asia includes Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.

10. Agriculturalresearchspendingasa%ofAgGDP
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
0.34%
0.30%
China 0.62%
India 0.30%
Bangladesh 0.37%
Nepal 0.28%
Pakistan 0.18%
India

11. IsIndiaunderinvestinginagriculturalresearch?
 India aims to invest 1% of its AgGDP in agricultural research
and education as stipulated in its Twelfth Five Year Plan
(2012-2017)
 Although data on agricultural education expenditures are
not available, data on agricultural research expenditures
suggest that India’s 1-percent investment target is unlikely to
be met within the stipulated timeframe.
 R&D expenditure as a percentage of agricultural GDP is a
misleading measure to compare agricultural research effort
at the country level.

12. Whyareintensityratiosmisleading?
Agricultural research spending as a % of agricultural GDP

13. ASTI’salternative:Theintensityindex
 The literature shows that the capacity of countries to invest does not
depend only on the size of the agricultural sector but also on structural
variables like income and the size of the economy.
 As a result, the capacity of countries to invest changes with the
particular level and combination of the three variables.
 ASTI therefore proposes a multifactor indicator of R&D intensity that
combines three different partial intensity ratios:
-R&D to AgGDP
- R&D to GDP
- R&D to GDP per capita
 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) defines the weights to aggregate
the three partial measures into a multifactor measure of R&D
investment intensity. It yields most favorable, country-specific weights
for the different components.

14. ASTI’salternative:Theintensityindex(cont’d)
 Countries with the same mix of inputs are expected to show
similar level of R&D investment.
 On the other hand, differences in investment between
countries with similar mix of inputs will indicate higher
“productivity” by the country with higher investment. In this
case, higher “productivity” means that the country is
investing more than expected given its particular mix of
inputs.
 This allows us to calculate the R&D intensity gap: the
difference between R&D investment of a particular country
and the highest investment among all countries with the
same mix of GDP, AgGDP and income than the analyzed
country.

15. Thetwointensityratioscompared,2001-2011
0.03125
0.0625
0.125
0.25
0.5
1
2
0.0625 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
R&DIntensityIndexUsA2005=1
IntensityRatio (R&D/AgGDP)
East & South Asia High Income SSA WANA Latin America &Caribbean
Netherlands
USA
Germany
France
Japan
Gabon
Belgium
Norway
Botswana
Mauritius
Malaysia
Madagascar
Brazil
UgandaKenya
Iran
Nigeria
Sudan
Guatemala
El Salvador
ParaguayZimbabwe
Vietnam
China
Bangladesh
Ethiopia India
Malawi
Indonesia
Honduras
Zambia
Niger
Nepal
Pakistan
DominicanRep.

16. Other ASTI outputs

17.  Interactive representation of
data
 Links to factsheet, key
indicators, institutional
profiles
 Easy cross-country
comparisons
 Data and graphs can be
downloaded on the spot
 Country pages are
continuously being expanded
InteractiveCountryPages
www.asti.cgiar.org/india

18.  Comparison of key
ASTI indicators
across countries
 Rank countries by
indicator
 Data download
facilities
 Also developing
state-level
benchmarking tool
Countrybenchmarkingtool
www.asti.cgiar.org/benchmarking/south-asia

19.  More granular data
than country pages
and benchmarking
tool
 Data, graph, and
map download
facilities
 Additional
indicators/elements
will be added later
on
Datadownloadtool
www.asti.cgiar.org/data

20.  Geographic location
of agencies
 Institutional details
 Key agency-level
indicators
Countryagencydirectory
www.asti.cgiar.org/india

21. FinalThoughts
 Institutionalizing ASTI
 Enhancing private-sector coverage
 Measuring use and impact of ASTI in India

22. Please visit:
www.asti.cgiar.org/india