The econometric results show that smaller farms and those located in Los Lagos presented less probability of increasing their native forests. In the same way, an increase in the share of forest plantations area decreases the probability. Conversely, the scrub area share is related to the recovery of native forests in the sample. No significant effects of the variables associated with the implementation of management plans and technical assistance were found.
Sri Lanka faces various environmental challenges due to rapid population growth and economic development that has increased pressure on natural resources. Deforestation is a major problem, with nearly half of Sri Lanka's original forest cover lost since 1950 mainly due to agricultural expansion. This has caused issues like reduced biodiversity and irregular water supply. Sri Lanka's forests play an important social and economic role that needs to be balanced with environmental protection. Sustainable forest management policies and community involvement are crucial to conserve forests and meet development needs.
India has made progress stabilizing forest cover but still faces issues of degradation. Degradation impacts livelihoods of millions and is linked to lack of community forest rights. Key drivers are demand-supply gaps of forest products, encroachments, shifting cultivation, fires, and forest diversion. Underlying causes include population growth, poverty, and skewed development that has displaced people from village commons without compensation, putting pressure on forests. India's past forest policies prioritized exploitation over local community needs. Assessing India's readiness for REDD+ requires examining policies, tenure, cross-sector links, institutions, and technical capacity.
The rate of destruction of forest cover has significantly increased over the past ten years, particularly in countries in the South. This endangers the overall development of these regions. Southern countries are faced with the erosion of their natural resources. Meanwhile , they suffer the most from climate change, of which deforestation is one of the main causes.
The United Nations declared 2011 the International Year of Forests. Hereby the UN emphasized the importance of extensive forest cover for millions of people around the world. There were initiatives taken at international level, but the challenge remains: the preservation of forests on one hand and the economic development on the other are difficult to reconcile.
Traditionally, the Belgian development strategies focus primarily on economic and social issues. Today they are combining the need for growth and preservation of the environment in their programmes.
This study finds that there is strong support for community level approaches to forest management. Securing community forest tenure through clarifying land claims and integrating local land tenure into spatial planning is a key step to achieving sustainable forest management.
Protected Area Conservation Measures and Practices of Community The Case of B...ijtsrd
Biri LAROSA Protected Landscape and Seascape BLPLS is a marine protected area in the Province of Northern Samar and is one of the countrys protected areas facing biological degradation because of human exploitation. Thus, this study assessed conservation programs implementation and community awareness to propose a policy redirection. Using qualitative descriptive research design, data revealed that BLPLS spans 33,492 hectares encapsulating 36 barangays with 18 known implemented conservation programs. The conservation programs investigated in this study covered ecological, economic, social, and cultural functions that aimed to benefit communities. Notably, the programs were well planned, but the problem was generally on the implementation. Some of the conservation programs succeeded because of strong legal basis and proper execution, forged partnership and linkages, prioritization, constant program monitoring and evaluation, and research based decisions, while other programs failed due to lack of commitment, lack of political will, lot of inconsistencies, Filipino negative traits, implementer’s incompetence, lenient monitoring and evaluation, political intrusion, lack coordination, and people’s passive and inadequate knowledge. Therefore, it is certain that successful conservation programs are advantageous to the integrity of the protected area, while failure poses a risk of increased vulnerability to degradation. Ergo, all successful programs must redound for the benefit of both BLPLS and the community people as it champions BLPLS’s ecological integrity. Thus, there researchers highly recommended that various agencies connected with the protected area may imposed a stringent and harmonized implementation of conservation policies, institutional reform, strengthen the capacity of the implementers, community empowerment, creation of reward system, context based environmental education, institutionalization of program impact, and evaluation studies, and data based decision making for program development and plan of BLPLS. Escal, Rene John B. | Malabarbas, Gerald T. "Protected Area Conservation Measures and Practices of Community: The Case of Biri-LAROSA Protected Landscape and Seascape, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49120.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49120/protected-area-conservation-measures-and-practices-of-community-the-case-of-birilarosa-protected-landscape-and-seascape-philippines/escal-rene-john-b
Local participation in REDD+ programs can provide benefits but also faces challenges. A study in Indonesia investigated the conditions needed for successful local measurement, reporting, and verification (PMRV) of carbon emissions. Four key conditions were identified: activities must be relevant to local people, build on existing technical capacity, utilize reporting structures informed by other systems, and incorporate local knowledge into verification. However, PMRV also requires broader international support and institutional capacity beyond what can be addressed at the local level alone.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the High Level Panel of Experts on
Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), on June 27, 2017.
Sri Lanka faces various environmental challenges due to rapid population growth and economic development that has increased pressure on natural resources. Deforestation is a major problem, with nearly half of Sri Lanka's original forest cover lost since 1950 mainly due to agricultural expansion. This has caused issues like reduced biodiversity and irregular water supply. Sri Lanka's forests play an important social and economic role that needs to be balanced with environmental protection. Sustainable forest management policies and community involvement are crucial to conserve forests and meet development needs.
India has made progress stabilizing forest cover but still faces issues of degradation. Degradation impacts livelihoods of millions and is linked to lack of community forest rights. Key drivers are demand-supply gaps of forest products, encroachments, shifting cultivation, fires, and forest diversion. Underlying causes include population growth, poverty, and skewed development that has displaced people from village commons without compensation, putting pressure on forests. India's past forest policies prioritized exploitation over local community needs. Assessing India's readiness for REDD+ requires examining policies, tenure, cross-sector links, institutions, and technical capacity.
The rate of destruction of forest cover has significantly increased over the past ten years, particularly in countries in the South. This endangers the overall development of these regions. Southern countries are faced with the erosion of their natural resources. Meanwhile , they suffer the most from climate change, of which deforestation is one of the main causes.
The United Nations declared 2011 the International Year of Forests. Hereby the UN emphasized the importance of extensive forest cover for millions of people around the world. There were initiatives taken at international level, but the challenge remains: the preservation of forests on one hand and the economic development on the other are difficult to reconcile.
Traditionally, the Belgian development strategies focus primarily on economic and social issues. Today they are combining the need for growth and preservation of the environment in their programmes.
This study finds that there is strong support for community level approaches to forest management. Securing community forest tenure through clarifying land claims and integrating local land tenure into spatial planning is a key step to achieving sustainable forest management.
Protected Area Conservation Measures and Practices of Community The Case of B...ijtsrd
Biri LAROSA Protected Landscape and Seascape BLPLS is a marine protected area in the Province of Northern Samar and is one of the countrys protected areas facing biological degradation because of human exploitation. Thus, this study assessed conservation programs implementation and community awareness to propose a policy redirection. Using qualitative descriptive research design, data revealed that BLPLS spans 33,492 hectares encapsulating 36 barangays with 18 known implemented conservation programs. The conservation programs investigated in this study covered ecological, economic, social, and cultural functions that aimed to benefit communities. Notably, the programs were well planned, but the problem was generally on the implementation. Some of the conservation programs succeeded because of strong legal basis and proper execution, forged partnership and linkages, prioritization, constant program monitoring and evaluation, and research based decisions, while other programs failed due to lack of commitment, lack of political will, lot of inconsistencies, Filipino negative traits, implementer’s incompetence, lenient monitoring and evaluation, political intrusion, lack coordination, and people’s passive and inadequate knowledge. Therefore, it is certain that successful conservation programs are advantageous to the integrity of the protected area, while failure poses a risk of increased vulnerability to degradation. Ergo, all successful programs must redound for the benefit of both BLPLS and the community people as it champions BLPLS’s ecological integrity. Thus, there researchers highly recommended that various agencies connected with the protected area may imposed a stringent and harmonized implementation of conservation policies, institutional reform, strengthen the capacity of the implementers, community empowerment, creation of reward system, context based environmental education, institutionalization of program impact, and evaluation studies, and data based decision making for program development and plan of BLPLS. Escal, Rene John B. | Malabarbas, Gerald T. "Protected Area Conservation Measures and Practices of Community: The Case of Biri-LAROSA Protected Landscape and Seascape, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49120.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49120/protected-area-conservation-measures-and-practices-of-community-the-case-of-birilarosa-protected-landscape-and-seascape-philippines/escal-rene-john-b
Local participation in REDD+ programs can provide benefits but also faces challenges. A study in Indonesia investigated the conditions needed for successful local measurement, reporting, and verification (PMRV) of carbon emissions. Four key conditions were identified: activities must be relevant to local people, build on existing technical capacity, utilize reporting structures informed by other systems, and incorporate local knowledge into verification. However, PMRV also requires broader international support and institutional capacity beyond what can be addressed at the local level alone.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the High Level Panel of Experts on
Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), on June 27, 2017.
This document provides an overview of a course on environmental education. The objectives of the course are to:
1) Understand the concept and characteristics of environmental education from various aspects.
2) Develop awareness, understanding, and concern about environmental problems and solutions.
3) Teach and learn about the environment through experiential learning.
4) Develop skills to apply theoretical understanding to practical aspects of environmental issues.
Resilience of riparian populations of the Agoua and Toui-Kilibo classified fo...AI Publications
This research aims to strengthen the resilience of populations living along the Agoua and Toui-Kilibo protected forests. Its main aim is to analyze the adaptation measures used by the riparian populations and propose actions to strengthen their resilience. Data were collected from semi-structured individual interviews with each head of household or his/her sponsor in his/her household or field or plantation within and/or around the CF. Focus group interviews with key informants (between 05 and 13 participants representing the diversity of socio-professional or socio-cultural groups and gender-sensitive) were also conducted in riparian communities and within the CF. This data was collected through the QField application. The resulting database was transferred to the Excel spreadsheet for clearing and processing. For the processing of these data several parameters were calculated, in particular the importance value (IV), the response rate at the level of each respondent. In addition, the resilience of populations was assessed. To this end, the proposal for options to improve the resilience of communities bordering the Agoua and TK forests is based on the Multidimensional Resilience Index (MRI). For the calculation of resilience the basic variables are grouped into a set of actions which are themselves grouped into a set of seven (7) options. The various shares have been converted into indices called “core indices” and are calculated and obtained at the level of each option. Option-level indices are also calculated taking into account the indices previously calculated at the equity level. Finally, the Multidimensional Resilience Index is obtained by calculating the weighted arithmetic average of the indices calculated at the option level. The options that have attracted community attention are sustainable land management (4.1), and capacity building (3.89). These two options scored substantially 4, which shows that the communities are resilient. Improved social and cultural living conditions (3.33) can also strengthen the resilience of communities. Environmental protection, organizational level, institutional support and the creation of economic activities have a score ranging from 2 to 2.83. Actions to implement the priority options for adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change will reduce the vulnerability of the populations living near Agoua and Toui-Kilibo protected forests.
