Ideology and Religion
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This document outlines several political ideologies that will be covered in POL 302 during Spring 2019. These include liberalism which focuses on individual rights and limited government, conservatism which emphasizes tradition and authority, socialism focusing on community and equality, and fascism characterized by extreme nationalism and state authority.
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Ideology and Religion
This document outlines several political ideologies discussed in POL 302 including liberalism which focuses on individual rights and limited government, conservatism which emphasizes tradition and authority, socialism focusing on community and equality, and fascism characterized by extreme nationalism and state authority.
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The document outlines several political ideologies including liberalism which values individual fulfillment and freedom, conservatism which emphasizes tradition and authority such as customs and the Pope, socialism which focuses on community, cooperation and equality through class politics and common ownership as described by Karl Marx, and fascism which grants unlimited and coercive authority to the state and values nationalism while scapegoating others.
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This document provides an overview of structuralism and structural analysis approaches to analyzing societies, cultural practices, and media texts. It discusses Todorov's theory of narrative structure, which proposes that conventional narratives follow five stages: equilibrium, disruption of equilibrium, recognition of disruption, attempt to repair disruption, and reinstatement of equilibrium. It also provides examples of binary oppositions commonly used in structural analysis and defines key structuralist concepts like the signifier, signified, and different types of narrative organization.
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Ideology and Religion
This document outlines several political ideologies discussed in POL 302 including liberalism which focuses on individual rights and limited government, conservatism which emphasizes tradition and authority, socialism focusing on community and equality, and fascism characterized by extreme nationalism and state authority.
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This document outlines several political ideologies discussed in POL 252-01 during Spring 2015 including liberalism which values individual fulfillment and maximum freedom, conservatism which emphasizes tradition, authority figures like the Pope, and maintaining the status quo, Marxism which focuses on community, cooperation, equality, and common ownership, authoritarianism where the state has unlimited and coercive power that can exploit and harm people, and fascism characterized by nationalism, prioritizing the military and state control over individual rights and free elections.
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The document outlines several political ideologies including liberalism which values individual fulfillment and freedom, conservatism which emphasizes tradition and authority such as customs and the Pope, socialism which focuses on community, cooperation and equality through class politics and common ownership as described by Karl Marx, and fascism which grants unlimited and coercive authority to the state and values nationalism while scapegoating others.
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Sociological perspectives view punishment as serving social control functions. Durkheim argued punishment upholds social solidarity by expressing moral outrage, while distinguishing between retributive justice in traditional societies and restitutive justice in modern societies. Marxists see punishment maintaining the social order under capitalism. Foucault analyzed the shift from sovereign power's public executions to disciplinary power's surveillance and self-discipline in prisons and other institutions since the 19th century.
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The document discusses the concept of moral panics as examined by Stanley Cohen in his influential 1972 book "Folk Devils and Moral Panics". Cohen studied the media coverage and public reaction to clashes between British youth subcultures, the Mods and Rockers, in 1964. He found the media coverage exaggerated and distorted the scale of the problem and helped generate increased conflict between the groups. This led to a "deviancy amplification spiral" where increased policing and arrests confirmed the initial exaggerated media reports and further polarized the groups. Cohen argued this showed how the media can help create moral panics, where groups are singled out as a threat to social values in times of uncertainty, even if the real problem is minimal or
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In recent years, anticorruption has become a major industry, with global expenditures growing to an estimated one hundred million dollars per year. To date, however, few successes have resulted from this investment. We clearly speak more about corruption than we used to and spend more money combating it, but there is little evidence that all this activity is accomplishing much. The handbook published by Transparency International (TI) cites as best practices the laws or institutions adopted in various countries, but their effects have yet to be measured. The World Bank’s Anticorruption in Transition also discusses ongoing programs rather than already demonstrated successes. Political corruption poses a serious threat to democracy and its consolidation. One year after the widely acclaimed Orange Revolution in Ukraine, one could already buy, though not very cheaply, a seat in the Ukrainian parliament. The lack of success in curbing corruption, combined with ever more widespread discussion of the issue, renders voters extremely cynical and threatens to subvert public trust in emerging democracies.
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2) Functionalists like Durkheim believe punishments serve the positive function of reinforcing social solidarity and values. Society reacts strongly to more serious crimes to prevent future offenses.
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July 2006
Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 86-99, 2006
Abstract:
In recent years, anticorruption has become a major industry, with global expenditures growing to an estimated one hundred million dollars per year. To date, however, few successes have resulted from this investment. We clearly speak more about corruption than we used to and spend more money combating it, but there is little evidence that all this activity is accomplishing much. The handbook published by Transparency International (TI) cites as best practices the laws or institutions adopted in various countries, but their effects have yet to be measured. The World Bank’s Anticorruption in Transition also discusses ongoing programs rather than already demonstrated successes. Political corruption poses a serious threat to democracy and its consolidation. One year after the widely acclaimed Orange Revolution in Ukraine, one could already buy, though not very cheaply, a seat in the Ukrainian parliament. The lack of success in curbing corruption, combined with ever more widespread discussion of the issue, renders voters extremely cynical and threatens to subvert public trust in emerging democracies.
