This document provides an overview of behavior-based safety (BBS). It discusses the history and origins of BBS in the 1930s. The document outlines key elements of successful BBS programs, including employee involvement, defining expected behaviors, observational data collection, and feedback. It also describes how BBS works through observation, feedback without penalties, data analysis, and recommendations. Some criticisms of BBS are mentioned, and future directions and available technology are briefly outlined.

2. BBS– BehaviorBasedSafety
• What is Behavior Based Safety
• History
• Successful Programs
• How Behavior Based Safety Works
• Criticisms
• Future
• Technology Available
• References

3. WhatIsBehaviorBasedSafety?
Behavior Based Safety (BBS) is the “application
of science of behavior change to real world
problems.” BBS “focuses on what people do,
analyses why they do it, and then applies a
research – supported intervention strategy to
improve what people do. At its very core BBS is
based on a larger scientific field called
Organizational Behavior Analysis.

4. HISTORY
• Most accidents, illnesses & injuries in the workplace
are directly attributable to man-failures and unsafe
actions of workers.
Originated with the work of Herbert William Heinrich in 1930 with Travelers
Insurance Company. Reviewed thousands of accident reports completed by
supervisors. Drew the conclusion:
Classified:
• Man-failures
• Unsafe actions of workers
Classified the accidents:
• 73% man-failures
Re-classified the accidents:
• 83% of all accidents, injuries and illnesses are caused by worker errors.
Heinrich’s data does not tell why the person did it, just that the accident occurred.
His conclusion – 90% of incidents caused by human error. The Phrase “behavior-based
safety” (BBS) was coined by Dr. E. Scott Geller of “Safety Performance Solutions” in 1979.

5. SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS
• All Employees – CEO to floor associates
• A change in policy, procedures and/or systems to achieve
changes in behavior
• Buy in and support from all involved in decisions
• A basis of scientific knowledge
To be successful a BBS program must include:

6. ELEMENTS
How Behavior-Based SafetyWorks
• Common Goals –
Employee and Managerial involvement in the process.
• Definition of what is expected –
Specification of target behaviors derived from safety assessments.
• Observational data collection.
• Decision about how best to proceed based on those data.
• Feedback to associates.
• Review
A good BBS program will consist of:
BBS is not a quick fix. It is a commitment.
The Goal is always the same. ELIMINATE INJURY !

7. HOWBEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETYWORKS
• Observation at Site
• Worker Permission
• Monitors Worker –
Documents Safe Behaviors
Monitors At-Risk Behaviors
• Feedback –
Explains at Risk Behaviors
Asks Why
Discussion
Recommendations
Commendable Comments on Safe Behavior
Understood At-Risk Behavior – No Reprimand or Penalties.
Check List Filled Out
Workers Name is Not Noted on Checklist
Data Collected for Later Detailed Analysis
Feedback Provided to Workers and Management

8. HOWBEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETYWORKS
(continued)
• Data Entry
- Data Gathering
- Preliminary Reports
- Observation Checklists
• Reports
- Analyze
- Recommend Solutions
- Trends of At-Risk Behaviors
- Feedback Reports – Weekly, Distributed to Workers
Electronic Database
BBS Steering Committee –
chaired by management, high-level, influential employees
• Discuss and Analyze BBS findings.
• Produces a Set of Recommendations to Tackle Worker Behaviors.
• Implement Solutions.

9. CRITICISMS
Donald J. Eckenfelder stated he felt that BBS has virtues but lasted too long
and cost too much. He felt that it has been used incorrectly turning the
process into a hindrance instead of a help.
Some think that BBS has outlived its usefulness – no examples were given.
Article published by Professor Dominic Cooper – on a survey of 247 companies
implementing BBS – No Evidence had been put forward to support these
critical assertions.
• Evidence points to positive outcomes
• 92% of respondents wanted to work at a company using BBS
James Reason’s Cheese Model –
• All accidents are preventable if you trace the root cause back
management decisions, leadership and actions.
UK’s Tim Marsh insist that an understanding of the underlying cause of the
unsafe act or condition rather than a focus on the individual is the key to
effective long term behavior change.

10. FUTURE
Look to the Future
Use BBS a predictive analytics to anticipate where your next injury
may occur.
• Real-time data.
• Observation intelligence through analytics.
• Understand patterns and trends.
• Identify where the next accident/incident could occur.
• Accuracy Rates as High as 86%.
BBS Predictive Analytics helps organizations work toward the goal
of reducing accidents and eliminating death on the job.

11. TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE
DuPont™ STOP™
For more than 30 years DuPont STOP has been helping organizations
prevent injuries and accidents through behavioral safety training
programs. For increasing safety awareness in the workplace and helping
coworkers talk with each other about safety, DuPont was awarded the
2007 Excellence in Safety Training Award by “HR Workplace and Safety
Magazine.”
Behavior-based safety programs are available for both supervisors and
employees. Training involves a combination of methods, including
individual self-study, field, activities and group meetings. Programs
include: STOP For Supervision, STOP For Each Other, STOP For Oil and Gas
and STOP For Ergonomics. Supporting products and services include STOP
Implementation Assistance Workshops, STOP Assessment Service and
STOP DataPro.
For more information go to: www.training.dupont.com/dupont-stop

12. TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE
(continued)
S&W TECHNOLOGIES
S&W Technologies has over two decades of experience creating easy-to-use, high value behavior based
safety software solutions that improve operational and safety conditions for nuclear plants, commercial
and industrial facilities, construction companies, and educational institutions.
Their Behavior Based Safety software solutions are highly flexible and provide documented cost and time
savings and reduce workplace injuries by improving customer’s business process.
Software:
• Capture, Track and Report observations & inspections at a site, region or corporate level
• Identify and mitigate risks in real-time to reduce incidents
• Record data easily via the web or handheld mobile devices
• Use Guardian SafeScan to eliminate manual data entry of paper checklists
• Share best practices between locations
• Create unlimited number and variety of customized checklists
• Assign and track action items to closure
• Use the Guardian Dashboard as a daily monitor to track key safety metrics
• Generate detailed reports by site and rollup reports across the company
• Schedule any report to be automatically generated and delivered to anyone
• Link to the Guardian Incident Tracking System to analyze leading and lagging indicators
For more information go to: www.swtechnologies.com

13. REFERENCES
1. Staff. "Introduction to Behavioral Safety" Cambridge Center for Behavior Studies.
2. Geller, E. Scott (2004). "Behavior-based safety: a solution to injury prevention: behavior-based safety 'empowers'
employees and addresses the dynamics of injury prevention." Risk & Insurance. 15 (12, 01 Oct) p. 66
3. Matthews, Grainne A. "Behavioral Safety from the Consumer's Perspective: Determining Who Really Provides Behavior
safety." Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies.
4. Sulzer-Azaroff, Beth. "Safe Behavior; Fewer Injuries." Cambridge Center for Behavior Studies.
5. Geller, E. Scott (1998). Working Safe: How to help people actively care for health and safety. However, changing attitudes
in the medium to long term specifically is often difficult and the work of researchers such as Sidney Dekker, Tim Marsh
and James Reason has stressed the importance of addressing workforce behaviours from a environmental/ cultural/ root
cause perspective - first seeking to change the environment rather than the person. This mapping directly onto the
"safety hierarchy" of designing the risk out being preferable to such as supervision and PPE. (See also under "criticisms of
BBS" below). Lewis Publishers
6. Cooper, Dominic. (2009) Behavioral Safety Approaches: Which are the most effective
7. Cooper, M.D. (2010). Return on Investment of Behavior-Based Safety
8. Al-Hemoud, Ali M., Al-Asfoor, May M. (2006) "A behavior based safety approach at a Kuwait research institution."Journal
of Safety Research, 37 (2) pp. 2001–2006.
9. SEMCOSH Fact Sheet: Behavior Based Safety (2004)
10. Atkinson, William (2005). "Behavior-based safety." MC (Manufactured Concrete) Magazine May/June.
11. Cooper, M.D.; Farmery, K.; Johnson, M.; et al., (2005). "Changing Personnel Behavior to Promote Quality Care Practices in
an Intensive Care Unit," Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 1(4), 321–332.
12. Roman, H.R. & Boyce, T.E. (2001) Institutionalizing Behavior-Based Safety: Theories, Concepts, And Practical Suggestions.
The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(1), 76–82 BAO
13. Geller, E-S. (2001) Behavioral Safety: Meeting the Challenge of Making a Large-Scale Difference. The Behavior Analyst
Today, 2(2), 64–75 BAO
14. Malallah, S. (2008). CHANGING WORKERS' BEHAVIOR: Research – Methodology – Implementation. Kuwait.
15. Eckenfelder, Donald J. (2004) "Behavior Based safety: a model poisoned by the past; based on obsolete thinking, behavior
based safety." Risk & Insurance 15 (12) p. 65
16. Cooper, M.D. (2003) "Behavior Based Safety Still A Viable Strategy," Safety & Health April, pp. 46–48.

14. ADDITIONAL READING
• Behavior Based Safety Case Studies Center for Behavioral Safety
• Focus on Behavior to Manage Risk the Right Way Dr. Thomas E. Boyce
• Behavior-Based Safety Aubrey Daniels International
• What is Behavior Based Safety? Aubrey Daniels International
• Behavioral-Safety.com
• Krause, Thomas R. Leading With Safety. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley Publishing Company, 2005.
• Cambridge Center for Behavior Studies. [1]
• Dell, Geoff (1999). "Safe Place vs. Safe Person: A Dichotomy, or Is It?" Safety Science Monitor 3, Article 14, Special Addition.
• Galloway, Shawn (2008) "Critical Questions to Improve Behavior Based Safety" Safety Culture Excellence. [2]
• Geller E.S. The Psychology of Safety: How to Improve Behaviors and Attitudes on the Job. Radnor, PA, Chilton Book Company, 1996.
• Hartford Loss Control Department (2002). "About Behavior-Based Safety Management." The Hartford Loss Control Tips, Technical Information
Paper Series. TIPS S 520.019.
• Marsh, T (2008). Affective Safety Management. IIRSM.
• Marsh, T (2011). Talking Safety. Ryder-Marsh.
• Lopez-Mena, L. (1989) Intervencion psicologica en la empresa (in Spanish) Barcelona: Martinez Roca Ed. (see also [www.persist.cl])
• Mathis, Terry (2005) "Lean Behavior-Based Safety – How the Process is Evolving to Survive in Today's Economy" Occupational Hazards. [3]
• Quality Safety Edge. BSN 2009 (Behavioral Safety Now). [4]
• Safety Culture Excellence. [5]
• Vinas, Tonya (2002). "Best Practices – DuPont: Safety Starts at the Top." IndustryWeek.com. 1 July. [6]
• Wilson, Larry (2007) BEHAVIOR BASED SAFETY "The Construction Industry Experience" safetyxchange.org
• Cooper, Dominic (2009) Behavioral Safety: A Framework for Success. [7]
• The Safety Institute of America (www.safetyinstituteofamerica.com/news)