Poverty alleviation and the environmental governancePari Doll
World population has grown significantly from 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2003, and is projected to exceed 8 billion by 2025. This rapid population growth, combined with rising incomes in developing countries, is expected to place much greater demands on food and environmental resources. The UN has identified goals around reducing poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability. South Asia faces particular challenges due to high population density and limited natural resources per capita. Globalization is changing economies in South Asia from agriculture-based to more industrial and service-oriented. This integration risks increased environmental degradation if not managed properly. Strategic policy shifts are needed to empower the poor and engage them as partners in pro-poor environmental governance initiatives.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
The Forest Action Plan defines the WBG’s contribution to the global forest agenda.
The Forest Action Plan FY16–20 (FAP) confirms the aim of the World Bank Group (WBG) to strengthen the role of forests in achieving the WBG’s goals of ending extreme poverty and increasing shared prosperity in a sustainable manner by 2030.
The FAP builds on the 2002 WBG strategy, Sustaining Forests: A Development Strategy, which continues to provide the overall framework for WBG engagement in forests, as well as a detailed analysis of the emerging demands coming from client countries.
forest resource management and development strategyzebrhe gebrehiwet
This document reviews forest resource conservation and development strategies in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia's forest coverage has rapidly declined from 40% in 1900 to less than 3% currently due to deforestation, degradation, and lack of effective protection policies. While some literature suggests coverage increased to 9% by 2000, this claim is unverified. The document calls for more action and implementation of conservation strategies, rather than just discussing challenges in documents. It emphasizes the need for clear definitions, cross-sector collaboration, community participation, and long-term commitment to successfully protect and restore Ethiopia's remaining forests.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Combating Land Degradation Future Directionsijtsrd
Following from the 1992 Earth Summit, where desertification was recognised as one of the biggest environmental challenges hindering sustainable development, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification UNCCD was established in 1994. UNCCD, now with 197 Parties, is a legally binding international agreement that aims to bring together environmental and developmental issues with sustainable land management solutions. Marking the day of its adoption, 17th June each year is Desertification and Drought Day.Desertification refers to the land degradation in drylands. These arid, semi arid and sub humid areas make up 40 of global land area and support the livelihoods of two billion people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Drylands are present in every continent and are mostly prevalent across Africa and Asia.The degradation of drylands is caused by climatic variations and other human activities such as deforestation and unsustainable land use amongst other factors. This has severe implications, for example resulting in the loss of 24 billion tons of fertile soil per year, putting peoples’ livelihoods and lives at risk. Bhanwar Lal Karela "Combating Land Degradation: Future Directions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50491.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/50491/combating-land-degradation-future-directions/bhanwar-lal-karela
Reyes, J.A.; Gómez-Barrón, J.P.; Muis, R.O.; Zavala, R., 2012b, “Potential of Environmental Services in the Social Property of Mexico”. (English summary). National Agrarian Registry (RAN) & Inter-American Institute of Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Project. Mexico, D.F. 72 pp.
This document presents the findings in the first stage of the Strategy for Environmental Services and Common Property, which analyzes the relative importance of the environmental services in the agrarian nucleuses, such as: forest carbon, biodiversity and hydrological cycles. An important conclusion of this analysis is that none of the three themes can be efficiently developed without the integration of the common property.
As part of the findings, 115 ejidos and communities were identified with the highest potential to contribute in the provision of the three environmental services: carbon storage and capture, biodiversity conservation and maintenance of the hydrological cycle. In the next stage, these agrarian nucleuses will be analyzed for its feasibility in order to be included in payment for environmental services schemes.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
Forests are cut, temperatures rise and biodiversity is lost. The poor become poorer and indigenous cultures disappear. With the rise in temperatures, fires increase, droughts lengthen, floods spread, and pests and diseases affecting livestock and plants adapt and multiply. What many are calling a 'perfect storm' gathers strength and the impact rolls across the developing world from the forests to the farms to the atmosphere. This scenario stems in large measure from the poor management of our forests, trees and wild genetic resources.
The CGIAR research program outlined in this presentation brings together four of the world's leading research centres in their respective subjects - the World Agroforestry Centre, CIFOR, CIAT and Bioversity - and channels them toward a clear objective: enhancing the management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources across the landscape from forests to farms.
Official Outcome Statement of the 2014 Global Landscapes Forum, held at the sidelines of the UNFCCC COP20 in Lima, from 6-7 December.
More than 1,700 world leaders, policy makers, researchers and representatives from civil society, the private sector and media met in Lima to discuss the future of land use sectors in a new climate agreement. Nine key messages form the basis of their recommendations.
Author : Global Landscapes Forum Committee
Language: English
Year: 2014
HOW THE LULA GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE BRAZIL'S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR SUSTAINABLE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to show how the Lula government can make the agricultural sector sustainable in Brazil. In the 20th century, in the 1960s and 1970s, significant increases in agricultural production and productivity were achieved thanks to the green revolution implemented in the country, which brought numerous problems to the environment. The Green Revolution in Brazil was a phenomenon marked by the large-scale use of technology in rural areas. The indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to contamination of water and soil and has had drastic effects on non-target species, affecting biodiversity, food webs and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Unlike large properties, where monoculture is generally concentrated, family farming produces a greater diversity of crops, which generates a positive impact on product quality. Unlike the green revolution characteristic of large properties, soil management is usually organic, with respect for the ecosystem, reducing the impact on the environment. When considering food consumed in the country, 70% comes from family farming, according to IBGE data. For these reasons, it is fundamental to rethink the model of technological development that has been adopted for agriculture in Brazil. The environmental sustainability of Brazilian agriculture and livestock needs to be developed on an ecological basis. Sustainable agriculture requires crop rotation, use of natural fertilizers and biological insecticides so that these practices contribute to a healthier soil that is capable of meeting production needs without compromising future generations. 1.2% of landowners own 45% of the land used in agricultural activities in Brazil. Sustainability for the agricultural sector will not be achieved only by overcoming environmental problems, those of production and productivity with the abandonment of the model based on the green revolution and the adoption of a new model to be developed on ecological bases, but also, with the effective reduction of the excessive concentration of land ownership in the hands of a few, through an agrarian reform to the most democratic possible.
The document discusses the goals and components of CRP6, which focuses on forests, trees and agroforestry. It aims to understand patterns of forest transition, consequences for livelihoods and the environment, and test innovative landscape management approaches. The research will be conducted across multiple countries in partnership with other organizations. Key areas of focus include understanding drivers of forest change, impacts on services like carbon and biodiversity, and developing tools for landscape planning and governance.
This document discusses managing a just transition in the context of land use and mitigation strategies. It summarizes that the agriculture, forestry, and other land use sector contributes 22% of global emissions but can provide large-scale reductions through economic mitigation measures like forest conservation and sustainable agriculture. Realizing this potential requires carefully managing competing demands on land while respecting land tenure rights, indigenous peoples, and local communities who protect much of the world's remaining biodiversity and cultural diversity.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition: FTA for better food sys...CIFOR-ICRAF
Forests play a crucial role in food security and nutrition in three key ways:
1) Forests directly provide food and generate income that supports food access for over 1 billion people worldwide. Forest foods contribute significantly to dietary diversity and quality.
2) Forests sustain agriculture through ecosystem services like water regulation, soil health, and pollination that support food production.
3) Maintaining forest and landscape diversity increases the resilience of food systems and dependent communities to climate change and other shocks by acting as a safety net during crises.
While forests provide essential resources and renewable energy, deforestation is a major global problem that increases the risks of climate change. Demand for wood products is rising, contributing to over 4% of global trade. Deforestation destroys animal habitats and reduces atmospheric oxygen. The main driver of deforestation is clearing land for agriculture and development, as cities and populations grow. Efforts to end deforestation could generate economic benefits up to $80 million by restoring forests, while preserving resources, habitats, and a stable climate.
Southeast Asia has experienced significant deforestation and forest degradation between 1995 and 2010. Climate change is also impacting the region through more frequent extreme weather events. Smallholder and subsistence farmers are especially vulnerable. The program focuses on issues like sustainable forest and land management, payments for environmental services, agroforestry, and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. It partners with various organizations and conducts research in countries like the Philippines, Vietnam, China, Thailand, and Indonesia to address these challenges and develop solutions. In 2010, key accomplishments included national emissions baseline mapping in Indonesia, technical advice on climate change and REDD+ strategies, and studies on topics like tree planting programs and carbon finance projects.
The document summarizes information from presentations given at a REDD+ conference in Durban, South Africa. It discusses the global distribution of REDD+ projects, strategies being tested by projects, issues around land tenure, and lessons learned from implementing REDD+ projects on the ground in Tanzania. Key challenges discussed include uncertainty in REDD+ policies, disconnects between REDD+ and other sectors, and ensuring benefits reach local communities.
La empresa de estudios de mercado Ipsos lanzó su informe mensual “Preocupaciones del Mundo”, que estudia la percepción sobre los temas que generan mayor inquietud en la ciudadanía en más de 25 mil personas adultas de 29 países. Aquí podemos ver:
¿Cual es el tema que más inquieta a los chilenos?
¿Es el control de inmigración uno de los temas que más preocupa a los chilenos?
¿Va Chile por el buen camino?
La empresa de investigación de mercados Ipsos lanzó su más reciente informe “Claves Ipsos”, para lo que encuestaron a varias personas con el fin de identificar las principales opiniones y preocupaciones de los chilenos sobre sus prioridades desde la agenda ciudadana y la reforma de pensiones.
More Related Content
Similar to Identifying the Determinants of the Increase in Native Forests in Southern Chile
This document provides an overview of a course on environmental education. The objectives of the course are to:
1) Understand the concept and characteristics of environmental education from various aspects.