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The document discusses social capital and defines it according to the World Bank as the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape a society's social interactions. It notes that social cohesion is critical for economic and sustainable development. Social capital includes five key dimensions: groups and networks, trust and solidarity, collective action and cooperation, social cohesion and inclusion, and information and communication. The economic importance of social capital is also discussed, including how it can integrate society, replace inefficient state institutions, control government and commercial sectors, and build local culture. Common indicators of social capital are also listed such as trust, voluntary organization membership, civic participation, volunteering, and voting. Specific data is then provided about social capital indicators in Lesser Poland.
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Moral panic theory examines when a group or behavior is perceived as threatening to societal values and interests, leading to a disproportionate social reaction. Key stages include identifying the threatening group, media stereotyping and marginalization, and proposed expert responses to diminish the threat. Moral panics are characterized by widespread concern, hostility towards the targeted group, consensus around the threat, and volatility in the level of panic. They can be grassroots, manufactured by interested middle groups seeking change, or elite-driven to divert attention from genuine crises. Moral panics reinforce social control and regulate divergence from dominant societal norms.
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The document discusses different views on the aims of punishment:
1) Retribution or revenge, seeking severe punishments, versus reform or rehabilitation, aiming to make offenders law-abiding.
2) Functionalists like Durkheim believe punishments serve the positive function of reinforcing social solidarity and values. Society reacts strongly to more serious crimes to prevent future offenses.
3) Punishments have shifted from retributive or revenge-based in traditional societies to restitutive or reform-focused in modern societies.
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This document discusses the concept of moral panic and how new media is making it easier to create moral panics that may distort public views on issues. It provides background on moral panics, including key characteristics and examples throughout history. Specific groups that moral panics often target are identified. The document also examines how social media in particular has influenced moral panics and discusses some criticisms of the concept. Both positive and negative impacts of increased moral panics in modern society are considered before the document concludes.
What is a moral panic
A moral panic is characterized by a substantial number of members of a society feeling that certain "evil-doers" pose a threat to societal norms and values. This leads to a belief that something must be done about the problematic behavior. Key elements of a moral panic include a threat being identified and stereotyped by the media, rapid media interest promoting public concern, authorities responding to the perceived threat, and the panic eventually receding or resulting in social changes. Moral panics can lead to an unintended amplification of the deviant behavior through increased media, police and public attention, often without an actual increase in the behavior. This process of deviance amplification is self-perpetuating and can result in social change
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Slides on political systems, used as a handout for an graduate course on Comparative Political Economy I taught in 2004.
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Mikael Phoebus Apollo Mcnealy argues that pursuing technological advancement solely for purposes of war is dangerous and socially irresponsible. While technology can lift societies to positions of power, true advancement is measured by a civilization's moral and mental qualities, not just its technical capabilities. The last premise, that technology must be revised to foster policies of war, is an illogical conclusion not supported by rational thinking. Overall, Mcnealy asserts that civilization and technology are not synonymous, and that moral and social connections within and between societies are also important measures of advancement.
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The document discusses collective intelligence and its relevance to web 2.0. It provides examples of how collective intelligence functions on the internet through hyperlinks, page rank, and social graphs and recommendations that allow user recommendations to spread information. The document also discusses concerns raised in a 2006 article about the risks of a new online collectivism that treats the collective as all-knowing in a way that could concentrate influence and devalue individuals, and how the value of the internet comes from the people it connects rather than an idea that the internet itself is an entity.
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This text discusses the principle that individuals should only be compelled or controlled by society through force or social pressure to prevent harm to others, not for their own benefit. It asserts that an individual's liberty can only rightfully be interfered with for self-protection purposes. The only justification for exercising power over someone against their will is to prevent harm to others, as their own good is not a sufficient reason to compel them to act in a certain way or restrain them.
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Moral panics occur when the media uses a scapegoat to explain an issue, manipulating audiences into believing the issue has been solved by controlling the scapegoats. This follows a typical cycle: a crisis occurs and is reported, the public becomes sensitive to the issue and deviants are blamed as scapegoats, experts amplify the threat, public panic ensues, and the government takes counteractive measures against the deviants while rarely solving the real problem. Examples include video nasties, dangerous dogs, and Islamicphobia. The video nasties panic in the 1980s saw films blamed for crimes and censored despite rarely being the cause.
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This document provides an overview of critical cultural theory and some related frameworks. It discusses how critical cultural theory examines how social, cultural, and political beliefs shape communication and roles. It also summarizes Marxist critique and how it views capitalism as exploiting the working class for the benefit of the ruling class. Additionally, it outlines critical theory as relying on reflection and critique of society to evaluate freedom, justice, and happiness. Finally, it briefly summarizes critical race theory, gender theory, and feminist theory and their focuses on race, gender, sexuality, and power structures.