2) Develop awareness, understanding, and concern about environmental problems and solutions.
3) Teach and learn about the environment through experiential learning.
4) Develop skills to apply theoretical understanding to practical aspects of environmental issues.
Resilience of riparian populations of the Agoua and Toui-Kilibo classified fo...AI Publications
This research aims to strengthen the resilience of populations living along the Agoua and Toui-Kilibo protected forests. Its main aim is to analyze the adaptation measures used by the riparian populations and propose actions to strengthen their resilience. Data were collected from semi-structured individual interviews with each head of household or his/her sponsor in his/her household or field or plantation within and/or around the CF. Focus group interviews with key informants (between 05 and 13 participants representing the diversity of socio-professional or socio-cultural groups and gender-sensitive) were also conducted in riparian communities and within the CF. This data was collected through the QField application. The resulting database was transferred to the Excel spreadsheet for clearing and processing. For the processing of these data several parameters were calculated, in particular the importance value (IV), the response rate at the level of each respondent. In addition, the resilience of populations was assessed. To this end, the proposal for options to improve the resilience of communities bordering the Agoua and TK forests is based on the Multidimensional Resilience Index (MRI). For the calculation of resilience the basic variables are grouped into a set of actions which are themselves grouped into a set of seven (7) options. The various shares have been converted into indices called “core indices” and are calculated and obtained at the level of each option. Option-level indices are also calculated taking into account the indices previously calculated at the equity level. Finally, the Multidimensional Resilience Index is obtained by calculating the weighted arithmetic average of the indices calculated at the option level. The options that have attracted community attention are sustainable land management (4.1), and capacity building (3.89). These two options scored substantially 4, which shows that the communities are resilient. Improved social and cultural living conditions (3.33) can also strengthen the resilience of communities. Environmental protection, organizational level, institutional support and the creation of economic activities have a score ranging from 2 to 2.83. Actions to implement the priority options for adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change will reduce the vulnerability of the populations living near Agoua and Toui-Kilibo protected forests.
Poverty alleviation and the environmental governancePari Doll
World population has grown significantly from 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2003, and is projected to exceed 8 billion by 2025. This rapid population growth, combined with rising incomes in developing countries, is expected to place much greater demands on food and environmental resources. The UN has identified goals around reducing poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability. South Asia faces particular challenges due to high population density and limited natural resources per capita. Globalization is changing economies in South Asia from agriculture-based to more industrial and service-oriented. This integration risks increased environmental degradation if not managed properly. Strategic policy shifts are needed to empower the poor and engage them as partners in pro-poor environmental governance initiatives.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
The Forest Action Plan defines the WBG’s contribution to the global forest agenda.
The Forest Action Plan FY16–20 (FAP) confirms the aim of the World Bank Group (WBG) to strengthen the role of forests in achieving the WBG’s goals of ending extreme poverty and increasing shared prosperity in a sustainable manner by 2030.
The FAP builds on the 2002 WBG strategy, Sustaining Forests: A Development Strategy, which continues to provide the overall framework for WBG engagement in forests, as well as a detailed analysis of the emerging demands coming from client countries.
forest resource management and development strategyzebrhe gebrehiwet
This document reviews forest resource conservation and development strategies in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia's forest coverage has rapidly declined from 40% in 1900 to less than 3% currently due to deforestation, degradation, and lack of effective protection policies. While some literature suggests coverage increased to 9% by 2000, this claim is unverified. The document calls for more action and implementation of conservation strategies, rather than just discussing challenges in documents. It emphasizes the need for clear definitions, cross-sector collaboration, community participation, and long-term commitment to successfully protect and restore Ethiopia's remaining forests.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Combating Land Degradation Future Directionsijtsrd
Following from the 1992 Earth Summit, where desertification was recognised as one of the biggest environmental challenges hindering sustainable development, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification UNCCD was established in 1994. UNCCD, now with 197 Parties, is a legally binding international agreement that aims to bring together environmental and developmental issues with sustainable land management solutions. Marking the day of its adoption, 17th June each year is Desertification and Drought Day.Desertification refers to the land degradation in drylands. These arid, semi arid and sub humid areas make up 40 of global land area and support the livelihoods of two billion people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Drylands are present in every continent and are mostly prevalent across Africa and Asia.The degradation of drylands is caused by climatic variations and other human activities such as deforestation and unsustainable land use amongst other factors. This has severe implications, for example resulting in the loss of 24 billion tons of fertile soil per year, putting peoples’ livelihoods and lives at risk. Bhanwar Lal Karela "Combating Land Degradation: Future Directions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50491.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/50491/combating-land-degradation-future-directions/bhanwar-lal-karela
Reyes, J.A.; Gómez-Barrón, J.P.; Muis, R.O.; Zavala, R., 2012b, “Potential of Environmental Services in the Social Property of Mexico”. (English summary). National Agrarian Registry (RAN) & Inter-American Institute of Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Project. Mexico, D.F. 72 pp.
This document presents the findings in the first stage of the Strategy for Environmental Services and Common Property, which analyzes the relative importance of the environmental services in the agrarian nucleuses, such as: forest carbon, biodiversity and hydrological cycles. An important conclusion of this analysis is that none of the three themes can be efficiently developed without the integration of the common property.
As part of the findings, 115 ejidos and communities were identified with the highest potential to contribute in the provision of the three environmental services: carbon storage and capture, biodiversity conservation and maintenance of the hydrological cycle. In the next stage, these agrarian nucleuses will be analyzed for its feasibility in order to be included in payment for environmental services schemes.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
Forests are cut, temperatures rise and biodiversity is lost. The poor become poorer and indigenous cultures disappear. With the rise in temperatures, fires increase, droughts lengthen, floods spread, and pests and diseases affecting livestock and plants adapt and multiply. What many are calling a 'perfect storm' gathers strength and the impact rolls across the developing world from the forests to the farms to the atmosphere. This scenario stems in large measure from the poor management of our forests, trees and wild genetic resources.
The CGIAR research program outlined in this presentation brings together four of the world's leading research centres in their respective subjects - the World Agroforestry Centre, CIFOR, CIAT and Bioversity - and channels them toward a clear objective: enhancing the management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources across the landscape from forests to farms.
Official Outcome Statement of the 2014 Global Landscapes Forum, held at the sidelines of the UNFCCC COP20 in Lima, from 6-7 December.
More than 1,700 world leaders, policy makers, researchers and representatives from civil society, the private sector and media met in Lima to discuss the future of land use sectors in a new climate agreement. Nine key messages form the basis of their recommendations.
Author : Global Landscapes Forum Committee
Language: English
Year: 2014
HOW THE LULA GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE BRAZIL'S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR SUSTAINABLE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to show how the Lula government can make the agricultural sector sustainable in Brazil. In the 20th century, in the 1960s and 1970s, significant increases in agricultural production and productivity were achieved thanks to the green revolution implemented in the country, which brought numerous problems to the environment. The Green Revolution in Brazil was a phenomenon marked by the large-scale use of technology in rural areas. The indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to contamination of water and soil and has had drastic effects on non-target species, affecting biodiversity, food webs and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Unlike large properties, where monoculture is generally concentrated, family farming produces a greater diversity of crops, which generates a positive impact on product quality. Unlike the green revolution characteristic of large properties, soil management is usually organic, with respect for the ecosystem, reducing the impact on the environment. When considering food consumed in the country, 70% comes from family farming, according to IBGE data. For these reasons, it is fundamental to rethink the model of technological development that has been adopted for agriculture in Brazil. The environmental sustainability of Brazilian agriculture and livestock needs to be developed on an ecological basis. Sustainable agriculture requires crop rotation, use of natural fertilizers and biological insecticides so that these practices contribute to a healthier soil that is capable of meeting production needs without compromising future generations. 1.2% of landowners own 45% of the land used in agricultural activities in Brazil. Sustainability for the agricultural sector will not be achieved only by overcoming environmental problems, those of production and productivity with the abandonment of the model based on the green revolution and the adoption of a new model to be developed on ecological bases, but also, with the effective reduction of the excessive concentration of land ownership in the hands of a few, through an agrarian reform to the most democratic possible.
The document discusses the goals and components of CRP6, which focuses on forests, trees and agroforestry. It aims to understand patterns of forest transition, consequences for livelihoods and the environment, and test innovative landscape management approaches. The research will be conducted across multiple countries in partnership with other organizations. Key areas of focus include understanding drivers of forest change, impacts on services like carbon and biodiversity, and developing tools for landscape planning and governance.
This document discusses managing a just transition in the context of land use and mitigation strategies. It summarizes that the agriculture, forestry, and other land use sector contributes 22% of global emissions but can provide large-scale reductions through economic mitigation measures like forest conservation and sustainable agriculture. Realizing this potential requires carefully managing competing demands on land while respecting land tenure rights, indigenous peoples, and local communities who protect much of the world's remaining biodiversity and cultural diversity.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition: FTA for better food sys...CIFOR-ICRAF
Forests play a crucial role in food security and nutrition in three key ways:
1) Forests directly provide food and generate income that supports food access for over 1 billion people worldwide. Forest foods contribute significantly to dietary diversity and quality.
2) Forests sustain agriculture through ecosystem services like water regulation, soil health, and pollination that support food production.
3) Maintaining forest and landscape diversity increases the resilience of food systems and dependent communities to climate change and other shocks by acting as a safety net during crises.
While forests provide essential resources and renewable energy, deforestation is a major global problem that increases the risks of climate change. Demand for wood products is rising, contributing to over 4% of global trade. Deforestation destroys animal habitats and reduces atmospheric oxygen. The main driver of deforestation is clearing land for agriculture and development, as cities and populations grow. Efforts to end deforestation could generate economic benefits up to $80 million by restoring forests, while preserving resources, habitats, and a stable climate.
Southeast Asia has experienced significant deforestation and forest degradation between 1995 and 2010. Climate change is also impacting the region through more frequent extreme weather events. Smallholder and subsistence farmers are especially vulnerable. The program focuses on issues like sustainable forest and land management, payments for environmental services, agroforestry, and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. It partners with various organizations and conducts research in countries like the Philippines, Vietnam, China, Thailand, and Indonesia to address these challenges and develop solutions. In 2010, key accomplishments included national emissions baseline mapping in Indonesia, technical advice on climate change and REDD+ strategies, and studies on topics like tree planting programs and carbon finance projects.
The document summarizes information from presentations given at a REDD+ conference in Durban, South Africa. It discusses the global distribution of REDD+ projects, strategies being tested by projects, issues around land tenure, and lessons learned from implementing REDD+ projects on the ground in Tanzania. Key challenges discussed include uncertainty in REDD+ policies, disconnects between REDD+ and other sectors, and ensuring benefits reach local communities.
Similar to Identifying the Determinants of the Increase in Native Forests in Southern Chile (20)
La empresa de estudios de mercado Ipsos lanzó su informe mensual “Preocupaciones del Mundo”, que estudia la percepción sobre los temas que generan mayor inquietud en la ciudadanía en más de 25 mil personas adultas de 29 países. Aquí podemos ver:
¿Cual es el tema que más inquieta a los chilenos?
¿Es el control de inmigración uno de los temas que más preocupa a los chilenos?
¿Va Chile por el buen camino?
La empresa de investigación de mercados Ipsos lanzó su más reciente informe “Claves Ipsos”, para lo que encuestaron a varias personas con el fin de identificar las principales opiniones y preocupaciones de los chilenos sobre sus prioridades desde la agenda ciudadana y la reforma de pensiones.
De acuerdo con los resultados entregados por la Facultad de Economía y Gobierno de la Universidad San Sebastián (USS), a través de su Centro de Políticas Públicas, tras la reinstalación de la discusión sobre la reforma previsional solo un 28,4% de las personas prefiere la alternativa presentada por el Gobierno, de un 3% a cuentas individuales y un 3% a un fondo común. Además, un 71,4% de los encuestados prefiere que todo o la mayor parte de la cotización adicional del 6% se destine a sus cuentas individuales.
Informe What Worries the World_Resumen global - Octubre 2023.pdfAproximacionAlFuturo
La empresa de estudios de mercado Ipsos lanzó su informe mensual “Preocupaciones del Mundo”, que estudia la percepción sobre los temas que generan mayor inquietud en la ciudadanía en más de 25 mil personas adultas de 29 países. Aquí podemos ver:
¿Cual es el tema que más inquieta a los chilenos?
¿Es la corrupción uno de los temas que más preocupa a los chilenos?
¿Va Chile por el buen camino?
Common Beans as a Source of Amino Acids and Cofactors for Collagen Biosynthesis AproximacionAlFuturo
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are widely consumed in diets all over the world and have a significant impact on human health. Proteins, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and other micro- and macronutrients are abundant in these legumes. On the other hand, collagens, the most important constituent of extracellular matrices, account for approximately 25–30 percent of the overall total protein composition within the human body. Hence, the presence of amino acids and other dietary components, including glycine, proline, and lysine, which are constituents of the primary structure of the protein, is required for collagen formation. In this particular context, protein quality is associated with the availability of macronutrients such as the essential amino acid lysine, which can be acquired from meals containing beans.
La consultora internacional Ipsos lanzó su estudio “Monitor Global de Salud”, que muestra la percepción de más de 23 mil personas en 31 países, incluido Chile, sobre los principales desafíos para la salud personal y de los sistemas de salud, incluyendo cómo los ciudadanos califican los servicios que tienen disponibles y qué piensan que debe mejorarse.
World Bank Report - Wired: Digital Connectivity for Inclusion and GrowthAproximacionAlFuturo
El informe estima que el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) regional crecerá un 2 por ciento en 2023, ligeramente por encima del 1,4 por ciento proyectado anteriormente, pero aún por debajo del de todas las demás regiones del mundo. Se esperan tasas de crecimiento del 2,3 por ciento y 2,6 por ciento para 2024 y 2025, respectivamente. Estas tasas, similares a las de la década de 2010, no son suficientes para lograr los avances tan necesarios en inclusión y reducción de la pobreza. Los países deben encontrar formas de promover la inclusión y el crecimiento, mejorar la gobernanza y generar consenso social. Las soluciones digitales pueden ser parte de la respuesta. La ampliación de la conectividad digital, combinada con políticas complementarias, ofrece la posibilidad de crear sociedades más dinámicas e inclusivas.
Encuesta Chile nos Habla, realizado por la Universidad San Sebastián, que arroja que 2 de 5 encuestados cree que reactivar la economía debe ser el objetivo para el Presupuesto 2024. Con relación a las principales áreas a las cuáles asignar la mayor cantidad de recursos, las tres primeras mayorías las obtiene salud, educación y seguridad, seguido por pensiones.
estudio de Digitalización de las Empresas en Chile - Entel DigitalAproximacionAlFuturo
El documento presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado por Entel Digital y Cadem sobre la digitalización de las empresas en Chile. El estudio encuestó a 628 dueños, gerentes y directores de empresas de todos los tamaños y sectores productivos. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las empresas están en una etapa transicional de digitalización, valorándola pero sin ejecutarla totalmente. La percepción de la digitalización es positiva, aunque las grandes empresas están más avanzadas. Transporte, construcción y agricultura son los sectores más rezagados.
Reportes Enadel 2022 sobre Comercio y Turismo en Region de OHigginsAproximacionAlFuturo
Así lo reveló la 5° Encuesta Nacional de Demanda Laboral ENADEL 2022, que en esta versión levantó información sobre estos dos sectores económicos, con el objetivo de caracterizar los requerimientos de capital humano de las empresas, para apoyar la toma de decisiones de los actores que participan en el sistema formativo laboral. Esto, con el fin de fortalecer las políticas orientadas a mejorar las trayectorias laborales de los trabajadores y la productividad de las empresas.
Este documento describe un centro de innovación dedicado al vino y la oliva ubicado en Marchigüe, Región de O'Higgins. El centro ofrece servicios de laboratorio para análisis físico-químicos y microbiológicos, así como insumos de laboratorio. Además, muestra diversos productos creados en el centro como vinos y aceites de oliva. El documento promueve los servicios del centro para quienes deseen desarrollar sus propios productos vitivinícolas y oleícolas.
Este documento presenta los resultados clave de una encuesta realizada por Ipsos en Chile sobre probidad y corrupción. Algunos hallazgos clave son: 1) La mayoría de las instituciones chilenas se asocian más a corrupción que a probidad, especialmente partidos políticos y el Congreso. 2) Hay altos niveles de desacuerdo con afirmaciones sobre el buen funcionamiento del Estado y las empresas privadas. 3) Se percibe corrupción en todos los niveles, y las prácticas más identificadas son el nepotismo, sobornos y
La empresa de investigación de mercados Ipsos lanzó su más reciente informe “Claves Ipsos”, en el que encuestó a 800 chilenos para describir las opiniones y los comportamientos de los ciudadanos respecto de temas de interés para el país. En esta edición se analizó la campaña de invierno para el combate contra las enfermedades respiratorias, medidas preventivas y vacunación.
Decreto del Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública del 24 de junio de 2023AproximacionAlFuturo
Declara como zonas afectadas por catástrofe a las Regiones de Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, del Libertador General Bernardo OHiggins, del Maule, de Ñuble y del Biobío
Informe de la Comisión de Alto Nivel sobre Salud Mental y COVID-19 de la Orga...AproximacionAlFuturo
Una nueva agenda para la salud mental en las Américas. Informe de la Comisión de Alto Nivel sobre Salud Mental y COVID-19 de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud
Reporte ADP Personas y Trabajo 2023: una visión sobre el equipo humano global.AproximacionAlFuturo
Este documento resume las principales conclusiones de una encuesta realizada a más de 32,000 trabajadores de 17 países sobre sus actitudes hacia el lugar de trabajo actual y futuro. Algunos hallazgos clave son:
1. La mayoría de los trabajadores recibieron aumentos salariales en el último año, pero menos de la mitad cree que su salario es justo y la mayoría espera aumentos mayores en 2023 debido a la alta inflación.
2. Aunque la flexibilidad ha disminuido en importancia para los trabajadores, sigue siendo un factor
Encuesta Chile Nos Habla - Sistema Pensiones - Politicas Públicas USS.pdfAproximacionAlFuturo
El documento presenta los resultados de una encuesta sobre el sistema de pensiones chileno realizada en junio de 2023 a 1,170 personas de todo Chile. La mayoría apoya la Pensión Garantizada Universal propuesta y que los fondos se destinen a cuentas individuales. Sin embargo, existe división en igualar la edad de jubilación entre hombres y mujeres.
lanzamiento del ESTUDIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN DIGITAL EN EMPRENDIMIENTOS DE LA REGIÓN DE ÑUBLE, el cual fue aplicado a 100 emprendimientos de la zona y tuvo como fin medir el estado tecnológico e innovativo de pequeñas y medianas empresas
Documento del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) que presenta las estimaciones de los flujos comerciales internacionales de América Latina y el Caribe para el año 2022 y el primer trimestre de 2023. Las cifras fueron elaboradas por el Sector de Integración y Comercio (INT) del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) en colaboración con su Instituto para la Integración de América Latina y el Caribe (INTAL), bajo la supervisión general de Fabrizio Opertti, Gerente del Sector, Pablo García, Jefe de la Unidad de Integración Regional y Ana Basco, Directora del INTAL. La supervisión técnica estuvo a cargo de Mauricio Mesquita Moreira, Asesor Económico del Sector.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
2. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 2 of 14
security as determinants for landscape restoration in Tanzania. Adhikari et al. [9] noted
that the enforcement of property rights is a key element for forest resource governance in
Nepal; Pokharel et al. [10] indicate that sustainability index use is useful to identify key
issues to enhance forest management in the same country. Silva et al. [11] argue that forest
fire dynamics are determinant in landscape changes in Portugal. The design of systems
that combine productivity and the features of traditional farm woodlands are crucial for
biodiversity and ecosystem services [12].