3. Moral panic
Moral panic occurs when a group or behavior is perceived as threatening societal values and interests. Media plays a role by dramatizing stories in ways that appeal to audiences but also sensationalize events and call for punishment. Stanley Cohen studied the mods and rockers of the 1960s and how they were negatively portrayed in the media as folk devils threatening law and order. For a moral panic to occur there must be widespread concern about a perceived threat, increased hostility towards the group, a consensus that the group is dangerous, and a disproportionate reaction, though moral panics tend to be short-lived.
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This document outlines the syllabus for the PPOL 511 Fall 2020 course. It introduces the instructor, Dr. Austin Trantham, and provides information on their teaching philosophy, research interests, and office hours. The course will meet live on Mondays over Blackboard Collaborate and participation is expected. Grading will be based on discussion leadership, exams, policy papers, and a capstone analysis. The document also outlines expectations for communication, attendance, assignments, classroom conduct, and the university's core values.
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This document discusses various topics related to voter participation and turnout in the United States, including: historical barriers to voting like discriminatory laws against Black voters; theories for why U.S. voter turnout lags other industrialized nations such as non-compulsory voting and weekday elections; factors influencing individual voter decisions like party identification, costs/benefits analyses, and retrospective vs prospective voting; and current issues like attempts to increase voter participation through reducing legal obstacles and voter mobilization efforts.
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This document provides an overview of the US presidency, including the selection process, qualifications, and basic duties and powers of the office. It discusses how presidents are chosen by the Electoral College to serve 4-year terms, with basic requirements including being a natural-born US citizen at least 35 years old who has resided in the US for 14 or more years. It also outlines the president's formal powers as Commander-in-Chief, to make treaties and appointments, and informal powers through tools like executive orders and public persuasion.
Congress
This document discusses the structure and functions of the United States Congress. It outlines that Congress is divided into two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House has 435 voting members elected by population, while the Senate has 100 members with 2 per state elected via state legislatures. Congress passes laws, declares war, regulates commerce, and oversees the executive branch through powers enumerated in the Constitution. The document also examines congressional leadership positions, the committee system, and the legislative process.
Civil Rights
This document provides an overview of key concepts and events related to civil liberties and civil rights in the United States. It defines civil liberties as restricting government action to protect individual rights, while civil rights require government action to secure individual rights. Major topics covered include the rights of Black Americans before and after the Civil War, key Supreme Court cases and amendments related to racial equality and voting rights, as well as landmark civil rights acts and events of the 20th century promoting desegregation and prohibiting various forms of discrimination.
POL 375 Trust Legitimacy Support for Government
This document discusses political support at the individual level and reassesses the concept. It covers three main conditions for individual-level political support: awareness of political authorities, awareness of their decisions and policies, and awareness of their goals and behavior. Political support can be based on specific policy actions and perceptions of general performance. It also discusses factors that can act as barriers to political support like cognitive incapacity and issues with measurement. Finally, it briefly outlines different types of legitimacy like traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal legitimacy.
Pol 375 Defining Scandal and Corruption
This document provides an introduction to the POL 375 course on the role of government scandals. It discusses reasons for studying scandals, such as understanding why some events become scandals and the effects of inappropriate behavior by public figures. It also presents definitions of key concepts like scandal, corruption, and political scandal. Scandals are defined as involving transgressions that become known and elicit a public response. Corruption refers to actions that deviate from a public role for private gain. The document outlines stages of scandals and possible counter-strategies. It also discusses factors that influence whether actions are seen as more or less corrupt.
POL 318 State Consitutions
This document provides information about state constitutions and how they differ from the U.S. Constitution. It discusses key features of state constitutions such as being more detailed documents that focus on specific policies, having undergone more revisions than the U.S. Constitution, and generally requiring balanced budgets. The document also notes some of the processes states use to amend their constitutions, such as legislative proposals, initiatives and referendums, constitutional conventions, and constitutional commissions.
POL 318 Federalism
This document outlines key aspects of the US federal system of government, including the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches at the federal level. It also discusses key features of federalism such as the division of powers between the national and state governments. Over time, the relationship between the national and state governments has shifted, moving from a "layer cake" model to a more cooperative "marble cake" approach. Contemporary issues discussed include immigration, tribal sovereignty, and privacy laws.
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Ideology and Religion
- 4. Commitment to the Individual Rationality and Goodness of Man Unalienable Rights Construct Society for Individual Fulfillment “Government that governs least, governs best” (Thomas Jefferson)
- 6. Emphasis on Tradition Customs and Practices Sense of Belonging and Social Cohesion Change is Unnecessary Emphasis on Authority Pope Francis
- 8. Community Cooperation Equality Class Politics Common Ownership Karl Marx
- 10. State authority is unlimited State authority is coercive State authority is exploitative State authority is destructive
- 12. Nationalism Disdain for Human Rights Scapegoating Supremacy of Military Controlled Mass Media Crime and Punishment Cronyism and Corruption Fraudulent Elections