In Chile, there are 14.7 million hectares of native forest, of which 4.7 million hectares,
corresponding to 31.9% of the total area in the country, are distributed in the regions of La
Araucanía, Los Ríos, and Los Lagos, 25.7% are within the National System of State Protected
Areas (SNASPE) and the remaining 74.3% are in private hands [13]. The forests in this area
correspond to the Valdivian rainforest ecoregion, which develops in Chile and adjacent
areas of Argentina between parallels 35◦ and 48◦ S, including various types of forests,
scrublands, wetlands, rivers, and lakes [14]. These forest ecosystems support fundamental
ecological functions at local and global levels, such as nutrient recycling, soil protection,
biodiversity conservation, climate regulation and hydrological control [15]. These functions
support important ecosystem services that are the basis for various economic activities,
such as water production for cities, aquaculture, sport fishing and ecotourism [16].
This ecoregion has been classified among those with conservation priority worldwide
due to its status as a biodiversity hotspot, its high level of endemism and rapid rate
of destruction and degradation due to anthropic causes [14,17,18]. Valdivian Temperate
Rainforests are in a poor and fragile state of conservation due to the high human population
density and conflicting land use demands on productive sites [19]. These forests have
been subject to strong anthropic pressure due to the habilitation of land for agriculture and
livestock, fires and burning, inappropriate management practices, the advance of cities and
the consequent increase in the demand for fuelwood. In the year 1550, the native forest in
the ecoregion covered 11.3 million hectares, a figure that decreased in 2007 to 5.8 million
hectares, 51% of the original area [20]. A recent estimation for Arauco Province, part of the
study area, indicates a native forest loss of 6.5% per year for the 2001–2016 period [21].
Additionally, another important factor of deforestation is the effect of livestock on the
native forest. The main non-timber product obtained from the native forest is fodder, its
extraction by the animals is known as browsing and brings benefits to the producers thanks
to the production of meat for sale and/or self-consumption; however, this practice has not
been valued by the technicians, nor by the Law, and produces forest degradation of the
“bottom up” type, negatively affecting its natural regeneration [22].
Considering the case of Chile and its investments in the forestry sector, the State
expressed its concern starting in 1931 and intensified when Decree Law 701 (DL701) was
implemented in 1974 [23]; this provided subsidies corresponding to 13.5 million dollars
per year between 1976 and 2010 [24], giving great importance to the forestry sector, which
currently represents 2.1% of the national gross domestic product [3]. Despite the macroe-
conomic growth that this promotion brought about, it brought negative consequences in
the social and environmental spheres since the municipalities with the greatest poverty
in the country correspond to those with the highest proportion of forest plantations [23].
The practical effect of this economic incentive was the expansion from an area of 300,000
hectares in 1970 to an area of 3 million hectares in 2016 [25] and places the plantation of
exotic species in the main land use, in which the native forest has been converted between
the Maule region (35.5 S) and the coastal zone of the Los Ríos and La Araucanía regions
(40 S), according to the study by Miranda et al. [26].
In this line, in 2012, Law 20,283, known as the Native Forest Law, was promulgated,
which establishes a series of regulations and economic incentives for the recovery and
promotion of the resource. However, during its first years of operation it was not very
effective in meeting its objectives [27]. Between 2009 and 2012, 3.7% of the program
budget was effectively assigned, demonstrating a low participation of users and forestry
impact; however, the figures improved to an average of 19.6% for the period between
3. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 3 of 14
2013 and 2017 [28]. According to Reyes et al. [22], understanding the reasons for this
situation requires a comprehensive analysis that addresses public policies, their programs,
and of course, the reality of the people, who ultimately are the ones who decide how to
manage the forest and the use or not use of the Law. Access to information, the link with
institutions, subsidy amounts, infrastructure and technological means, cultural values,
economic pressures, knowledge, and traditional management practices are some of the
many variables that can be mentioned. Given that 74% of the native forest is in private
hands, it is crucial to know the socioeconomic forces that may lead owners to make the
decision to use it.
There is insufficient information on the disturbance recurrence and recovery of forests [29].
Additionally, most of the existing literature of deforestation and land use change are based
on regional and even national and global macroscopic perspectives, while studies on
smaller scale are rare [30].
With this background, the objective of this study was to determine the socioeconomic
and productive variables behind the increase in native forest in the regions of La Araucanía,
Los Ríos and Los Lagos in southern Chile. The area increase in native forest was investigate,
because, in the cases that this area maintains, decreases are more complex to detect, and
the natural tendency of the forest is to expand. To meet this objective, properties were
identified in which an increase in the native forest area was evidenced in the period
of interest (16–17 years) in the study area and an explanatory model was elaborated to
identify probabilities of area increase in native forest according to the background of the
decision makers and other relevant variables. We combined a farm-level survey and
cadasters information.
2. Methods
2.1. Information Sources and Study Area
A section of the database of the SIMEF program (SIMEF is the Integrated System
for Monitoring Native Forest Ecosystems of Chile, it is a national program promoted
by the Chilean Ministry of Agriculture and implemented collaboratively by the Chilean
Forestry Institute (INFOR), the Chilean Forestry Corporation (CONAF) and the Chilean
Information Center for Natural Resources (CIREN) to implement and strengthen an in-
tegrated monitoring and evaluation system of the country’s native forest ecosystems
(https://simef.minagri.gob.cl, accessed on 2 June 2023) was used, in which a survey of
socioeconomic information was carried out in the same georeferenced sampling points
(Figure 1). Those points are used to monitor biophysical variables of the forests and, addi-
tionally, there is an application of surveys and semi-structured interviews carried out with
the main decision makers of farms between the regions of Coquimbo and Magallanes. The
survey began in August 2016 and ended in May 2017.
This study includes the regions of La Araucanía, Los Ríos and Los Lagos, between the
parallels 38◦140 S and 43◦070 S and the meridians 73◦590 W and 71◦300 W. It corresponds
to one of the five climatic macro-regions of the country, called the South Zone, and has
a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb), according to the Köppen classification, due to the
low height of the Andes, the influence of the west winds, its high rainfall, and oceanic
conditions [31].
The process contemplated three successive stages. The analysis began with 210 points
corresponding to the three regions, from which the following were discarded:
• 29 for having a size smaller than the minimum mappable unit,
• 15 not having complete information within the survey,
• and 12 having more than one point within the limits of a property (which would mean
that a subdivision process was experienced).
4. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 4 of 14
Forests 2022, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Figure 1. Location of surveyed application points in the study area.
The process contemplated three successive stages. The analysis began with 21
corresponding to the three regions, from which the following were discarded:
29 for having a size smaller than the minimum mappable unit,
15 not having complete information within the survey,
and 12 having more than one point within the limits of a property (which
mean that a subdivision process was experienced).
The above generated 154 points that were used in the analysis (Figure 1), this
is reflected in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Selection process of points to analyze.
Figure 1. Location of surveyed application points in the study area.
The above generated 154 points that were used in the analysis (Figure 1), this process
is reflected in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Location of surveyed application points in the study area.
The process contemplated three successive stages. The analysis began with 210 points
corresponding to the three regions, from which the following were discarded:
29 for having a size smaller than the minimum mappable unit,
15 not having complete information within the survey,
and 12 having more than one point within the limits of a property (which would
mean that a subdivision process was experienced).
The above generated 154 points that were used in the analysis (Figure 1), this process
is reflected in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Selection process of points to analyze.
Figure 2. Selection process of points to analyze.
2.2. Native and Mixed Forest Surface Estimation
In the case of forests, recovery is a part of resilience, joint with persistence and reorga-
nization [32,33]. To estimate the recovery area of native forest at each analyzed property,
the information sources described in Table 1 were used, using the open-source Geographic
Information System software QGIS version 3.10.5. For this, the following layers were used:
• Internal Revenue Service Roles: Layer that contains the boundaries of non-urban
properties. These properties are identified by the role, which are numbers that are
used to identify properties or real estate and that are unique at the community level.
5. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 5 of 14
• Cadastre and Evaluation of Chile’s Native Vegetation Resources: Layers prepared by
the National Forestry Corporation that classify land use classes and subclasses. For
this study, the area of native and mixed forest defined by the following parameters
were quantified [34]:
# Native Forest, ecosystem in which the tree layer is made up of native species
that have a height ≥ 2 m and a crown cover ≥ 25%.
# Mixed Forest, which corresponds to a combination of two situations: mixture
of native forest (adult or sapling) and planted species in proportions that
fluctuate between 33% and 66% coverage. Native forest with feral exotics:
corresponds to a mixture of native forest (adult or sapling) and exotic species
that have regenerated naturally in proportions that fluctuate between 25% and
75% coverage for each of the categories that it contains.
• Surveyed points: Spatially locates the owners who participated in the SIMEF survey
and assigns them an identifier number made up of the region number and the surveyed
number. The survey comprises the following sections: general information; decision
maker information; income sources; productive characteristics; among other questions.
Table 1. Years of the layers used and period covered for the quantification of the change in native
and mixed forest in the study area.
Region
Year of the
Properties Layer
Year of the First Layer of
the Cadastre
Year of the Second Layer
of the Cadastre
Timeframe of Analysis
(Years)
Araucanía 2000 1997 2014 17
Los Ríos 2000 1997 2014 17
Los Lagos 2016 1997 2013 16
One of the limitations of the inputs of this study is to use the coverage of roles from
the year 2000 for the De Los Ríos region since, in subsequent years, there may have been
subdivisions in the properties that would not be reflected.
The information was projected in the WGS 84/UTM zone 19S coordinate reference
system. For each region of the study, the intersection between the layer of properties and
points was made to select the polygons of the properties that were surveyed, which gave
rise to a new layer of information. With this new layer and that of the Vegetation Cadastre,
vector operations (dissolve) were performed with respect to the fields of the attribute table
corresponding to native forest and mixed forest. Subsequently, the respective attribute tables
were exported to Excel and operations were carried out to determine the absolute and area
change percentage of native and mixed forest (an example is contained in Figure 3).
Forests 2022, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 15
Figure 3. Properties in the northern zone of the Los Lagos region that include surveyed points (left)
and surface area of native and mixed forest in these properties (right).
2.3. The Probit Model
This study focused on the points where increases in native forest were detected due
to the traceability of the information from the cadaster and the survey (see Figure 2). The
dependent variable (Y) takes value 1 if it is possible to determine an increase in native
Figure 3. Properties in the northern zone of the Los Lagos region that include surveyed points (left)
and surface area of native and mixed forest in these properties (right).
6. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 6 of 14
2.3. The Probit Model
This study focused on the points where increases in native forest were detected due
to the traceability of the information from the cadaster and the survey (see Figure 2). The
dependent variable (Y) takes value 1 if it is possible to determine an increase in native
forests, and 0 otherwise. To determine the probability of increase in the native forest area
by the owners of the sample, a binary response model was estimated using Probabilistic
Regression (Probit), Equation (1). The definition of the equation to be used is [35]:
Pi = Pr(Y = 1) = Pr(Ui1 ≤ Ui0) = F(Ui) =
1
√
2π
Z
β0
Xie−t/2
dt (1)
where:
Pi: probability of occurrence of the increase in native forest area on the property.
β: vector of coefficients.
Xi: set of variables that explain the increase in native forest area.
t: standardized normal variable.
This model is centered on the utility theory or the rational choice perspective of
behavior, which is based on the premise that people can systematically rank their choices
based on their preferences [35]. Recent studies have used this approach to link decisions to
the socioeconomic and productive characteristics of forest owners, see [36–42]. Although
in this study the dependent variable does not represent an explicit decision, there is an
implicit decision to extract forest products, whether they are wood or non-wood, which
would negatively affect the success of the variable in the analysis.
The model corresponds to a binary response, where the dependent variable can take
the value 1 to indicate success in the analysis variable or 0 in the case of not doing so; it
uses a cumulative distribution function that must cross a threshold so that the variable
takes the value of 1. As the dependent variable is unobservable or latent, the maximum
likelihood method must be used, assuming that the distribution of errors is normal. It has a
latent variable that is determined by the explanatory variables detailed below [43].
In accordance with previous studies on forest management [36–42], it is expected that
socioeconomic variables (age of the owner, schooling, among others) of the productive
system (farm size, animal units, land use) and others, such as if it has current management
plan or access to technical assistance, are influencing the probability that the area of native
forest increases. For this study, the variables in Table 2 were considered, according to the
information obtained from the survey.
Table 2. Sociodemographic and farm variables considered in the model and their expected effect on
the increase in native forest.
Variable Name Description Mean S. D. Expected Effect
Continuous
Age Age of the owner or decision maker in years 57.7 13.4 (−)
Schooling Number of years of formal education of the owner 10.0 4.2 (+)
Animal units Number of animal units (AU) in the farm 112.8 437.6 (−)
Native forests share Proportion of native forest area in relation to the total farm size (%) 60.1 27.7 (+)
Scrub share Proportion of scrub area in relation to the total farm size (%) 3.4 9.2 (+)
Forest plantations share Proportion of forest plantations area in relation to the total farm size (%) 5.0 12.0 (−)
Binary
Farm size Q1 Equals 1 if the farm size is in the first quartile (farm size > 30 ha), 0 otherwise 0.25 - (−)
Farm size Q2 Equals 1 if the farm size is in the second quartile (30 ha ≤ farm size > 99.5 ha), 0 otherwise 0.25 - (−)
Farm size Q3 Equals 1 if the farm size is in the third quartile (99.5 ha ≤ farm size > 565 ha), 0 otherwise 0.25 - (+)
Farm size Q4 Equals 1 if the farm size is in the fourth quartile (farm size ≥ 565 ha), 0 otherwise 0.25 - (+)
Araucanía Equals 1 if the farm is located in La Araucanía region, 0 otherwise 0.15 - (+,−)
Los Ríos Equals 1 if the farm is located in Los Ríos region, 0 otherwise 0.40 - (+,−)
Los Lagos Equals 1 if the farm is located in Los Lagos region, 0 otherwise, omitted variable 0.45 - (+,−)
Gender Equals 1 if the owner indicates belonging to the male gender, 0 otherwise 0.83 - (+,−)
Forest management plan Equals 1 if the owner indicates to have a forest management plan, 0 otherwise 0.21 - (+)
Technical advisory Equals 1 if the owner indicates to have technical advisory for forest management, 0 otherwise 0.50 - (+)
Note: Animal Units (AU) are calculated using a factor which converts animals of different species or sizes
into equivalent units (One AU is equivalent to a 400 kg cow approximately). An example is available at:
https://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/forms/5420020.pdf (accessed on 20 June 2023).
7. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 7 of 14
3. Results and Discussion
The following results and their discussion are presented below: native forests area
change in the timeframe of the study, characterization of the surveyed owners and the
Probit probabilistic regression model. Table 3 summarizes the estimated changes in the
timeframe through the identification of the increase in forest area in the surveyed properties
using the QGIS software.
Table 3. Classification of cases in the three regions of study.
Situation Region
Change in Native Forest Area Calculated in QGIS
Decrease No Changes Increase
Araucanía 2 10 12
Los Ríos 9 9 45
Los Lagos 18 23 28
Total 29 42 83
3.1. Change in the Area of Native Forests in the Timeframe
The total area of native forest surveyed is 161,265 hectares, corresponding to 3.43%
of the area of native forest in the study area. According to the computation through the
QGIS program, we found an increase in 83 of 154 cases (53.9%; see Table 3). We focused the
analyses in this category given that it is possible to make a traceable monitoring of each
point. The determination of the decreasing or the no change point is more complex given
the source of information used in this analysis. The use of land covers to evaluate changes
at farm level is a challenge given the different information sources used for this purpose.
The main limitation of this study is due to the fact that there have been methodological
changes in the estimation of changes in the native forest cover which quantify changes in
the class of land use due to changes in the classification criteria and do not correspond
to changes on the surface, that is, the methodology is not consistent over time, making it
a non-comparable system [44]. Due to this, emphasis was placed on the socioeconomic
factors of the owners that showed an increase in the native forest evaluated through the
geographic information system.
3.2. Characteristics of the Owners Surveyed
Based on the results obtained from the SIMEF survey completed in 2017 (Table 2), it was
possible to characterize the owners through demographic variables and their exploitation.
The average age of the owners is 58 years, 87% are men and only 13% are women,
they have an average education of 10 years, which is equivalent to incomplete secondary
education, and inequality is also reflected with a standard deviation of 4.2 years.
Farm size has a mean value of 1047 ha and ranges from 0.5 to 50,000 ha. Given the
heterogeneity of this variable, we decided to consider the four quartiles as dummy variables
in the model. Regarding farm size, with a Gini coefficient of 0.91, Chile ranks second in
inequality in terms of the distribution of land ownership at the Latin American level [45].
Farms have an average of 60.1% of their area corresponding to native forest, which has
a great impact on the property economy since, as indicated by Reyes et al. [22], for many
small and medium-sized owners, it works as an emergency resource usable when there are
no other sources of income, and as a savings account that can be used intergenerationally.
The main product that the owners extract is firewood, which is produced by 75% of them,
while only 5% produce saw logs, which correspond to the main product to which added
value can be given. This fact has generated several ecosystem conservation problems in the
study area [46,47].
The scrub area share presented a mean of 3.4% at farm level, ranging from 0 to 65%. It
is expected that this type of land cover allows the expansion of the surface of native forests.
On the other hand, the forest plantation covers presented a mean value of 5%, ranging from
8. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 8 of 14
0 to 62%. We can expect a certain substitutive effect among native forests and plantations
in economic terms given that both compete for labor and land in the farm.
Two key elements affecting the applicability of the Native Forest Law are the imple-
mentation of management plans and the access to technical advisory for this objective. In
our sample, while one half of the producers presented access to technical advisory, only
21.4% of the forest owners presented this document.
3.3. Probit Model Fitted
The results obtained through the Probit probabilistic regression model (Table 4) elabo-
rated in the STATA 15 software are detailed below.
Table 4. Estimation of the Probit regression model.
Variable Coefficient Robust Standard Error Marginal Effects
Age −0.0060 0.0088 −0.0023792
Schooling 0.0091 0.0313 0.0035906
Animal units −0.0001 0.0002 −0.0000482
Native forests share 0.0002 0.0046 0.0000717
Scrub share 0.0408 ** 0.0190 0.0160993 **
Forest plantations share −0.0201 ** 0.0100 −0.0079353 **
Farm size Q2 0.8089 *** 0.3174 0.2954345 ***
Farm size Q3 0.3887 0.3375 0.1493749
Farm size Q4 0.5068 0.4071 0.1924921
Araucanía 0.4734 0.3555 0.1778919
Los Ríos 0.7262 *** 0.2739 0.2766469 ***
Gender 0.2696 0.2868 0.1062543
Forest management plan 0.2503 0.2969 0.0970840
Technical advisory −0.2996 0.2514 −0.1176826
constant −0.6324 0.8134 -
Log pseudolikelihood −89.28
Pseudo R2 15.99%
N 154
Notes: **: p < 0.05; ***: p < 0.01. command probit of STATA 15.
The relative area of scrubs presented a significant and positive influence with the
native forest recovery; an increase of 10% of scrub share generates an increase of 16% in the
probability of finding a recovery of native forests at farm level. Conversely, the share of
forest plantations presented a significant and negative effect. An increase of 10% of forests
plantations generates an increased probability of 8%, approximately.
In relation to the total area of the farm, we detected a positive and significant effect
of the farms in the second quartile compared to the smallest quartile (29.5%). This is
consistent with what was observed by Reyes [48]; the probability of extracting wood from
the native forest increases in smaller properties, being especially high in those with less than
150 hectares. This is an antecedent that suggests alternatives to meet the objectives of the
Native Forest Law. To achieve improvements in the social sphere, with such a reduction
in the inequality of income, it is convenient to focus on small landowners; however, in
quantitative terms of the Native Forest area and according to the model results, it is better
to focus on large landowners, as indicated by Reyes et al. [22]. In addition, these are the
ones who can take advantage of the economies of scale [49].
The econometric results show that the location of the property is highly relevant.
A significant and positive influence was detected when the owner belongs to the Los
Ríos region; the probability of finding an increase in native forests increased by 27.7% in
comparation to those located in the region of Los Lagos (omitted variable). Regarding
the Los Lagos region, it is important to point out that it is the third region in which the
Native Forest Law in Chile is least known, after the Coquimbo region and the Metropolitan
region [48]. However, the Los Lagos region has the second largest area of native forest in
the country [3], therefore the knowledge of the Native Forest Law should be in accordance
9. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 9 of 14
with these proportions; as this is not the case, it indicates the urgency to implement a
training design and forestry extension focused on this region.
The variables of gender, age, years of schooling, number of animal units, advice and
current management plan did not show a significant effect on the probability of detecting
an increase in native forest.
The selected model has an acceptable predictive power, correctly classifying 70.13%
of the observations (Table 5). Additionally, we checked for multicollinearity problems
evaluating the bivariate correlations among independent variables (Appendix A, Table A1).
Table 5. Prediction of the econometric model.
Classified by the Model
Original Data
Increase Other
Classified positive 62 (74.7%) 25 (35.2%)
Classified negative 21 (25.3%) 46 (64.8%)
Mean 70.13%
Both the academic and policy literature debate the extent to which decentralized forest
management programs in developing countries should incorporate poverty reduction
goals. While some authors argue that targeting poverty reduction objectives will decrease
the effectiveness of conservation because poorer households do not have the scale to
promote conservation like wealthier households or commercial entities, others argue that
the targeting of benefits towards the most vulnerable sectors would contribute to the
effectiveness of conservation, either by promoting sustainable livelihoods or helping to
legitimize conservation programming; however, the authors of this study emphasized the
precarious stage of the evidence base for programming conservation plans and their social
effects [2].
DL 701 was effective in terms of establishing economic growth as a result of promoting
afforestation, however, as the concept of development evolved and the externalities of
DL 701 began to become evident [50], the challenge of a forestry policy according to
the evolution of this concept became clear, requiring further interdisciplinary studies.
Despite the fact that the Evaluating Panel considered it necessary to “Deepen, through
specific studies, the knowledge about the target population and about the reasons for
the low participation of native forest owners in the bonus system of the Program” [49],
the percentages of participation show such low levels that it is considered necessary to
focus more attention on the Law than on the owners. This fact is relevant in view of
Nationally Determined Contributions to preclude the worst effects of climate change; Chile
is committed to conserve one hundred thousand hectares of native forests [51].
According to Skewes et al. [52], the living practices that contribute to the regeneration
of the Chilean temperate forest are related to the understanding of relationships between
species such as families and associations, where trees play a significant role; however, it
occurs in the context of hybrid landscapes and is strongly influenced by the historical
circumstances faced by communities. Incentives for forest conservation in Chile can be
improved on to consider the actual private cost of conservation and the ecosystem benefits
of forest conservation [53].
According to Reid et al. [54], due to the long timeframes, costs and complex social
dynamics associated with temperate forest restoration and rehabilitation, innovative inter-
generational policy, funding, and business solutions, together with careful consideration of
monitoring and evaluation processes and social understanding are required to ensure the
success of multi-decadal and multi-century projects. In this line, Donoso et al. [55] argue
that there are several opportunities for silvicultural systems to contribute to sustainable
management, reverse forest degradation and cope with climate change, developing mixed-
and single-species productive and carbon-rich forests with a greater adaptive capacity.
According to Auffret & Thomas [56], it is important to consider multiple drivers of global
change when trying to understand, manage and predict biodiversity in the future.
10. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 10 of 14
4. Conclusions
In our study, we identified 83 of 154 properties in which there was an area increase
in native forest according to the analysis carried out through the geographic information
system. These systems are characterized by presenting differences in terms of gender;
schooling; farm size and, in general, the land use at farm level.
According to the explanatory model, it was possible to identify that the variable
relative area of scrubs positively affects the probability of increasing the area of native
forest, and that the variable forests plantation share negatively affects the probabilities of
increasing the area of native forest. Small farms and those located in the region of Los
Lagos were less likely to increase their native forest surface. No significant results were
found for the variables associated with management plans and technical assistance. Our
results suggest the importance of improving the understanding of human dimensions for
forest decision management. The regulations and incentives design must consider the
multiple realities, characteristics, and motivations of forest decision makers to achieve
sustainability goals.
In future studies, it is necessary to carry out analyses in larger areas, considering
social and psychological factors that were not captured by the survey that could affect
the decision-making processes of the owners. Additionally, it is necessary to advance in
studies considering spatial or neighborhood effects, given that ecosystem functions cannot
be related to farm or administrative limits.
Some specific proposals for the improvement of the Law, taking into account the results
of this study, include the standardization of cartographic monitoring with a consistent and
comparable methodology over time [44]; promote the addition of value of sawn timber
and encourage the formal market in such a way that the resource acquires competitiveness,
for these purposes, there are already precedents of technical-economic studies [57]; and
finally, study in depth the table of costs of subsidized activities, in such a way that they
represent the real value of activities, and adjust based on the realities of variables such as
the accessibility of the property among others.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.R.; Data curation, L.R. and J.G.; Formal analysis, L.R.,
J.G. and P.R.; Investigation, L.R., J.G., P.R. and C.B.; Methodology, L.R., P.R. and C.B.; Writing—
original draft, L.R. and J.G.; Writing—review and editing, L.R., P.R. and C.B. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: L.R. thanks the Vice-rectorate for Research (VRID) of Universidad San Sebastián.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank INFOR for the access to data used in this study, specifically
the SIMEF program. Also, the authors thank René Reyes of INFOR for his valuable comments
and suggestions.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
12. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 12 of 14
References
1. Bologna, M.; Aquino, G. Deforestation and world population sustainability: A quantitative analysis. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 7631.
[CrossRef]
2. Samii, C.; Lisiecki, M.; Kulkarni, P.; Paler, L.; Chavis, L. Decentralized Forest Management for Reducing Deforestation and
Poverty in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Systematic Review 16, International Initiative for Impact
Evaluation 3ie. 2015. Available online: http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/decentralised-
forest-management-reducing-deforestation (accessed on 25 April 2023).
3. Dey, D.C.; Knapp, B.O.; Battaglia, M.A.; Deal, R.L.; Hart, J.L.; O’Hara, K.L.; Schweitzer, C.J.; Schuler, T.M. Barriers to natural
regeneration in temperate forests across the USA. New For. 2019, 50, 11–40. [CrossRef]
4. Poudyal, N.C.; Joshi, O.; Hodges, D.G.; Hoyt, K. Factors Related with Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners’ Forest Conversion
Decision in Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee. For. Sci. 2014, 60, 988–993. [CrossRef]
5. Joseph, L.; Yaranga Cano, R.M.; Arizapana-Almonacid, M.; Venelli Pyles, M.; Freire de Siqueira, F.; van den Berg, E. Socioeconomic
Conditions and Landowners’ Perception Affect the Intention to Restore Polylepis Forests in the Central Andes of Peru. Forests
2021, 12, 118. [CrossRef]
6. Thorn, S.; Leverkus, A.B.; Thorn, C.J.; Beudert, B. Education and knowledge determine preference for bark beetle control measures
in El Salvador. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 232, 138–144. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Okumu, B.; Muchapondwa, E. Determinants of successful collective management of forest resources: Evidence from Kenyan
Community Forest Associations. For. Policy Econ. 2020, 113, 102122. [CrossRef]
8. Owusu, R.; Kimengsi, J.N.; Moyo, F. Community-based Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR): Determinants and policy implications
in Tanzania. Land Use Policy 2021, 109, 105664. [CrossRef]
9. Adhikari, S.; Kingi, T.; Ganesh, S. Incentives for community participation in the governance and management of common
property resources: The case of community forest management in Nepal. For. Policy Econ. 2014, 44, 1–9. [CrossRef]
10. Pokharel, R.K.; Neupane, P.R.; Tiwari, K.R.; Köhl, M. Assessing the sustainability in community-based forestry: A case from
Nepal. For. Policy Econ. 2015, 58, 75–84. [CrossRef]
11. Silva, J.S.; Vaz, P.; Moreira, F.; Catry, F.; Rego, F.C. Wildfires as a major driver of landscape dynamics in three fire-prone areas of
Portugal. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2011, 101, 349–358. [CrossRef]
12. Plieninger, T.; Schaich, H. Socialist and postsocialist land-use legacies determine farm woodland composition and structure:
Lessons from Eastern Germany. Eur. J. For. Res. 2014, 133, 597–610. [CrossRef]
13. INFOR. Anuario Forestal 2019. Boletín Estadístico N◦ 168; Ministerio de Agricultura: Instituto Forestal, Santiago, Chile, 2020. Avail-
able online: https://wef.infor.cl/index.php/publicaciones/boletines-estadisticos/anuario-forestal (accessed on 25 April 2023).
14. Olson, D.M.; Dinerstein, E. The Global 200: Priority ecoregions for global conservation. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2002, 89, 199–224.
[CrossRef]
15. Jullien, C.; Nahuelhual, L.; Mazzorana, B.; Aguayo, M. Assessment of the ecosystem service of water regulation under scenarios
of conservation of native vegetation and expansion of forest plantations in south-central Chile. Bosque Valdivia 2018, 39, 277–289.
[CrossRef]
16. Oyarzún, C.E.; Nahuelhual, L.; Núñez, D. Los servicios ecosistémicos del bosque templado lluvioso: Producción de agua y su
valoración económica. Ambiente Desarro. 2005, 21, 87–98.
17. Heilmayr, R.; Echeverría, C.; Lambin, E.F. Impacts of Chilean forest subsidies on forest cover, carbon and biodiversity. Nat.
Sustain. 2020, 3, 701–709. [CrossRef]
18. Echeverría, C.; Newton, A.; Nahuelhual, L.; Coomes, D.; Rey-Benayas, J.M. How landscapes change: Integration of spatial
patterns and human processes in temperate landscapes of southern Chile. Appl. Geogr. 2012, 32, 822–831. [CrossRef]
19. Donoso, P.J.; Romero, J.E. Towards a New Forest Model for Chile: Managing Forest Ecosystems to Increase Their Social, Ecological
and Economic Benefits. In Ecological Economic and Socio Ecological Strategies for Forest Conservation; Fuders, F., Donoso, P., Eds.;
Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020. [CrossRef]
20. Lara, A.; Solari, M.E.; Prieto, M.D.; Peña, M.P. Reconstrucción de la cobertura de la vegetación y uso del suelo hacia 1550 y sus
cambios a 2007 en la ecorregión de los bosques valdivianos lluviosos de Chile (35◦–43◦ 300 S). Bosque Valdivia 2012, 33, 13–23.
[CrossRef]
21. Jaque Castillo, E.; Ojeda, C.G.; Fuentes Robles, R. Landscape fragmentation at Arauco Province in the Chilean forestry model
context (1976–2916). Land 2022, 11, 1992. [CrossRef]
22. Reyes, R.; Blanco, G.; Laraguirre, A.; Rojas, F. Ley de Bosque Nativo: Desafíos Socioculturales para su Implementación; Instituto Forestal
y Universidad Austral de Chile, Informe Interno: Santiago, Chile, 2016; 82p. [CrossRef]
23. Reyes, R.; Sepúlveda, C.; Astorga, L. Gobernanza del sector forestal chileno: Tensiones y conflictos entre las fuerzas de mercado y
las demandas de la ciudadanía. In Ecología Forestal. Bases Para el Manejo Sustentable y Conservación de los Bosques Nativos de Chile;
Donoso, C., González, M.E., Lara, A., Eds.; Ediciones UACh: Valdivia, Chile, 2014; pp. 693–720.
24. Cabaña Chávez, C. Reseña Histórica de la Aplicación del DL 701, de 1974, Sobre Fomento Forestal; Corporación Nacional Forestal:
Santiago, Chile, 2011. Available online: https://www.corma.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/resena-historica-de-la-aplicacion-
del-dl-701-de-1974-sobre-fomento-forestal.pdf (accessed on 25 April 2023).
25. INFOR. Anuario Forestal 2016. Boletín Estadístico N◦ 154; Ministerio de Agricultura, Instituto Forestal: Santiago, Chile, 2016.
[CrossRef]
13. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 13 of 14
26. Miranda, A.; Altamirano, A.; Cayuela, L.; Lara, A.; González, M. Native Forest loss in the Chilean biodiversity hotspot: Revealing
the evidence. Reg. Environ. Chang. 2017, 17, 285–297. [CrossRef]
27. De la Fuente, J.; Calderón, C.; Torres, J. Informe Final Programa Ley de Bosque Nativo; Ministerio de Agricultura: Santiago, Chile,
2013. Available online: https://www.dipres.gob.cl/597/articles-139791_informe_final.pdf (accessed on 24 April 2023).
28. DIPRES. Resumen Ejecutivo e Informe de Comentarios a los Resultados de la Evaluación a Programas Gubernamentales Programa
Ley del Bosque Nativo. Dirección de Presupuestos, Gobierno de Chile. 2013. Available online: https://www.dipres.gob.cl/597/
articles-139791_r_ejecutivo_institucional.pdf (accessed on 25 April 2023).
29. Lapola, D.; Pinho, P.; Barlow, J.; Aragao, L.; Berenguer, E.; Carmenta, R.; Liddy, H.M.; Seixas, H.; Silva, C.V.J.; Silva-Junior, C.H.L.;
et al. The drivers and impacts of Amazon Forest degradation. Science 2023, 379, 6630. [CrossRef]
30. Wu, W.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, Y. Spatio-Temporal Pattern, Evolution and Influencing Factors of Forest Carbon Sinks in Zhejiang Province,
China. Forests 2023, 14, 445. [CrossRef]
31. Sarricolea, P.; Herrera-Ossandon, M.; Meseguer-Ruíz, O. Climatic regionalization of continental Chile. J. Maps 2017, 13, 66–73.
[CrossRef]
32. Rull, V.; Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T. Resilience of Pyrenean Forests after Recurrent Historical Deforestations. Forests 2023, 14, 567.
[CrossRef]
33. Falk, D.A.; van Mantgem, P.J.; Keeley, J.E.; Gregg, R.M.; Guiterman, C.H.; Tepley, A.J.; Young, D.J.N.; Marshall, L.A. Mechanisms
of forest resilience. For. Ecol. Manag. 2022, 512, 120–129. [CrossRef]
34. CONAF. Monitoreo de Cambios, Corrección Cartográfica y Actualización del Catastro de los Recursos Vegetacionales Nativos de
la Región del Maule. Resumen Ejecutivo. 2018; 50p. Available online: http://biblioteca.digital.gob.cl/handle/123456789/2341
(accessed on 24 April 2023).
35. Gujarati, D.N.; Porter, D.C.; Gunasekart, S. Basic Econometrics; Tata McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY, USA, 2012.
36. Ekanayake, E.M.B.P.; Xie, Y.; Ahmad, S. Rural Residents’ Participation Intention in Community Forestry-Challenge and Prospect
of Community Forestry in Sri Lanka. Forests 2021, 12, 1050. [CrossRef]
37. Garcia, S.; Petucco, C.; Thorsen, B.J.; Vedel, S.E. Modelling the Choice Between Multiple-Use vs. Specialized Forest Management
and its Impact on Forest Management Costs. Environ. Model. Assess. 2021, 26, 591–608. [CrossRef]
38. Li, M.; Yu, B.; Zheng, B.; Gao, L. Collection of Non-Timber Forest Products in Chinese Giant Panda Reserves: The Effect of
Religious Beliefs. Forests 2021, 12, 46. [CrossRef]
39. Bashir, A.; Sjølie, H.K.; Solberg, B. Determinants of Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners’ Willingness to Harvest Timber in
Norway. Forests 2020, 11, 60. [CrossRef]
40. Tschopp, M.; Ceddia, M.G.; Inguiggiato, C.; Bardsley, N.O.; Hernández, H. Understanding the adoption of sustainable silvopas-
toral practices in Northern Argentina: What is the role of land tenure? Land Use Policy 2020, 99, 105092. [CrossRef]
41. Zhunusova, E.; Sen, L.T.; Schröder, J.M.; Ziegler, S.; Dieter, M.; Günter, S. Smallholder decision-making on sawlog production:
The case of Acacia plantation owners in central Vietnam. Forests 2019, 10, 969. [CrossRef]
42. Min, S.; Bai, J.; Huang, J.; Waibel, H. Willingness of smallholder rubber farmers to participate in ecosystem protection: Effects of
household wealth and environmental awareness. For. Policy Econ. 2018, 87, 70–84. [CrossRef]
43. Long, J.S. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables; Sage: Southend Oaks, CA, USA, 1997; Volume 7.
44. Miranda, A.; Lara, A.; Altamirano, A.; Zamorano-Elgueta, C.; Hernández, H.J.; González, M.E.; Pauchard, A.; Promis, A.
Monitoreo de la superficie de los bosques nativos de Chile: Un desafío pendiente. Bosque Valdivia 2018, 39, 265–275. [CrossRef]
45. Guereña, A. Unearthed: Land, Power, and Inequality in Latin America. Oxfam International. 2016; 21p. Available on-
line: https://oi-files-d8-prod.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/file_attachments/bp-land-power-inequality-latin-
america-301116-en.pdf (accessed on 25 April 2023).
46. Alaniz, A.J.; Smith-Ramírez, C.; Rendón-Funes, A.; Hidalgo-Corrotea, C.; Carvajal, M.A.; Vergara, P.M.; Fuentes, N. Multiscale
spatial analysis of headwater vulnerability in South-Central Chile reveals a high threat due to deforestation and climate change.
Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 849, 157930. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Peña-Cortés, F.; Pincheira-Ulbrich, J.; Bertrán, C.; Tapia, J.; Hauenstein, E.; Fernández, E.; Rozas, D. A study of the geographic
distribution of swamp forest in the coastal zone of the Araucanía Region, Chile. Appl. Geogr. 2011, 31, 545–555. [CrossRef]
48. Reyes, R. Promotores Socioeconómicos de la Pérdida y Degradación del Bosque Nativo. Informe de Avance. Sistema Integrado
de Monitoreo de Ecosistemas Forestales. 2018. Available online: https://simef.minagri.gob.cl/bibliotecadigital/handle/20.500.1
2978/12920 (accessed on 25 April 2023).
49. DIPRES. Evaluación de Resultados del Decreto Ley N◦ 701 de 1974. Dirección de Presupuestos, Gobierno de Chile. 2014.
Available online: https://www.dipres.gob.cl/597/articles-141195_informe_final.pdf (accessed on 24 April 2023).
50. Bottaro, G.; Roco, L.; Pettenella, D.; Micheletti, S.; Vanhulst, J. Forest Plantations’ Externalities: An Application of the Analytic
Hierarchy Process to Non-Industrial Forest Owners in Central Chile. Forests 2018, 9, 141. [CrossRef]
51. CoatarPeter, P.; Gareau, P.J. Combining world-system and world polity approaches to analyze international environmental
governance: A case study of forest governance in Chile. Environ. Sociol. 2023, 9, 67–79. [CrossRef]
52. Skewes, J.C.; Guerra, D.; Rebolledo, S.; Palma, L. The forest recovery: Landscape, practices and ontologies in southern Chile.
Estud. Atacameños 2020, 65, 385–405. [CrossRef]
53. Manuschevich, D.; Sarricolea, P.; Galleguillos, M. Integrating socio-ecological dynamics into land use policy outcomes: A spatial
scenario approach for native forest conservation in south-central Chile. Land Use Policy 2019, 84, 31–42. [CrossRef]
14. Forests 2023, 14, 1926 14 of 14
54. Reid, N.; Dickinson, Y.; Smith, R.; Taylor, M.; Norton, D. Temperate Forest Restoration. In Ecological Restoration; Florentine, S.,
Gibson-Roy, P., Dixon, K.W., Broadhurst, L., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2023. [CrossRef]
55. Donoso, P.J.; Promis, A.; Loguercio, G.A.; Beltrán, H.A.; Caselli, M.; Chauchard, L.M.; Cruz, G.; González, M.; Martínez, G.;
Navarro, C.; et al. Silviculture of South American temperate native forests. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 2022, 52, 2. [CrossRef]
56. Auffret, A.G.; Thomas, A.D. Synergistic and antagonistic effects of land use and non-native species on community responses to
climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2019, 25, 4303–4314. [CrossRef]
57. Emanuelli, P.; Milla, F. Alternativas de Productos Madereros del Bosque Nativo Chileno. Corporación Nacional Forestal. Sociedad
Alemana de Cooperación Técnica (GTZ). 2006. Available online: http://dspace.utalca.cl/bitstream/1950/10408/1/42300.pdf
(accessed on 25 April 2023).
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.